Marine origin polysaccharides in drug delivery systems

Oceans are a vast source of natural substances. In them, we find various compounds with wide biotechnological and biomedical applicabilities. The exploitation of the sea as a renewable source of biocompounds can have a positive impact on the development of new systems and devices for biomedical applications. Marine polysaccharides are among the most abundant materials in the seas, which contributes to a decrease of the extraction costs, besides their solubility behavior in aqueous solvents and extraction media, and their interaction with other biocompounds. Polysaccharides such as alginate, carrageenan and fucoidan can be extracted from algae, whereas chitosan and hyaluronan can be obtained from animal sources. Most marine polysaccharides have important biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as adhesive and antimicrobial actions. Moreover, they can be modified in order to allow processing them into various shapes and sizes and may exhibit response dependence to external stimuli, such as pH and temperature. Due to these properties, these biomaterials have been studied as raw material for the construction of carrier devices for drugs, including particles, capsules and hydrogels. The devices are designed to achieve a controlled release of therapeutic agents in an attempt to fight against serious diseases, and to be used in advanced therapies, such as gene delivery or regenerative medicine.

Can the dopaminergic-related effects of general anesthetics be linked to mechanisms involved in drug abuse and addiction?

BACKGROUND: General anesthetics (GA) are well known for the ability to induce a state of reversible loss of consciousness and unresponsiveness to painful stimuli. However, evidence from animal models and clinical studies show that GA exposure may induce behavioral changes beyond acute effects. Most research and concerns are focused on changes in cognition and memory. METHODS: We will look at effects of GA on behavior that is mediated by the dopaminergic system. RESULTS: Pharmacological resemblance of GA with drugs of abuse, and the complexity and importance of dopaminergic systems in both reward seeking and addictive illnesses make us believe that it deserves an overview about what is already known and what matters to us as healthcare workers and specifically as anesthesiologists. CONCLUSION: A review of available evidence strongly suggests that there may be a link between the effects of GA on the brain and substance abuse, partly explained by their influence on the dopaminergic system.

The positive effect on ketamine as a priming adjuvant in antidepressant treatment.

Ketamine is an anesthetic with antidepressant properties. The rapid and lasting effect of ketamine observed in preclinical and clinical research makes it a promising therapeutic to improve current major depression (MD) treatment. Our work intended to evaluate whether the combined use of classic antidepressants (imipramine or fluoxetine) and ketamine would improve the antidepressant response. Using an animal model of depressive-like behavior, we show that the addition of ketamine to antidepressants anticipates the behavioral response and accelerates the neuroplastic events when compared with the use of antidepressants alone. In conclusion, our results suggest the need for a reappraisal of the current pharmacological treatment of MD.

Behavior-based price discrimination in a multi-dimensional preferences market

NIPE WP 04/ 2016

Development of multifunctional coatings deposited on polymers based sensors for biomedical applications

Tese de Doutoramento (Programa Doutoral em Engenharia de Materiais)

Interrelationship between partition behavior of organic compounds and proteins in aqueous dextran-Polyethylene glycol and Polyethylene glycol-sodium sulfate two-phase systems

Partition behavior of adenosine and guanine mononucleotides was examined in aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol (PEG) and PEG-sodium sulfate two-phase systems. The partition coefficients for each series of mononucleotides were analyzed as a functions of the number of phosphate groups and found to be dependent on the nature of nucleic base and on the type of \ATPS\ utilized. It was concluded that an average contribution of a phosphate group into logarithm of partition coefficient of a mononucleotide cannot be used to estimate the difference between the electrostatic properties of the coexisting phases of ATPS. The data obtained in this study were considered together with those for other organic compounds and proteins reported previously, and the linear interrelationship between logarithms of partition coefficients in dextran-PEG, PEG-Na2SO4 and PEG-Na2SO4-0.215 M NaCl (all in 0.01 M Na- or K/Na-phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 or 6.8) was established. Similar relationship was found for the previously reported data for proteins in Dex-PEG, PEG-600-Na2SO4, and PEG-8000-Na2SO4 ATPS. It is suggested that the linear relationships of the kind established in \ATPS\ may be observed for biological properties of compounds as well.

