Soil and phytosociological characterization of an area with predominance of arnica (Lychnophora pohlii sch. bip.)

Lychnophora pohlii Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae), known as "Arnica mineira", is widely used in folk medicine and very abundant in the altitude vegetation of rocky grassland. The aim of this work was to study the density of this species and its relationship with soil parameters in rocky grassland in Diamantina, in the Upper Jequitinhonha region, Minas Gerais. Ten contiguous 20 x 50 m plots were marked (total sampled area 10,000 m²) on the campus Juscelino Kubitschek of the Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM). The plants in these plots were evaluated for frequency, dominance and density. The relationship between the density of this species with nine soil physical and chemical properties was analyzed by means of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The highest plant abundance (I) of the species Lychnophora pohlii Sch. Bip. was found in the vegetation sampling areas: plot 6 with 255 plants, plot 7 with 173, plot 8 with 189, plot 9 with 159, and plot 1 with 151 plants. In these areas, the floristic soil characteristics were similar, resulting in spatial proximity in the ACC diagrams. The density of Lychnophora pohlii was higher in plots with higher pH, P-rem and base saturation, the variables most strongly correlated with the first axis of canonical correspondence analysis.

Microstructure of highly oriented, hexagonal, boron nitride thin films grown on crystalline silicon by radio frequency plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition

We present a high‐resolution electron microscopy study of the microstructure of boron nitride thin films grown on silicon (100) by radio‐frequency plasma‐assisted chemical vapor deposition using B2H6 (1% in H2) and NH3 gases. Well‐adhered boron nitride films grown on the grounded electrode show a highly oriented hexagonal structure with the c‐axis parallel to the substrate surface throughout the film, without any interfacial amorphous layer. We ascribed this textured growth to an etching effect of atomic hydrogen present in the gas discharge. In contrast, films grown on the powered electrode, with compressive stress induced by ion bombardment, show a multilayered structure as observed by other authors, composed of an amorphous layer, a hexagonal layer with the c‐axis parallel to the substrate surface and another layer oriented at random

Diffraction theory of optimized low-resolution Fresnel encoded lenses

A mathematical model describing the behavior of low-resolution Fresnel encoded lenses (LRFEL's) encoded in any low-resolution device (e.g., a spatial light modulator) has recently been developed. From this model, an LRFEL with a short focal length was optimized by our imposing the maximum intensity of light onto the optical axis. With this model, analytical expressions for the light-amplitude distribution, the diffraction efficiency, and the frequency response of the optimized LRFEL's are derived.

Reduction of the effect of aberrations in a joint transform correlator

We report the study of the influence of optical aberrations in a joint-transform correlator: The wave aberration of the optical system is computed from data obtained by ray tracing. Three situations are explored: We consider the aberration only in the first diffraction stage (generation of power spectrum), then only in the second (transformation of the power spectrum into correlation), and finally in both stages simultaneously. The results show that the quality of the correlation is determined mostly by the aberrations of the first diffraction stage and that we can optimize the setup by moving the cameras along the optical axis to a suitable position. The good agreement between the predicted data and the experimental results shows that the method explains well the behavior of optical diffraction systems when aberrations are taken into account.

Leptin inhibits directly glucocorticoid secretion by normal human and rat adrenal gland.

Different interactions have been described between glucocorticoids and the product of the ob gene leptin. Leptin can inhibit the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis by stressful stimuli, whereas adrenal glucocorticoids stimulate leptin production by the adipocyte. The present study was designed to investigate the potential direct effects of leptin to modulate glucocorticoid production by the adrenal. Human adrenal glands from kidney transplant donors were dissociated, and isolated primary cells were studied in vitro. These cells were preincubated with recombinant leptin (10(-10)-10(-7) M) for 6 or 24 h, and basal or ACTH-stimulated cortisol secretion was subsequently measured. Basal cortisol secretion was unaffected by leptin, but a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of ACTH-stimulated cortisol secretion was observed [down by 29 +/- 0.1% of controls with the highest leptin dose, P < 0.01 vs. CT (unrelated positive control)]. This effect of leptin was also observed in rat primary adrenocortical cells, where leptin inhibited stimulated corticosterone secretion in a dose-dependent manner (down by 46 +/- 0.1% of controls with the highest leptin dose, P < 0.001 vs. CT). These effects of leptin in adrenal cells are likely mediated by the long isoform of the leptin receptor (OB-R), because its transcript was found to be expressed in the adrenal tissue and leptin had no inhibitory effect in adrenal glands obtained from db/db mice. Therefore, leptin inhibits directly stimulated cortisol secretion from human and rat adrenal glands, and this may represent an important mechanism to modulate glucocorticoid levels in various metabolic states.

