Os desenhos do De Architectura (arcitektouikh)

Como sabemos, os manuscritos onde se baseiam todas as versões do tratado de Arquitectura de Vitruvio não contêm desenhos originais. Procuramos aqui confirmar que o original teria tido no máximo doze desenhos e que esses desenhos são mencionados, pontualmente, por Vitruvio ao longo do seu tratado. Procurámos aqui reconstituir, sempre que nos foi possível, os desenhos que Vitruvio teria realizado no seu tratado de Arquitectura. Problematizamos a ausência dos mesmos nos actuais manuscritos mas não pretendemos, neste artigo, abordar nenhuma explicação. Esta investigação é parte integrante, mas alterada, da nossa dissertação para doutoramento, que versa sobre os operadores de concepção arquitectónica propostos por Vitruvio.

Imagem artificial e concepção arquitectónica

Não só no universo do ensino da arquitectura mas também no âmbito da profissão propriamente dita, o tema das novas tecnologias associadas à actividade do projecto e da sua dinâmica de concepção constitui, hoje, um tema efervescente que encetou um debate alargado nos meios institucionais próprios conduzindo a uma importante reflexão e ao avanço de diversos tipos de considerações. Esta reflexão procura analisar os impactos que os novos meios tecnológicos postos à disposição do projecto de arquitectura, e da actividade arquitectónica em geral, vêm introduzindo nas questões que se prendem com o pensamento operativo do arquitecto bem como, com aquelas que se prendem com o método, ou métodos, desenvolvidos na nas fases de concepção e configuração.

Acabamentos em consolas post-tensionadas: a influência de estruturas de betão armado e lajes fungiformes maciças ou aligeiradas post-tensionadas em acabamentos e revestimentos - o caso do edifício na Rua do Lis, em Leiria

A utilização de estruturas de betão armado pos-tensionado e lajes fungiformes maciças, implica um estudo criterioso, técnico e económico, sobre a sua colocação em obra e a instalação das infra-estruturas técnicas (águas, esgotos e AVAC, principalmente), estudo mais rigoroso quando se aplicam consolas com grandes balanços devido a eventuais consequências do seu funcionamento normal. Numa estrutura pos-tensionada é possível haver um espaçamento maior entre pilares, pois permitem-se vãos de dimensões mais generosas e a colocação de paredes desaprumadas nos vários pisos sobrepostos. No caso presente, a inclusão de consolas com 5,00 m de balanço em 3 pisos sobrepostos, num edifico com 5 pisos, obrigou a alguma ponderação na aplicação de alguns acabamentos na zona de apoio e nas próprias consolas, devido ao comportamento estrutural. Nestas zonas, foi necessário prever uma forma de fixação e estabilização dos revestimentos em paredes e tectos, do assentamento dos rodapés, e dos remates dos tectos com as paredes, apenas após a conclusão de todos os revestimentos exteriores das fachadas (fachadas ventiladas revestidas a lioz) e os limpos dos pavimentos. Há algumas regras a considerar em estruturas deste género e que convém esclarecer e prever na fase de projecto.

Alice, vamos jogar? ensaio sobre a Estrutura da Forma na transição paradigmática

O ensaio deseja indicar pistas para a projectação em Arquitectura, através duma introdução à Teoria Paradigmática que caracteriza e define a nossa contemporaneidade e a Estrutura da Forma. Aflorando a Teoria do Caos e textos de Teoria de Arte que desejam ser rupturas epistemológicas ou seus indicadores, sugere-nos técnicas que pela criatividade se tornam dispositivos para o projecto em Arquitectura. Por fim, é apresentado um caso de estudo de um arquitecto da actualidade, a proposta de Peter Eisenman para Cannaregio. As consequências ambicionadas pelo ensaio são as motivações chave para a criação duma arquitectura mais próxima dos anseios sociais e que através delas existam contributos mais ousados e criativos para uma arquitectura que seja verdadeiramente expressão do pulsar da nossa sociedade.

