Sistema de almacén y dispensación robotizada de productos farmacéuticos

Actualmente, las necesidades de mejora en gestión de stocks y la mayor disponibilidad de sistemas automáticos, están haciendo que muchas empresas inviertan en técnicas modernas para almacenamiento y manipulación de productos. Esta inquietud también ha llegado a las farmacias, que de forma lenta pero firme se van apuntando a su robotización. Uno de los principales problemas a los que se enfrentan las farmacias es la pérdida de tiempo en la gestión y búsqueda de medicamentos, provocando situaciones negativas como las esperas, la falta de tiempo para una atención más personalizada y como consecuencia, la pérdida de clientes. Este inconveniente y la necesidad de mejora en la gestión de los stocks han hecho que aparezcan los Sistemas de dispensación automática de productos farmacéuticos. El dispensador automático facilita el trabajo del farmacéutico al automatizar la búsqueda de la medicina requerida, aumentando la dedicación al cliente y reduciendo los tiempos no productivos y las colas. El presente estudio desarrolla un sistema de dispensación automático de fármacos aplicado a farmacias con una rotación de medicamentos media/ baja, valorando tanto su viabilidad técnica como económica. El almacén propuesto es de tipo caótico con sistema de carga, almacenamiento y descarga completamente automáticos. La mayoría de diseños y conceptos expuestos en este trabajo son de desarrollo propio del autor con el único objetivo de la búsqueda de nuevas soluciones para conseguir un sistema de almacenamiento efectivo y de máximo rendimiento.

Lessons learned after 2 full scale disaster exercises in a Swiss pediatric hospital

Introduction: Following a disaster, up to 50% of mass casualties are children. The number of disaster increases worldwide, including in Switzerland. Following national order, the mapping of the various risks of disaster in Switzerland will be completed by the end of 2012. Pre-hospital disaster drills and plans are well established and regularly tested. In-hospital disaster plans are much less frequently tested, if only available. Pediatric in-hospital full scale disaster exercises have never been reported in Switzerland. Based on our local constraints, we set up and evaluated a disaster plan during two full scale exercises. Methods: In a university hospital treating more than 35 000 pediatric emergencies per year, two exercises involving mock victims of a disaster aged 9 to 14 years old were successively set up over a period of 3 years. The exercises were planned during the day, without modification of the normal emergency room activities. The hospital staff was informed and trained in advance. Variables such as the alarm timing and transmission, triage set-up and function, special disaster medical records utilization, communication and victims' identification were assessed. Family members participated in the second exercise. An evaluation team observed and record exercises activities, identifying strength and weaknesses. Results: On two separate occasions, a total of 44 mock patients participated, were triaged, admitted and treated in the hospital according to usual standards of care. Alarm transmission was not appropriate during the first exercise. Triage overload occurred on one occasion. In-hospital communication needed readjustment. Identification and in-hospital tracking of the children remained problematic. Hospital employees showed great enthusiasm and stressed the positive effect of full scale exercises on their knowledge of the hospital disaster plan. Conclusions: Performing real life disaster exercises in a pediatric hospital was very beneficial. The disaster plan was adapted to local needs and updated accordingly. An alarm transmission protocol was elaborated and tested. Triage set-up was adapted and tested. A hospital identification plan for injured children was created and tested. Full scale hospital exercises evaluating disaster plans revealed several weaknesses in the system. Practice readjustments based on local experience were made. A tested pediatric disaster plan adapted to local constraints could minimize chaos, optimize care and support in the event of a real disaster. Children's identification and family reunification following a disaster remains a challenge.

Postglacial recolonization at a snail's pace (Trochulus villosus): confronting competing refugia hypotheses using model selection.

The localization of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) refugia is crucial information to understand a species' history and predict its reaction to future climate changes. However, many phylogeographical studies often lack sampling designs intensive enough to precisely localize these refugia. The hairy land snail Trochulus villosus has a small range centred on Switzerland, which could be intensively covered by sampling 455 individuals from 52 populations. Based on mitochondrial DNA sequences (COI and 16S), we identified two divergent lineages with distinct geographical distributions. Bayesian skyline plots suggested that both lineages expanded at the end of the LGM. To find where the origin populations were located, we applied the principles of ancestral character reconstruction and identified a candidate refugium for each mtDNA lineage: the French Jura and Central Switzerland, both ice-free during the LGM. Additional refugia, however, could not be excluded, as suggested by the microsatellite analysis of a population subset. Modelling the LGM niche of T. villosus, we showed that suitable climatic conditions were expected in the inferred refugia, but potentially also in the nunataks of the alpine ice shield. In a model selection approach, we compared several alternative recolonization scenarios by estimating the Akaike information criterion for their respective maximum-likelihood migration rates. The 'two refugia' scenario received by far the best support given the distribution of genetic diversity in T. villosus populations. Provided that fine-scale sampling designs and various analytical approaches are combined, it is possible to refine our necessary understanding of species responses to environmental changes.