Magnetoelasticity and magnetoresistance in Cu-Al-Mn shape-memory alloys

We study the effect of a magnetic field on the martensitic transition of a Cu-Al-Mn shape-memory alloy. The martensitic transition has been studied through resistance measurements under applied magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 50 kOe. Negative magnetoresistance showing an almost linear dependence with the square of the magnetization has been observed. This magnetoresistive effect is associated with the existence of small ferromagnetic Mn-clusters. Its strength and thermal dependence is different in both phases. The martensitic transition temperature is slightly increased and its spread in temperature significantly reduced upon increasing the field. These results show the existence of magnetoelastic coupling, which favors the nucleation of those martensitic variants with the easy magnetization axis aligned with the field.

Topological magnetic irreversibility in superconducting Pb samples of various shapes

The magnetic-field dependence of the magnetization of cylinders, disks, and spheres of pure type-I superconducting lead was investigated by means of isothermal measurements of first magnetization curves and hysteresis cycles. Depending on the geometry of the sample and the direction and intensity of the applied magnetic field, the intermediate state exhibits different irreversible features that become particularly highlighted in minor hysteresis cycles. The irreversibility is noticeably observed in cylinders and disks only when the magnetic field is parallel to the axis of revolution and is very subtle in spheres. When the magnetic field decreases from the normal state, the irreversibility appears at a temperature-dependent value whose distance to the thermodynamic critical field depends on the sample geometry. The irreversible features in the disks are altered when they are submitted to an annealing process. These results agree well with very recent high-resolution magneto-optical experiments in similar materials that were interpreted in terms of transitions between different topological structures for the flux configuration in the intermediate state. A discussion of the relative role of geometrical barriers for flux entry and exit and pinning effects as responsible for the magnetic irreversibility is given.

Cation distribution and high field magnetization studies on SrFe12-xCrxO19

With the aim of a better understanding of both cationic distribution and magnetic properties of the uniaxial SrFe12-xCrxO19hexagonal ferrites, Mössbauer spectroscopy, neutron diffraction and high field magnetization measurements have been carried out. The Cr3+ions occupy the octahedral sites of the M structure with a preference hierarchy within them. The magnetic measurements, together with the deduced cationic distribution, indicate that some sublattices have a random spin canting around the c-axis.

CXCR4-mediated glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes.

The role of astrocytes as structural and metabolic support for neurons is known since the beginning of the last century. Because of their strategic localization between neurons and capillaries they can monitor and control the level of synaptic activity by providing energetic metabolites to neurons and remove excess of neurotransmitters. During the last two decades number of papers further established that the astrocytic plasma-membrane G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) can sense external inputs (such as the spillover of neurotransmitters) and transduce them as intracellular calcium elevations and release of chemical transmitters such as glutamate. The chemokine CXCR4 receptor is a GPCR widely expressed on glial cells (especially astrocytes and microglia). Activation of the astrocytic CXCR4 by its natural ligand CXCL12 (or SDF1 alpha) results in a long chain of intracellular and extracellular events (including the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFalpha and prostanglandins) leading to glutamate release. The emerging role of CXCR4-CXCL12 signalling axis in brain physiology came from the recent observation that glutamate in astrocytes is released via a regulated exocytosis process and occurs with a relatively fast time-scale, in the order of few hundred milliseconds. Taking into account that astrocytes are electrically non-excitable and thus exocytosis rely only on a signalling pathway that involves the release Ca(2+) from the internal stores, these results suggested a close relationship between sites of Ca(2+) release and those of fusion events. Indeed, a recent observation describes structural sub-membrane microdomains where fast ER-dependent calcium elevations occur in spatial and temporal correlation with fusion events.