Fetal behavior and heart rate in twin pregnancy: a review

Fetal movements and fetal heart rate (FHR) are well-established markers of fetal well-being and maturation of the fetal central nervous system. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the available knowledge on fetal movements and heart rate patterns in twin pregnancies. There is some evidence for an association or similarity in fetal movement incidences or FHR patterns between both members of twin pairs. However, the temporal occurrence of these patterns seems to be for the most part asynchronous, especially when stricter criteria are used to define synchrony. The available data suggest that fetal behavior is largely independent of sex combination, fetal position, and presentation. Conversely, chorionicity appears to have some influence on fetal behavior, mainly before 30 weeks of gestation. There is preliminary evidence for the continuity of inter-individual differences in fetal activity and FHR patterns over pregnancy. Comparisons between studies are limited by large methodological differences and absence of uniform concepts and definitions. Future studies with high methodological quality are needed to provide a more comprehensive knowledge of normal fetal behavior in twin pregnancy.

Biventricular pacing improves clinical behavior and reduces prevalence of ventricular srrhythmia in patients with heart failure

PURPOSE: To analyze the influence of biventricular pacing (BP) on clinical behavior, ventricular arrhythmia (VA) prevalence, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LV EF) by gated ventriculography. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) and NYHA class III and IV underwent pacemaker implantation and were randomized either to the conventional or BP group, all receiving BP after 6 months. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were in NYHA class IV (66.6%) and 8 were in class III (33.4%). After 1-year follow-up, 14 patients were in class II (70%) and 5 were in class III (25%). Two sudden cardiac deaths occurred. A significant reduction in QRS length was found with BP (p=0.006). A significant statistical increase, from a mean of 19.13 ± 5.19% (at baseline) to 25.33 ± 5.90% (with BP) was observed in LVEF Premature ventricular contraction prevalence decreased from a mean of 10,670.00 ± 12,595.39 SD or to a mean of 3,007.00 ± 3,216.63 SD PVC/24 h with BP (p<0.05). Regarding the hospital admission rate over 1 year, we observed a significant reduction from 60. To 16 admissions with BP (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with LBBB and severe heart failure experienced, with BP, a significant NYHA class and LVEF improvement. A reduction in the hospital admission rate and VA prevalence also occurred.

Prenatal dopamine and neonatal behavior and biochemistry

Depressed pregnant women (N=126) were divided into high and low prenatal maternal dopamine (HVA) groups based on a tertile split on their dopamine levels at 20 weeks gestation. The high versus the low dopamine group had lower Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) scores, higher norepinephrine levels at the 20-week gestational age visit and higher dopamine and serotonin levels at both the 20- and the 32-week gestational age visits. The neonates of the mothers with high versus low prenatal dopamine levels also had higher dopamine and serotonin levels as well as lower cortisol levels. Finally, the neonates in the high dopamine group had better autonomic stability and excitability scores on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale. Thus, prenatal maternal dopamine levels appear to be negatively related to prenatal depression scores and positively related to neonatal dopamine and behavioral regulation, although these effects are confounded by elevated serotonin levels.

Insights on the mechanical behavior of keratin fibrils

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found,in the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.018.

Behavior of cardiac variables in animals exposed to cigarette smoke

OBJECTIVE: To assess the behavior of cardiac variables in animals exposed to cigarette smoke. METHODS: Two groups of Wistar rats were studied as follows: control group (C), comprising 28 animals; and smoking group (S), comprising 23 animals exposed to cigarette smoke for 30 days. Left ventricular cardiac function was assessed in vivo with transthoracic echocardiography, and myocardial performance was analyzed in vitro in preparations of isolated left ventricular papillary muscle. The cardiac muscle was assessed in isometric contractions with an extracellular calcium concentration of 2.5 mmol/L. RESULTS: No statistical difference was observed in the values of the body variables of the rats and in the mechanical data obtained from the papillary muscle between the control and smoking groups. The values of left ventricular systolic diameter were significantly greater in the smoking animals than in the control animals (C= 3.39 ± 0.4 mm and S= 3.71 ± 0.51 mm, P=0.02). A significant reduction was observed in systolic shortening fraction (C= 56.7 ± 4.2% and S= 53.5 ± 5.3%, P=0.02) and in ejection fraction (C= 0.92 ± 0.02 and S= 0.89 ± 0.04, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: The rats exposed to cigarette smoke had a reduction in left ventricular systolic function, although their myocardial function was preserved.

