Reativação e distribuição do DNA latente do herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 no encéfalo de ovinos infectados experimentalmente

A biologia da infecção latente pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BoHV-5) tem sido estudada em bovinos e coelhos, mas vários aspectos permanecem desconhecidos. Este artigo relata uma avaliação de ovinos jovens como modelo para o estudo da infecção latente pelo BoHV-5. Treze cordeiros com idade entre seis e sete meses, inoculados pela via intranasal (IN) com a cepa SV-507/99 do BoHV5 (título de 10(6,8) DICC50/mL) excretaram o vírus em secreções nasais em títulos de até 10(5,5) DICC50/mL, com duração de até 11 dias, desenvolvendo anticorpos neutralizantes em títulos de 16 a 128 no dia 30 pós-inoculação (pi). Os ovinos inoculados apresentaram apenas secreção nasal serosa leve e hipertermia transitória. O PCR de secções do encéfalo de cinco animais inoculados no dia 30 pi revelou a presença de DNA viral latente nos gânglios trigêmeos (TG, 5 de 5 animais), bulbo olfatório (BO, 5/5), ponte (2/5), cerebelo (2/5), córtex cerebral (1/5). Administração de dexametasona (Dx, n=4) ou flumetasona (FluM, n=4) a oito ovinos no dia 65 pi resultou em reativação e excreção viral por 3 de 4 animais de cada grupo. A excreção viral nas secreções nasais iniciou no dia 3 pós-tratamento e durou entre 1 e 5 dias nos ovinos tratados com Dx (títulos até 10(2,8)TCID50/mL) e foi mais tardia, durando entre 1 e 3 dias nos animais tratados com FluM (títulos de 10(2,1) TCID50/mL). Uma análise por PCR do encéfalo dos animais submetidos à reativação, no dia 65 pós-infecção, revelou uma distribuição do DNA latente semelhante àquela observada nos animais não submetidos à reativação. Em resumo, a capacidade do BoHV-5 estabelecer infecção latente, a colonização dos TGs a BOs com DNA viral latente e a reativação induzida por corticoides são achados promissores para o uso de cordeiros como modelo para a infecção latente pelo BoHV-5.

Yhdysvaltalaisten ja eurooppalaisten ilmasta laukaistavien risteilyohjusten kehitysnäkymät

Tässä tutkielmassa tutkitaan yhdysvaltalaisten ja eurooppalaisten ilmasta laukaistavien ristei-lyohjusten lähitulevaisuuden kehitysnäkymiä. Päätutkimuskysymys on: minkälaisia ovat yh-dysvaltalaisten ja eurooppalaisten ilmasta laukaistavien risteilyohjusten kehitysnäkymät? Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan useita nykyaikaisia risteilyohjuksia, näiden kehitysprojekteja sekä uusia risteilyohjusprojekteja. Käsiteltävät risteilyohjukset ovat AGM-158 JASSM, AGM-129 ACM, TAURUS KEPD 350, Storm Shadow / Scalp EG ja ASMP. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa kä-sitellään näiden ohjusten vanhempia tai uudempia versioita, joihin lukeutuvat AGM-158B JASSM-ER, Apache sekä ASMP-A. Tutkielman tutkimusmenetelminä ovat kirjallisuustutkimus, jonka avulla selvitetään tietoja risteilyohjuksista ja kehitysprojekteista, sekä vertailu, jolla pyritään löytämään kehitysnäkymiä. Vertailun avulla kehitysprojekteista kyetään havaitsemaan laajempia trendejä. Lähdeaineistona tutkimuksessa käytetään IHS Jane’s -tietokantaa, internetlähteitä sekä kirjallisuutta. Tutkimus käsittelee risteilyohjusten tekniikkaa yleisellä tasolla, aiemmin mainittujen risteilyohjusten tekniikkaa tarkemmin, niiden kehitysprojekteja sekä risteilyohjusten kehitysnäkymiä. Vertailun perusteella tutkimuksen tuloksena löydetään lähitulevaisuuden kehitysnäkymille kolme selkeää trendiä. Trendit ovat datalinkin asentaminen, toimintamatkan pidentäminen sekä vaikutusosan kehittäminen. Nämä kolme kohdetta esiintyvät laajalti sekä nykyään käytössä olevien risteilyohjusten kehitysprojekteissa sekä uusissa kehitysprojekteissa. Datalinkin avulla ohjuksiin voidaan olla yhteydessä laukaisun suorittaneesta lentokoneesta tai johtokeskuksesta. Pidentämällä toimintamatkaa ohjus voidaan luonnollisesti ampua kauemmas vihollisen alueelle, tai se voidaan ampua kauempana vihollisen alueelta, jolloin laukaisua on vai-keampi havaita ja laukaisualusta on paremmassa turvassa. Vaikutusosan kehittämisellä pyritään sekä yhä parempaan asevaikutukseen että myös monipuolisuuteen. Keskeisimpänä johtopäätöksenä tutkimuksessa havaitaan, että kehitystä tapahtuu kahdesta syystä. Joko risteilyohjuksille kehitetään korvaajia tai uusilla risteilyohjuksilla vastataan uuteen tarpeeseen. Asejärjestelmien vanhetessa kehitetään uusia järjestelmiä, joilla korvataan poistuvia suorituskykyjä. Toisaalta myös uusi tarve, kuten uudet laukaisualustat, luovat tar-peen kehittää uusia asejärjestelmiä. Tämänkaltaista tarvetta ovat luoneet esimerkiksi F-22 Raptor ja F-35 Lightning -häivehävittäjät.