Role of notch signalling in mammary gland

ÁBSTRACT : Mammary gland is composed of two main epithelial cell types, myoepithelial and luminal. The mechanisms involved in determination and maintenance of them remain poorly understood. Notch signaling is known to regulate cell fate determination in other tissues like skin and nervous system. It was also shown that it can act as tumor suppressor or oncogene depending on the tissue type. The mouse models overexpressing active Notch receptors indicated that Notch signaling is oncogenic in the mammary gland. This observation was followed by some descriptive and functional studies in human breast cancer and it was reported that Notch signaling activity or expression of its components are increased in some of the breast tumor samples compared to normal tissue. However, the physiological role of the Notch signaling and its downstream mechanisms in mammary gland is poorly defined. p63, a member of p53 family, has been implicated in the cell fate determination of keratinocytes. Knockout mouse models revealed that p63 is required for the formation of the mammary anlagen in embryo and its ΔN isoform is expressed exclusively in the myoepithelial layer of the adult breast. In order to understand its function in normal breast epithelial cells, I activated Notch signaling by expression of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) in normal primary human breast epithelial cells (HBECs). In this context, NICD reduced growth of HBECs and led to downmodulation of extracellular matrix-receptor interaction network (ECM) components as well as ΔNp63. Expression of ΔNp63 together with NICD partially rescued Notch induced growth reduction, which was correlated with an increase in ECM components. Moreover, silencing ΔNp63 in myoepithelial HBECs reduced growth similar to Notch activation and it led to downregulation of myoepithelial and upregulation of luminal markers. Complementing this observation, forced expression of ONp63 in luminal HBECs induced myoepithelial phenotype and decreased luminal markers. In vivo, by the analysis of a Notch reporter mouse strain, I showed that Notch is activated during puberty specifically at the sites of ductal morphogenesis, terminal end buds. FAGS analysis revealed that it can be detected in two different populations based on CD24 expression (low (lo) or high (high)): at lower levels in CD24lo, which includes stem/progenitor and myoepithelial cells and higher levels in CD24hi, which contains luminal cells. In parallel with in vitro results, the CD24lo mouse mammary epithelial cells displaying Notch activity have lower levels of p63 expression. Furthermore, deletion of RBPjk, the main mediator of Notch signaling, or the overexpression of ΔNp63 inhibited luminal cell lineage in vivo. Another important point revealed by Notch reporter mouse strain is the simultaneous activation of Notch with estrogen signaling during pubertal development. The expression of FOXA1, the mediator of estrogen receptor (ER) transcriptional activity, is correlated with Notch activation in vivo that it is lower in CD24lo than in CD24hi cells. Moreover, FOXA1 is regulated by NICD in vitro supporting the presence of a link between Notch and ER signaling. Taken together, I report that Notch signaling is involved in luminal cell fate determination and its effects are partially mediated through inhibition of ONp63. Besides, ΔNp63 is required for the maintenance and sufficient for the induction of myoepithelial phenotype in HBECs in vitro and is not compatible with luminal lineage in vivo. Based on these results, I propose a model for epithelial cell hierarchy in mammary gland, whereby there are two different types of luminal progenitors, early and late, displaying different levels of Notch activity. Notch signaling contributes to the determination of luminal cell lineage in these two progenitor steps: In "Early Luminal Progenitor" stage, it inhibits myoepithelial fate by decreasing p63 expression, and in "Late Luminal Progenitor" stage, Notch signaling is involved in induction of luminal lineage by acting on ER-FOXA1 axis. It has to be investigated further whether Notch signaling might behave as an oncogene or tumor suppressor depending on which cell type in the epithelial hierarchy it is modulated and which one is more likely to occur in different human breast cancer types. RÉSUMÉ : La glande mammaire est composée de deux types principaux de cellules: les cellules luminales, qui bordent le lumen et les cellules myoépithéliales, qui se trouvent entre la lame basale et les cellules luminales. Les mécanismes intervenant dans leur différenciation et leur maintenance demeurent encore mal compris. La protéine transmembranaire Notch est connue pour déterminer le destin des cellules dans plusieurs types de tissus comme la peau ou le système nerveux. Selon le type de tissu dans lequel se trouve Notch, il agira soit comme