Main Street Messenger, February 2011, Vol, 1

Main Street Messenger is a newsletter about the happenings that area going on in towns across Iowa. From shows to the start fair information this newsletter has many great informational pieces about Iowa towns.

Mitochondrial genome evolution in fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

BACKGROUND: Complete mitochondrial genome sequences have become important tools for the study of genome architecture, phylogeny, and molecular evolution. Despite the rapid increase in available mitogenomes, the taxonomic sampling often poorly reflects phylogenetic diversity and is often also biased to represent deeper (family-level) evolutionary relationships. RESULTS: We present the first fully sequenced ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) mitochondrial genomes. We sampled four mitogenomes from three species of fire ants, genus Solenopsis, which represent various evolutionary depths. Overall, ant mitogenomes appear to be typical of hymenopteran mitogenomes, displaying a general A+T-bias. The Solenopsis mitogenomes are slightly more compact than other hymentoperan mitogenomes (~15.5 kb), retaining all protein coding genes, ribosomal, and transfer RNAs. We also present evidence of recombination between the mitogenomes of the two conspecific Solenopsis mitogenomes. Finally, we discuss potential ways to improve the estimation of phylogenies using complete mitochondrial genome sequences. CONCLUSIONS: The ant mitogenome presents an important addition to the continued efforts in studying hymenopteran mitogenome architecture, evolution, and phylogenetics. We provide further evidence that the sampling across many taxonomic levels (including conspecifics and congeners) is useful and important to gain detailed insights into mitogenome evolution. We also discuss ways that may help improve the use of mitogenomes in phylogenetic analyses by accounting for non-stationary and non-homogeneous evolution among branches.

[Illustrations de Discours sur les monuments publics] / J. Molinos, J.G. Legrand, dess. ; Poulleau, grav. ; Armand-Guy-Simon de Coetnempren, Comte de Kersaint, aut. du texte

Comprend : [ Planche 1 ] Pritanée de la 1ère classe. [ Monument public républicain. XVIIIè siècle.] Dessinée par J. Molinos et Le Grand. Gravée par Poulleau. 1791. [ Cote : BNF C 103551. ] ; [ Planche 2. ] Pritanée de 2ème classe. [ Monument public républicain. XVIIIè siècle.] Dessinée par J. Molinos et Le Grand, gravée par Poulleau, 1791. [ Cote : BNF C 103552. ] ; [ Planche 3. ] Printanée de la 3ème classe. [ Monument public républicain. XVIIIè siècle.] Dessinée par J. Molinos et Le Grand, 1791. Gravée par Poulleau. [ Cote : BNF C 103553. ] ; [ Planche 4. ] Projet de pritanée à élever sur les ruines de la Bastille. [ Monument public républicain. XVIIIè siècle.] Dessinée par J. Molinos et Le Grand, 1791. Gravée par Poulleau. [ Cote : BNF C 103554. ] ; [ Planche 5. ] Projet d'une salle pour l'Assemblée Nationale dans les nouvelles constructions destinées à la Madeleine de la Ville l'Evêque. [ Monument public républicain. XVIIIè siècle.] Dessinée par J. Molinos et Le Grand, 1791. [ Cote ; [ Planche 6. ] Elévation du Palais National. [ Monument public républicain. XVIIIè siècle.] Dessinée par Le Grand et J.Molinos, 1791. Gravée par Poulleau. [ Cote : BNF C 103556. ] ; [ Planche 7. ] Plan général du Palais National. [ Monument public républicain. XVIIIè siècle.] Dessinée par Molinos et Le GRand, 1791. Gravée par Poulleau. [ Cote : BNF C 103557. ] ; [ Planche 8. ] Coupe de la longueur du Palais National. [ Monument public républicain. XVIIIè siècle.] Dessinée par Molinos et Le Grand. Gravée par Poulleau. [ Cote : BNF C 103558. ] ; [ Planche 9. ] Projet du Cirque National. [ Monument public républicain. XVIIIè siècle.] Dessinée par Molinos et Le Grand, 1791. Gravée par Poulleau. [ Cote : BNF C 103559. ] ; [ Planche 10. ] Projet du Museum, [ ancien Palais du Louvre. Monument public républicain. XVIIIè siècle.] Dessinée par Molinos et Le Grand, 1791. Gravée par Poulleau. [ Cote : BNF C 103560. ] ; [ Planche 11. ] Distribution du Louvre pour l'Institut National. [ Monument public républicain. XVIIIè siècle.] Dessinée par Molinos et Le Grand, 1791. Gravée par Poulleau. [ Cote : BNF C 103561. ] ; [ Planche 12. ] Plan général du Louvre et des Tuileries [ vers 1791. ] Dessinée par Molinos et Le Grand, 1791. [ Cote : BNF C 103562. ]