Fenologia reprodutiva de espécies vegetais da Floresta Ombrófila Mista do Paraná, Brasil

A Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) ou Floresta com Araucária, que ocorre em regiões de clima sazonal, com baixas temperaturas e ocorrência de geadas, cobria 40% do Estado do Paraná. Hoje, resta menos de 1% dessa formação florestal em estádio sucessional avançado e bem conservado. O presente trabalho apresenta os padrões fenológicos reprodutivos (floração e frutificação) das espécies, presentes em fragmentos de FOM localizados em três municípios paranaenses, visando subsidiar ações de restauração. Observações fenológicas mensais em 543 indivíduos de 145 espécies, representando diferentes formas de vida (71 árvores, 52 arbustos, 18 trepadeiras e quatro epífitas), foram realizadas entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2005, utilizando o índice de atividade. A floração ocorreu principalmente nos meses de setembro a dezembro, com pico em outubro e novembro (68 espécies), e a frutificação concentrou-se entre dezembro e abril, com pico de atividade em fevereiro (61 espécies). Nos meses mais frios (junho a agosto), o número de espécies que floresceram e frutificaram foi muito baixo, com menos de cinco espécies por fenofase. A presença de sementes (pinhões) de araucária (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze) variou entre os anos, mas de modo geral ocorreu de abril a setembro. Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre as fenofases e algumas variáveis abióticas, principalmente o comprimento do dia e a temperatura. Portanto, as espécies vegetais da FOM mostram-se muito sazonais, com períodos com alta e baixa atividade, tanto para a floração como para a frutificação, reflexo da sazonalidade climática, muito pronunciada na região de estudo.

Le Voyage d'enfer, ou le Songe d'enfer, poème allégorique de Raoul de Houdenc.

« En songes doit fables avoir, Si songes puet torner en voir... » A la fin, on lit sept vers latins sur les constellations et la constitution du corps, suivis de la signature « Rosselli » : « Summa tenet vervex, bos collum, brachia fratres... »

Comptes de la baillie d'Aire, en Artois. (1303-1342).