Behavior of inflammatory markers of myocardial injury in cardiac surgery: laboratory correlation with the clinical picture of postpericardiotomy syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association of serum markers of myocardial injury, such as troponin I, creatinine kinase, and creatinine kinase isoenzyme MB, and inflammatory markers, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), C-reactive protein, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the perioperative period of cardiac surgery, with the occurrence of possible postpericardiotomy syndrome. METHODS: This was a cohort study with 96 patients undergoing cardiac surgery assessed at the following 4 different time periods: the day before surgery (D0); the 3rd postoperative day (D3); between the 7th and 10th postoperative days (D7-10); and the 30th postoperative day (D30). During each period, we evaluated demographic variables (sex and age), surgical variables (type and duration , extracorporeal circulation), and serum dosages of the markers of myocardial injury and inflammatory response. RESULTS: Of all patients, 12 (12.5%) met the clinical criteria for a diagnosis of postpericardiotomy syndrome, and their mean age was 10.3 years lower than the age of the others (P=0.02). The results of the serum markers for tissue injury and inflammatory response were not significantly different between the 2 assessed groups. No significant difference existed regarding either surgery duration or extracorporeal circulation. CONCLUSION: The patients who met the clinical criteria for postpericardiotomy syndrome were significantly younger than the others were. Serum markers for tissue injury and inflammatory response were not different in the clinically affected group, and did not correlate with the different types and duration of surgery or with extracorporeal circulation.

Bienestar Animal: Implementación de Buenas Prácticas Pecuarias en establecimientos productores de carne vacuna

El presente proyecto, continuación de otro donde se desarrolló un Manual de Buenas Prácticas Pecuarias (BPP) relativas al bienestar animal, tiene como objetivo implementar estas BPP en establecimientos productores de carne vacuna, poniendo énfasis en la capacitación de los productores ganaderos para que logren adoptar la cultura del trabajo que proponen los sistemas de gestión de calidad. Para la realización del proyecto planteado se dispone de dos establecimientos productores de carne vacuna ubicados en la Provincia de Córdoba cuyo tamaño y sistema productivo responden a la media de productores ganaderos. También se propone la implementación de estas BPP en los campos de la Universidad Católica de Córdoba para que estos sirvan de modelo a otros establecimientos del medio, permitiendo no sólo la mejora en los resultados productivos de los mismos sino también la formación y capacitación de profesionales, alumnos y productores en temas relacionados al bienestar animal y las BPP. Las tareas a desarrollar serán: 1) Caracterización de los establecimientos en donde se implementarán las BPP. 2) Capacitación de los productores y técnicos, pertenecientes a los establecimientos seleccionados, en Sistemas de Gestión de Calidad (BPP) y en los contenidos del Manual desarrollado anteriormente. 3) Determinación de actividades en cada uno de los establecimientos (definir responsables, realizar un cronograma, realizar auditorías, priorizar “no conformidades”, proponer y poner en marcha acciones de mejora, monitorear la performance de la implementación del sistema y evaluar los indicadores). Una vez lograda la implementación de la primera etapa que recomienda el Manual desarrollado se agregarán las siguientes actividades para la capacitación y difusión a terceros: 4) Convocatoria de otros productores para su introducción en los Sistemas de Gestión de Calidad (BPP relativas al bienestar animal). 5) Realización de actividades grupales de capacitación (charlas, grupos de discusión y talleres) en los establecimientos usados como referentes. 6) Análisis de la performance del plan y de la satisfacción de las personas involucradas. 7) Propuesta de implementación de acciones correctivas a la capacitación de terceros. 8) Evaluación general del plan. Con la concreción del proyecto se espera: 1- Lograr que los establecimientos ganaderos implementen el sistema de calidad (BPP) propuesto para que puedan ser utilizados como modelo y brindar capacitación para éste y sucesivos trabajos de este tipo. 2- Lograr la incorporación de los conceptos que involucran los Sistemas de Gestión de Calidad y la adopción de la cultura de trabajo que dichos sistemas proponen, en los establecimientos que participen de la capacitación. 3- Constituir un grupo de trabajo interdisciplinario, capacitado y con experiencia en Sistemas de Gestión de Calidad para hacer un trabajo multiplicador. 4- Colaborar con la sustentabilidad de los campos ganaderos a través de los sistemas de gestión de calidad que tienen como primordiales objetivos la calidad e inocuidad de los alimentos, la salud, el bienestar de las personas, el cuidado del ambiente y el bienestar animal.