From architecturology to architecturological research

This paper presents a genesis of the French research field of Architecturology, from its creation to the current researches developed from it, at ARIAM-LAREA (National School of Architecture of Paris-la-Villette Laboratory of modeling for computer aids of cognitive activity of conception). Architecturology has been thought at the creation of French Schools of Architecture that has been initiated with the French movement of 1968 May. Its major aim is to build specific knowledge on architecture for learning architecture. The first book of the beginnings of this scientific field is “Sur l’espace architectural” written by Ph. Boudon and published in 1971. It’s currently constituted with a scientific systemic language and a paradigm that help to explain cognitive activity of design named by it, conception. This scientific language has been published in “Enseigner la conception architecturale: cours d’architecturologie” written by Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, F. Pousin and F. Shatz, and published in 1994 and in 2000, in “Echelle(s)” published in 2002 and which gathers different articles of Ph. Boudon and, in different articles of the team of LAREA - Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, F. Pousin, F. Shatz and C. Lecourtois. From this scientific language and the paradigm of Architecturology, I develop methods for extending the field of knowledge of this point of view by doing researches in architecture. These methods are gathered into the concept of Applied Architecturology. In 2005, LAREA has merged with a research team interested in Computer Aided Design, named ARIAM. To create ARIAM-LAREA, we have built a new research program on Computer Aided Conception where we use Applied Architecturology for 1) producing new knowledge on implications of Computer in cognitive activity of design and 2) developing new software to Support some operations of conception. This paper exposes my current research work and three theses that I co-lead at ARIAMLAREA on this object.

Researching and designing GREAT; the extremely condensed hybrid urban block

The fact that the hybrid building is an extremely condensed urban block which increases the city’s density and contributes to the public realm of the city – horizontally as well vertically - forms one of the key interests of this documentation, research and master studio work. The “ground scraper” is not only public because of the character of its plinth facing surrounding streets, but also in regard to its interior space that is partly accessible to public. As such the European hybrid building potentially extends the city’s public domain horizontally and vertically into the building’s interior and links the public domain inside and outside. Notwithstanding, the hybrid building due to its specific and unconventional character represents a truly urban architecture that was unfortunately often rejected in the name of ‘purity’ of form and function during the twentieth century. Or with other words, its rejection demonstrates the domination of the building’s plan opposed to the section. Today, new frameworks for the city, like the “compact city,” ask for innovative interpretations and designs of building types, worthy to be investigated and proposed. The architectural type of the hybrid building, (re)defines and expresses the relation between architecture and the city in a specific manner. To begin with, the city of Rotterdam forms the first test-case of the Hybrid’s project to document and discuss statements, such as “the hybrid building has a long- standing tradition within this ‘modern city”, “it is a machine for urbanity,” “it enlarges the city,” “it innovates because of its ambitiousness but also because of necessity,” “it combines to activate,” “it asks for extraordinary design intelligence and craftsmanship.” A special way of drawing is developed to document, analyse and compare historical and contemporary representatives of the species. The method includes panoply of scales ranging from the morphological arrangement on the scale of the city, the typologies of stacking diverse programs to the architectural features that establish the mutual relationship between the public space of the city and the interior of the building. Basically the features analysed within the series of drawings are also constitutional for (the success of) every future hybrid building.

Research in Architecture: Looking Backward and Forward: Forty-Year Experience in Architectural Research at the Faculty of Architecture STU

The introduction of my contribution contains a brief information on the Faculty of Architecture of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava (FA STU) and the architectural research performed at this institution. Schemes and priorities of our research in architecture have changed several times since the very beginning in early 50’s. The most significant change occurred after “the velvet revolution” in 1989. Since 1990 there have been several sources to support research at universities. The significant part of my contribution is rooted in my own research experience since the time I had joined FA STU in 1975 as a young architect and researcher. The period of the 80’s is characterized by the first unintentional attempts to do “research by design” and my “scientific” achievements as by-products of my design work. Some of them resulted in the following issues: conception of mezzo-space, theory of the complex perception of architectural space and definition of basic principles of ecologically conscious architecture. Nowadays I continue my research by design within the application of so called solar envelope in urban scale with my students.

Research by design : a research strategy

The idea of an expressive component in research is important to the architectural industry. The expressive element - the possibility of expressing the qualitative aspects of the world and adding something new to the existing through experiments and proposals - is characteristic for the field. All research environments, in the science tradition and in the humanities, have their characteristics. On the one hand, they live up to certain common scientific and methodological criteria - originality and transparency – and on the other hand, they have different practices, using different methods. Research is ‘coloured’ by traditions and professions, and research in architecture should be coloured too, taking into consideration that the practice of architects stretches from natural science and sociology to art and that the most important way in which the architect achieves new cognition is through work with form and space – drawings, models and completed works. Probably all good design is informed by some kind of research – research- based design. But can research arise from design?