un suppresseur de tumeur soit comme un oncogène. A l'aide de modèles de souris surexprimant les récepteurs actifs de Notch, il a été démontré que la voie de signalisation de Notch est oncogénique au niveau de la glande mammaire. Des études descriptives et fonctionnelles dans le cadre du cancer du sein ont permis de mettre en évidence une augmentation de l'activité de Notch ou de l'expression de ces composants dans certains tissus cancéreux. Toutefois, le rôle physiologique de Notch et des mécanismes qu'il active restent méconnus. P63, une protéine membre de la famille p53, est impliquée dans la différenciation des kératinocytes. Le modèle issu de l'étude des souris p63 knockout a révélé que cette protéine est requise pour la formation des primordia mammaires chez l'embryon et que son isoforme ΔNp63 est exclusivement exprimée dans la couche myoépithéliale de la glande mammaire adulte. Dans le but de comprendre les fonctions physiologiques de Notch, je l'ai activé en exprimant le domaine intracellulaire de Notch 1 (NICD) dans des cellules épithéliales primaires de glande mammaire humaine (HBECs). Le NICD a alors réduit la croissance des HBECs et conduit à la régulation négative non seulement de p63 mais également des composants du réseau d'interaction des récepteurs de la matrice extracellulaire (ECM). En exprimant conjointement ΔNp63 et NICD, il est apparu que la réduction de croissance induite par Notch était partiellement compensée, et qu'il y avait également une augmentation des composants ECM. De plus, lorsque ΔNp63 a été inactivé dans les cellules HBECs myoépithéliales, une réduction de croissance cellulaire identique à celle provoquée par l'activation de Notch a pu être mise en évidence, de même qu'une régulation négative des marqueurs myoépithéliaux ainsi qu'une augmentation des marqueurs luminaux. Afin de compléter ces informations, l'expression de ΔNp63 a été forcée dans les HBECs luminales, ce qui a induit un phénotype myoépithélial et une diminution des marqueurs lumineux. In vivo, par l'analyse de souris ayant un gène rapporteur de l'activité de Notch, j'ai démontré que Notch est activé pendant la puberté au niveau des sites de la morphogenèse canalaire, à savoir les bourgeons terminaux. Les analyses par FACS (Fluorescence-activated cell sorting) basées sur l'expression de l'antigène CD24 ont révélé qu'il peut tre détecté dans deux populations différentes : une population qui l'exprime faiblement, qui regroupe les cellules souches/progéniteurs et les cellules myoépithéliales, et une population qui l'exprime fortement qui est composé des cellules luminales. Parallèlement aux résultats in vitro, j'ai mis en évidence un faible niveau d'expression de p63 dans les cellules épithéliales de la glande mammaire de souris, exprimant faiblement l'antigène CD24 et présentant une activité de Notch. De plus, la délétion de RBPjr~, médiateur principal de la signalisation de Notch, ainsi que la surexpression de ΔNp63 in vivo ont inhibé la lignée des cellules luminales. Un autre point important révélé par les souris rapporteur de l'activité de Notch a été l'activation simultanée de Notch et de la signalisation de l'oestrogène pendant le développement pubertaire. L'expression de FOXA1, médiateur de l'activité transcriptionnelle des récepteurs aux oestrogènes (ER), est en corrélation avec l'activation de Notch in vivo, plus basse dans les cellules avec une faible expression de l'antigène CD24 que dans celles avec une forte expression. De plus, FOXA1 est régulé par NICD in vitro confirmant la présence d'un lien entre Notch et la signalisation des ER. En résumé, la signalisation de Notch est impliquée dans la détermination du destin cellulaire des cellules luminales et ses effets sont partiellement modifiés par l'inhibition de ΔNp63. ΔNp63 est requis pour la maintenance et est suffisant pour l'induction du phénotype myoépithéliale dans les HBECs in vitro et ne peut donc pas se trouver dans les cellules luminales in vivo. Basé sur ces résultats, je propose un modèle de hiérarchisation des cellules épithéliales de la glande mammaire, dans lequel sont présents deux types de progéniteurs des cellules luminales exprimant des niveaux différents d'activité de Notch, les progéniteurs lumineux précoces et tardifs. La signalisation de Notch contribue à la différenciation de la lignée cellulaire luminale au niveau de ces deux progéniteurs : dans la forme précoce, il inhibe la différenciation des cellules myoépithéliales en réduisant l'expression de p63 et dans la forme tardive, Notch est impliqué dans l'induction de la lignée luminale en agissant sur l'axe ER-FOXA1. Il serait nécessaire d'investiguer plus loin si le fait que Notch agisse comme oncogène ou suppresseur de tumeur dépend du stade de différenciation de la cellule dans laquelle il est modulé et laquelle de ces deux fonctions il est le plus probable de rencontrer dans les différents types de cancer du sein.