Contient : « C'est li contes Guyllaume de Biekenes de le bayllye d'Aire, du terme de le Toussains l'an mil IIjc et IIj » ; « Chest li contes maistre Jehan de Houpelines de le baillie d'Ayre, dou terme de le Candelier l'an mil trois cens et chuink » ; « Chest li comptes Jehan du Bos, bailliu d'Ayre, du terme de l'Assention l'an mil CCC trente deus » ; « Chest li comptes Huon de Dourriier, bailli d'Aire, du terme de la Toussains l'an [MCCC]XLII »

Exact property estimation from diffusion Monte Carlo with minimal stochastic reconfiguration /

Our objective is to develop a diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) algorithm to estimate the exact expectation values, ($o|^|^o), of multiplicative operators, such as polarizabilities and high-order hyperpolarizabilities, for isolated atoms and molecules. The existing forward-walking pure diffusion Monte Carlo (FW-PDMC) algorithm which attempts this has a serious bias. On the other hand, the DMC algorithm with minimal stochastic reconfiguration provides unbiased estimates of the energies, but the expectation values ($o|^|^) are contaminated by ^, an user specified, approximate wave function, when A does not commute with the Hamiltonian. We modified the latter algorithm to obtain the exact expectation values for these operators, while at the same time eliminating the bias. To compare the efficiency of FW-PDMC and the modified DMC algorithms we calculated simple properties of the H atom, such as various functions of coordinates and polarizabilities. Using three non-exact wave functions, one of moderate quality and the others very crude, in each case the results are within statistical error of the exact values.

Geometría elemental

UANL

Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition : a proposed mechanism in the development of Bronchiolitis Obliterans

La transplantation pulmonaire pour les patients avec une maladie pulmonaire en phase terminale est leur seul espoir de survie. Malheureusement, certains greffés du poumon rencontrent des difficultés après la transplantation du poumon, dont l'un est le rejet chronique du greffon pulmonaire également connu histologiquement comme la bronchiolite oblitérante et cliniquement comme syndrome de bronchiolite oblitérante. L'étiologie exacte de la BO reste mal comprise. Certaines hypothèses suggèrent l'implication des cellules épithéliales dans le processus de remodelage des voies respiratoires, conduisant à l'obstruction des voies aériennes. Un des mécanismes proposés est un processus de transition, connue sous le nom de transition épithéliale-mésenchymateuse (TEM). Lors de ce processus, les cellules perdent leurs propriétés épithéliales, acquièrent un phénotype mésenchymateux et deviennent plus mobiles et envahissantes. Cette transformation leur permet de participer activement au processus de remodelage bronchique dans la bronchiolite oblitérante. L’induction de la TEM peut être due à certains facteurs tels que l'inflammation et l'apoptose. Le principal objectif de ce travail de maîtrise est de détecter in vivo la présence de la TEM dans des biopsies transbronchiques obtenues chez des greffés et de l’associer à leurs conditions cliniques. Le deuxième objectif est d'induire la TEM in vitro dans les cellules épithéliales des petites voies aériennes à l'aide de milieux conditionnés apoptotiques et non apoptotiques produits par les cellules endothéliales microvasculaires humaines du poumon. D’autre part, nous avons évalué si des médiateurs connus pour participer au processus de TEM tels que le facteur de croissance du tissu conjonctif (CTGF)et le facteur de croissance transformant bêta (TGF-beta) ainsi que le perlecan sont présents dans les milieux conditionnés utilisés.

White Spot Syndrone Virus in Penaeids: Histopathology, Development of Polyclonal Antisera and a Cocktail Vaccine

The present study is the first comprehensive approach towards histopathology of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Penaeus indicus. WSSV could be demonstrated in the nuclei of all tissues, except those of midgut, subjected of electron microscopic observation. They were the nuclei of gill, foregut, heart, hepatopancreatic connective tissue, hindgut, nerve and dorsal aorta. A comparison was made between the electron microscopic and histopathological observations and a greater degree of correlation between the two in depicting the severity of the infection of the infection was unraveled. The study also illustrated variations in response and susceptibility of various tissues to WSSV infection. Accordingly, out of the tissues investigated, gill, foregut, hindgut and dorsal aorta exhibited advanced viral multiplication than the other tissues such as heart, midgut, nerve and hepatopancreas. Even though hepatocytes were not infected the connective tissue nuclei were packed with virions.