ARX, model thinking: taxonomy and operativity of an architectural process

The purpose of this work was to establish a taxonomy of hand made model construction as a platform for an approach to project an operative method in architecture. It was therefore studied and catalogued in a systematic approach a broad model production in the work of ARX. A wide range of families and sub-families of models were found, with different purposes according to each phase of development, from searching steps for a new possible configuration to detailed refined decisions. This working method revealed as most relevant characteristics, the grounds for a potential personal reflection and open discussion on project method, its flexibility on space modeling, an accuracy on the representation of real construction situations and its constant and stimulating opening to new suggestions. This research helped on a meta-reflection about this method, having been useful on creating a consciousness of processes that pretend to become an autonomous language, knowledge that might become useful to those who pretend to implement a haptic modus operandi in the work of an architectural project.

Research by Design is up and running

This paper explores the context of and developments in Research by Design (RbD) as currently developing in Schools of Architecture. It starts from noticing that the design studio is the core of the bachelor and master curriculum. Extending this position to PhD research implies the search for research where the design process is the main method of researching and creating knowledge and understanding. These developments connect to similar developments in the arts. Mode 1 and mode 2 knowledge, reflection and other knowledge processes are the base for developing knowledge for the field of architecture when practice and designing are the main method of research. The paper concludes with observing many PhD and research projects building on design activities and practice are currently under way and are supported by academia. They produce a specific type of knowledge and understanding, usually opening up problems and exploring boundaries.

Research based design: competition proposal for the Cyprus news agency

The paper attempts to explore the interrelation between a) the architects’ individualism and “pre-structures” b) research- based findings during the design process through experimentation and c)an integrated design approach, where morphology, construction and bioclimatic design are integrated from an early design stage. Through a thorough presentation and analysis of a competition proposal for the Cyprus News Agency, we discuss a number of important findings in relation to the present and possibly future form of the design studio. We suggest that the designer’s “prestructures” may not only be the basis for creative action, but also the basis for understanding and interpretation. Design informed and enriched at every stage by a research-based process, might well be the transmission and transformation of “prestructures”, a process of elaboration and discovery which facilitates and enhances design creativity and possibly allows for a multiplicity of approaches through a range of possibilities. Furthermore, an integrated approach from the early stages of the design process facilitates innovation in materials and systems.

Architecture & Research: a possible structure

This article results from three conferences organized by the research project titled “Architectural research framework” developed by the research center Architectural Lab – LabART – of the Lusófona University, and also by my personal experiences and dialogs with other members of the EAAE research committee. Architectural research always existed, but only recently some major questions have emerged, by the time that Europe started the last universitary reform on the 80’s. Two aspects are crucial in understanding the problematic that we are referring to. On the one hand we verify that the architectural teaching should maintain the articulation and close relationship between the theoretical and practical aspects. On the other hand, there is a need to confer academic degrees, as the MsC and PhD’s in the Faculties of Architecture. Inevitably, discussions began about the scientificity of architecture (its grounding), the types of research, methodological models, as well as on the evaluation criteria and the quality of research, or the relevance of the results. We will try to approach some of these discussions, and by the end, establish a basic structure that allows us to obtain an open model for research in architecture.

O verde como propulsor do desenvolvimento urbano - Exemplos das exposições de paisagismo na Alemanha

Dando continuidade a uma tradição de 150 anos, a Alemanha vem sendo palco de diversas exposições de paisagismo, viveiros e arquitetura - cuja importância não está tanto na exposição em si, mas sim no impulso que geram para o desenvolvimento das cidades que as hospedam. Surgidas de exposições privadas, e organizadas por amantes de plantas, essas exposições expandiram-se continuamente até tornarem-se grandes exposições florísticas e de paisagismo. Estas foram ficando cada vez maiores e acontecendo em intervalos cada vez mais curtos, até virem a ser oficialmente programadas; dando início às chamadas “Gartenschau”. As “Gartenschau” são sempre feitas através de competição - tanto para a escolha da cidade quanto para o projecto arquitectónico. Isso faz com que o país conte com uma bem sucedida tradição, tornando essas competições um instrumento para a constante renovação de idéias. Este artigo descreve os princípios básicos de uma “Gartenschau” ilustrados com alguns exemplos e analisa os efeitos benéficos que estas geram para o desenvolvimento urbano.

Nótulas sobre a arquitectura musical da água

É possível estabelecer relações fortes e seguras entra a Arquitectura e a Música. No caso vertente, é a Arquitectura que se recolhe, serenamente, e deixa que a Música se delicie na sua mágica, desfrutando da Água como elemento primordial, somático e germinal… Do barroco aos nossos dias, a música expande-se, navega, descobre-se com e na água, para nosso deleite, para desenho e desígnio de espaços auditivos, verbais, fluidos, dinâmicos: a forma da água através do som.