Chirurgie du diabète: provocation ou réalité [Surgery for diabetes: challenge or reality?]

Bariatric surgery techniques can usually increase either sensitivity or insulin resistance, acting on three different levels: decrease of food intake, malabsorption and modifications of entero-insulaire axis activity. This latter is taken into account in order to develop a new protocol to obtain diabetes remission without important weight loss and nutritional deficiencies. Preliminary results are interesting but they come from very short time studies with few patients. Moreover, complications rate is at present very high. Knowing better gastrointestinal mechanisms of diabetes control and especially incretins role is absolutely necessary before identifying surgery as a true metabolic treatment.

Cosmic strings and Einstein-Rosen soliton waves

We consider all generalized soliton solutions of the Einstein-Rosen form in the cylindrical context. They are Petrov type-I solutions which describe solitonlike waves interacting with a line source placed on the symmetry axis. Some of the solutions develop a curvature singularity on the axis which is typical of massive line sources, whereas others just have the conical singularity revealing the presence of a static cosmic string. The analysis is based on the asymptotic behavior of the Riemann and metric tensors, the deficit angle, and a C-velocity associated to Thornes C-energy. The C-energy is found to be radiated along the null directions.

Affaires de patrons, usages de la frontière : géographie des réseaux marchands entre Niger, Bénin et Nigéria

Résumé L'objectif de la thèse est de comprendre le mode d'organisation économique spécifique aux petits centres urbains qui composent les espaces frontaliers sahéliens, en s'interrogeant sur leur concurrence ou leur complémentarité éventuelle à l'intérieur d'un régime de spatialité particulier. En s'appuyant sur l'exemple du carrefour économique de Gaya-Malanville-Kamba situé à la frontière entre le Niger, le Bénin et le Nigeria, il questionne le rôle de la ville-frontière ainsi que le jeu des acteurs marchands localement dominants, à partir de quatre grandes interrogations : Quelles sont les spécificités de l'Afrique sahélienne qui obligent à renouveler les approches géographiques de l'espace marchand? Quels sont les facteurs déterminants de l'activité économique frontalière? Les formes d'organisation de l'espace qui concourent à la structuration de l'économie sont-elles concurrentes ou coopératives? Les logiques économiques frontalières sont-elles compatibles avec l'orientation des programmes de développement adoptés par les pays sahéliens et leurs partenaires bi- ou multilatéraux? Dans une première partie, un modèle territorial de l'Afrique sahélienne permet de rendre compte de la prédominance des logiques circulatoires sur les logiques productives, une propriété essentielle de toute organisation économique confrontée à l'instabilité climatique. Dans une seconde partie, l'étude considère les facteurs déterminants de l'activité économique frontalière que sont le degré d'enclavement des territoires, la libre circulation des biens et des personnes, les relations concurrentielles ou coopératives qui lient les marchés ainsi que les liens clientélistes qui unissent patron et obligés. Une troisième partie est consacrée aux productions agricoles de tente organisées sous forme de coopératives paysannes ou d'initiatives privées. Une quatrième partie s'intéresse aux réseaux de l'import-export et du commerce de détail qui bénéficient de l'augmentation des besoins engendrée par l'urbanisation sahélienne. L'économie spatiale qui résulte de ces flux est organisée selon deux logiques distinctes : d'une part, les opportunités relatives à la production agricole conduisent certains investisseurs à intensifier l'irrigation pour satisfaire la demande des marchés urbains, d'autre part, les acteurs du capitalisme marchand, actifs dans l'import-export et la vente de détail, développent des réseaux informels et mobiles qui se jouent des différentiels nationaux. Les activités commerciales des villes-marchés connaissent alors des fluctuations liées aux entreprises productives et circulatoires de ces patrons, lesquelles concourent à l'organisation territoriale générale de l>Afrique sahélienne. Ces logiques évoluent dans un contexte fortement marqué par les politiques des institutions financières internationales, des agences bilatérales de coopération et des ONGs. Celles-ci se donnent pour ambition de transformer les économies, les systèmes politiques et les organisations sociales sahéliennes, en faisant la promotion du libéralisme, de la bonne gouvernance et de la société civile. Ces axes directeurs, qui constituent le champ de bataille contemporain du développement, forment un ensemble dans lequel la spécificité sahélienne notamment frontalière est rarement prise en compte. C'est pourquoi l'étude conclut en faveur d'un renouvellement des politiques de développement appliquées aux espaces frontaliers. Trois grands axes d'intervention peuvent alors être dégagés, lesquels permettent de réconcilier des acteurs et des logiques longtemps dissociés: ceux des espaces séparés par une limite administrative, ceux de la sphère urbaine et rurale et ceux du capitalisme marchand et de l'investissement agricole, en renforçant la coopération économique transfrontalière, en prenant en considération les interactions croissantes entre villes et campagnes et en appuyant les activités marchandes. Abstract: Urbanisation in West Africa is recent and fast. If only 10 % of the total population was living in urban areas in 1950, this proportion reached 40 % in 2000 and will be estimated to 60 % in 2025. Small and intermediate cities, located between the countryside and large metropolis, are particularly concerned with this process. They are nowadays considered as efficient vectors of local economic development because of fiscal or monetary disparities between states, which enable businessmen to develop particular skills based on local urban networks. The majority of theses networks are informal and extremely flexible, like in the Gaya - Malanville - Kamba region, located between Niger, Benin and Nigeria. Evidence show that this economic space is characterised by high potentialities (climatic and hydrological conditions, location on main economic West African axis) and few constraints (remoteness of some potentially high productive areas). In this context, this PhD deals with the economic relationships between the three market cities. Focusing on the links that unite the businessmen of the local markets - called patron; - it reveals the extreme flexibility of their strategies as well as the deeply informal nature of their activities. Through the analysis of examples taken from the commerce of agricultural products, import and export flows and detail activities, it studies the changes that have taken place in the city centres of Gaya, Malanville and Kamba. Meanwhile, this research shows how these cities represent a border economical area based on rival and complementary connections. In the first Part, it was necessary to reconsider the usual spatial analysis devoted to the question of economic centrality. As a matter of fact, the organisation of West African economic spaces is very flexible and mobile. Centrality is always precarious because of seasonal or temporary reasons. This is why the first chapters are devoted to the study of the specificity of the Sahelian territoriality. Two main elements are relevant: first the population diversity and second, the urban-rural linkages. In the second part, the study considers three main factors on which the cross-border economic networks are dependent: enclosure that prevents goods to reach the markets, administrative constraints that limit free trade between states and cities and the concurrent or complementary relationships between markets. A third part deals with the clientelist ties engaged between the patrons and their clients with the hypothesis that these relationships are based on reciprocity and inequality. A fourth part is devoted to' the study of the spatial organisation of commercial goods across the borders, as far as the agriculture commercial products, the import-export merchandises and the retail products are concerned. This leads to the conclusion that the economic activity is directly linked to urban growth. However, the study notices that there is a lack of efficient policies dealing with strengthening the business sector and improving the cross-border cooperation. This particularity allows us to favour new local development approaches, which would take into account the important potential of private economical actors. In the same time, the commercial flows should be regulated with the help of public policies, as long as they are specifically adapted to the problems that these areas have to deal with.