Molecular Characterization and Gene Expression Profiling of Antimicrobial Peptides in Penaeid Shrimps

The constitutive production of AMPs in shrimps ensures that animals are able to protect themselves from low-level assaults by pathogens present in the environment. As these molecules play important roles in the shrimp immune defense system, the expression level of these AMPs are possible indicators of the immune state of shrimps. The present study also indicates the antiviral property of AMPs, especially ALF, stressing the importance of their up-regulation through the application of immunostimulants/probiotics as a prophylactic strategy in aquaculture. The present study shows that shrimp defense system is equipped enough to evade WSSV infection to a certain extent, when the animals were maintained on marine yeast and probiotic diet, whereas the control diet fed group succumbed to WSSV infection. This study reveals that marine yeast and probiotic supplemented diet can delay the process of WSSV infection and confer greater protection to the animals. Particularly, the protection conferred by marine yeast, C. haemulonii S27 and Bacillus MCCB101 were highly promising imparting greater hope to the aquaculture community to overcome the prevailing disease problems in aquaculture. It may be inferred from the present study that up-regulation of AMP genes could be effected by the application of immunostimulants and probiotics. Also, AMP expression profile could be used as an effective tool for screening immunostimulants and probiotics for application in shrimp culture. Ultimately, it is likely that no single compound or strategy will provide a solution to the problem of disease within aquaculture and that, in reality, a suite of techniques will be required including the manipulation of the rearing environment, addition of probionts as a matter of routine during culture, and the use of immunostimulants and other supplements during vulnerable growth phases. Finally, the development of good management practices, the control of environmental variables, genetic improvement in the penaeid species, understanding of host-virus interaction, modulation of the shrimp immune system, supported by functional genomics and proteomics of this crustacean, as a whole suggests that the control of WSSV is not far.

Biochemical & Pharmacological evaluation of liver oils of selected deep sea sharks and chimaeras of the Indian EEZ

With a seacoast of 8,1 18 km, an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2 million square km, and with an area of about 30,000 square km under aquaculture, lndia produces close to six million tonnes of fish, over 4 per cent of the world fish production. While the marine waters upto 50m depth have been fully exploited, those beyond, remain unexplored. There is an ever increasing demand for fishery resources as food. The coastal fishery resources of the country are dwindling at a rapid pace and it becomes highly imperative that we search for alternate fishery resources for food. The option we have is to hunt for marine fishery resources. Studies pertaining to proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition are essential to understand the nutraceutical values of these deep sea fishery resources. The present study was aimed to carry out proximate composition of deep sea fishery resources obtained during cruises onboard the FORV Sarise Sampada, to identify fishery resources which have appreciable lipid content and thereby analyse the bioactive potentials of marine lipids, to study the amino acid profile of these fishery resources, to understand the contents of SPA, MUFA and PUFA and to calculate the n3/n6 fatty acid contents. Though the presence of nutraceuticals was identified in the marine fishery resources their use as potential food resources deserve further investigation. So the study were carried out to calculate the hepatosomatic indices of sharks & chimaeras and conduct biochemical characterisation of liver oils of Apristurus indicus, Cenlrophorus scalprams, Centroselachus crepidater, Neoharriotta raleighana, and Harriotta pinnata obtained during cruises onboard the FORV Sugar Sampada.Therapeutic use of shark liver oil is evident from its use for centuries as a remedy to heal wounds and fight flu (Neil er al. 2006). Japanese seamen called it 'samedava' or "cure all". Shark liver oil is being promoted worldwide as a dietary supplement to boost the immune system, fight infections, to treat cancer and to lessen the side effects of conventional cancer treatment. These days more emphasis is laid on the nutritive benefits of shark liver oils especially on the omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs) (Anandan er al. 2007) and alkylglycerols (AKGs) (Pugliese er al. I998) contained in them due to the high rise of inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, asthma and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Schizophrenia. So the present study also evaluate the pharmacological properties with respect to analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti pyretic and anti-ulcer effects of four different liver oils of sharks belonging to the Indian EEZ and to identify the components of oil responsible for these activities.The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of liver oils from Neoharriotra raleighana (NR), Centrosymnus crepidater (CC), Apristurus indicus (AI), and Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) sharks caught from the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean were compared. The main objectives also include determination of the cholesterol lowering effects of liver oils of Neoharriotra raleighana (NR) and Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) on the high fat diet induced dyslipidemia and to compare the impact of four isolipidemic diets, on levels of serum diagnostic marker enzymes, on lipid profile of blood and liver and antioxidant status of heart in male Albino rats. And also to study the efficacy of Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) liver oil against Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced arthritis and to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of this oil with a traditionally used anti-inflammatory substance gingerol (oleoresin extracted from ginger.). The results of the present study indicated that both (Centrophorus sculpratus liver oils as well as gingerol extracts proved to be effective natural remedies against CFA-induced arthritis in Albino rats.