[Illustrations de Description de l'Académie royale des Arts de peinture et de sculpture] / [Non identifié] ; Nicolas Guérin, aut. du texte

Comprend : [ Planche dépliante entre pp. 64-65. ] Elévation des faces des murs du Salon de l'Académie [royale des Arts de peinture et de sculpture. XVIIIè siècle.] [ Cote : BNF C 107129. ] ; [ Planche dépliante entre pp.104-105. ] Plan et élévation de la salle où se tiennent ordinairement les Assemblés. [ Académie royale des Arts de peinture et de sculpture. XVIIIè siècle.] [ Cote : BNF C 107130. ] ; [ Planche dépliante entre pp.164-166. ] Plan et élévation de la troisième salle de l'Académie [royale des Arts de peinture et de sculpture] où sont les vases de Medicis. [XVIIIè siècle.] [ Cote : BNF C 106592. ] ; [ Planche dépliante entre pp.208-209. ] Plan de la salle séparée des autres. [ Une salle de l'Académie royale des Arts de peinture et de sculpture. XVIIIè siècle.] [ Cote : BNF C 107131. ] ; [ Planche dépliante entre pp. 246-247. ] Plan du vestibule par où on entre dans le salon [de l'Académie royale des Arts de peinture et de sculpture. XVIIIè siècle.] [ Cote : BNF C 107132. ] ; [ Planche dépliante entre pp.256-257. ] Plan de l'Ecole du modèle [ à l'Académie royale des Arts de peinture et de sculpture. XVIIIè siècle.] [ Cote : BNF C 107133. ]

Evaluation of Bridge Replacement Alternatives for the County Bridge System, HR-365 August 1994

Recent reports have indicated that 23.5 percent of the nation's highway bridges are structurally deficient and 17.7 percent are functionally obsolete. A significant number of these bridges are on the Iowa county road system. The objective of the investigation described in this report was to identify, review and evaluate replacement bridges currently being used by various counties in Iowa and surrounding states. Iowa county engineers, county engineers in neighboring states as well as private manufacturers of bridge components, and regional precad prestressed concrete manufacturers were contacted to determine the most common replacement bridge types being used. Depending upon the findings of the review, possible improvements and/or new replacement bridge systems were to be proposed. A questionnaire was developed and sent to county engineers in Iowa and several counties in surrounding states. The results of the questionnaire showed that the most common replacement bridges in Iowa are the continuous concrete slab and prestressed concrete bridges. The primary reason these types are used is because of the availability of standard designs and because of their ease of maintenance. Counties seldom construct these types of bridges using their own labor forces, but instead contract the work. However, county forces are used to construct steel stringer, precast reinforced concrete and timber bridges. In general, 69 percent of the counties indicate an ability and willingness to use their own forces to design and construct relatively short span bridges (i.e., 40 A or less) provided the construction procedures are relatively simple. Several unique replacement bridge types used in Iowa that are constructed by county forces are documented and presented in this report. Sufficient details are provided to allow county engineers to determine if some of these bridges could be used to resolve some of their own replacement bridge problems. Where possible, cost information has also been provided. Each of these bridge types were evaluated for various criteria (e.g., cost effectiveness, conformance to AASI-ITO standards, range of sizes, etc.) by a panel of four Iowa county engineers; a summary of this critique is included. After evaluating the questionnaire responses from the counties and evaluating the various bridge replacement concepts currently in use, one new bridge replacement concept and one modification of a current Iowa county bridge replacement concept were developed. Both of these concepts would utilize county labor forces.