Relaxation dynamics in suspensions of ferromagnetic particles

We have studied the relaxation dynamics of a dilute assembly of ferromagnetic particles in suspension. A formalism based on the Smoluchowski equation, describing the evolution of the probability density for the directions of the magnetic moment and of the axis of easy magnetization of the particles, has been developed. We compute the rotational viscosity from a Green-Kubo formula and give an expression for the relaxation time of the particles which comes from the dynamic equations of the correlation functions. Concerning the relaxation time for the particles, our results agree quite well with experiments performed on different samples of ferromagnetic particles for which the magnetic energy, associated with the interaction between the magnetic moments and the external field, or the energy of anisotropy plays a dominant role.

Hirsutisme: que faire [Hirsutism, what can be done?]

Hirsutism is a relatively frequent condition in an ambulatory setting affecting about 4% of women. A rational clinical and biochemical diagnostic approach assures an optimal treatment directed at etiologic and pathogenetic factors. The diagnosis of hyperandrogenism is evaluated considering the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for excessive growth of hair. Ovarian and adrenal tumors are the most serious diseases that have to be excluded by clinical and biochemical tests. The other causes for hirsutism are treatable by a great variety of modalities, available drugs can inhibit pituitary gonadotropins, the hypothalamo-pituitary axis and the conversion of testosterone into biologically active substrate. Finally the binding of androgens to its receptor can be blocked. These possibilities for treatment and their indications for the different etiologies of hirsutism are discussed.