Population Characteristics of Prawns in Natural and Selective Stocking System

present work deals with the various aspects of population characteristics of penaeus indicus ,Metapenaeus dobsoni and metapenaeus monoceros during their nursery phase in tidal ponds and adjacent backwaters.Importance of the present study is to suggest scientific basis for the management of penaeid resources in tidal ponds and backwaters based on their biological characteristics to ensure better yield.Seasonal closure of fishing will be effective in improving the size of the shrimp at harvest.Hydrology of tidal ponds varied with location, but showed a common seasonal pattem.Seasonal variation in temperature was very small. It fluctuated between 27.5 to 32.3°C in tidalponds and 26.9 to 29.9°C in open backwaters.Improvement of nursery habitats with due consideration for biological requirements of the resource will ensure better growth, survival and abundance of the stock.The recruitment, growth and emigration data of prawns from their nurseries can be used successfully for fishery forecasting. projecting juvenile growth forward through time, it is possible to establish, which cohort contributes to offshore fishery each year. So, by interpreting the recruitment and growth data of species in their nurseries with offshore catch data, fishery can be forecasted successfully.

Biology of Decapod crustaceans in different environmental conditions

This thesis Entitled Biology of Decapod crustaceans in different Environmental conditions. Prawn culture is practiced in Kerala in two types of fields namely seasonal and perennial; In seasonal fields paddy is grown during the monsoon period and prawns are cultured during the rest of the year. when compared to seasonal fields; perennial fields are subjected to much fluctuations in its environmental characteristics. The perennial fields were found more productive than seasonal fields. The benthic production in perronial fields were almost double that of seasonal fields. But in the matter of species diversity both fields were equal. Seasonal changes were observéd in the species abundance of benthic organisms in both the seasonal and perennial fields. Both isometric and allometric growth were noticed in P. indicus .But during most of the months the growth was near to isometric. The condition of the prawn also fluctuated between better and poor.During most of the months the prawn in perennial fields wore in good condition while in the seasonal fields the condition changed from year to year. This indicates that the perennial field provides a better habitat for P. indicus.

Pathological Investigations in penaeid Prawns

The thesis embodies the results of the studies carried out on certain diseases affecting the commercially important penaeid prawns in the capture and culture fisheries of the southwest and southeast coasts of india during october, 1981 to april 1985.initially a survey is conducted to obtain information and to understand the commom diseases and abnormalities occurring in the penaeid prawms in nature and those farmed. A result of the survey then cases of diseases and abnormalities are reported. These include tumour like growth soft prawm syndrome, tail necrosis brown spot disease, red rostrum, ciliate infestation ,helminth parasitisation,metacercarial infestation and bopyrid infestation in the penaeid prawns such as penaeus indicus p. monodon , p. semisulcatus ,Metapenaeus dobsoni and m.affinis.The symptoms ,occurrence and incidence of each of the above cases are provided along with the information on environmental factors such as salinity,dissolved oxygen,temperature and ph of the water from the collection sites. The nature of the disease,the tissuse of the host that are affected by the infection or infestation or by the pathogen ,and the actors influencing the infection in each of the ten cases are studied histopathologically and discussed. In the light of the available published information, the control measures for the different diseases of penaeid prawns are presented and discussed.