Bienestar Animal: Desarrollo de un Manual de Buenas Prácticas Pecuarias (BPP) para los sistemas de producción bovina de carne de base pastoril

El objetivo del presente proyecto es evaluar las distintas causales de estrés en el bovino de abasto y, por ende, desarrollar un Manual ilustrado de Buenas Prácticas Pecuarias (BPP), referente al bienestar animal, para los establecimientos de producción bovina de carne de base pastoril que resulte de fácil transferencia y aplicación en nuestro sector productivo ganadero con la finalidad de minimizar, a través de la implementación del mismo, el impacto negativo que el inadecuado manejo de los animales en el campo, durante el transporte y en los corrales del frigorífico, tiene sobre los parámetros productivos y la calidad de la res y de la carne. Para ello se proponen realizar las siguientes actividades: 1. Determinar las principales causas de estrés en bovinos para faena que causan pérdidas cuantitativas y cualitativas en la res y la carne (carnes de corte oscuro o DFD, golpes o manchas verdes). 2. Visitar establecimientos productores de carne vacuna para la recopilación de información y de fotografías necesarias para la confección del Manual ilustrado de Buenas Prácticas Pecuarias (BPP) referido al bienestar del animal. 3. Diagramación y edición del Manual.

Sustentabilidad productiva de pequeños rumiantes en áreas desfavorecidas (SUPPRAD). Estudios de genética animal

Este proyecto se ubica dentro del programa SUPPRAD que trabaja en red a lo largo del país en áreas desfavorecidas y con pequeños productores. En el contexto del uso sustentable de los recursos naturales y de promoción del desarrollo, el mejoramiento genético es una herramienta fundamental porque aporta beneficios a ambos componentes. Por eso se ha tomado para este proyecto como objetivos generales estudiar las estrategias de implementación de programas de mejoramiento genético de fibra en rumiantes menores y Camélidos en las áreas desfavorecidas donde actúa el programa. Se pretende aquí identificar genotipos de mayor eficiencia productiva en fibra en rumiantes menores y Camélidos y aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos en programas de mejoramiento productivo que tiendan a mejorar el ingreso del pequeño productor para finalmente contribuir al desarrollo de producciones sustentables en distintas regiones del país. Esto se va a desarrollar a través de estudios de estructura poblacional a nivel de pequeños productores de Llamas de la provincia de Jujuy, Córdoba, La Pampa y Río Negro; productores trashumantes de caprinos criollos con aptitud de fibra del área noroeste de Neuquén; pequeños productores de la pampa de Olaen (Córdoba). Por otra parte y a partir de los planteles experimentales establecidos en los campos de productores se organiza la toma de registros de las distintas variables a describir genéticamente: peso de vellón, peso de parche de vellón (predictor del peso de vellón), diámetro medio de las fibras, coeficientes de variación, frecuencia de rizos, rinde al descerdado (vellones mixtos), frecuencias y diámetro de tipos de fibra y tipos de folículos en cortes de piel. Por otra parte se diseñarán objetivos de mejoramiento para las distintas especies a partir de la información genética generada en este proyecto y la información económica recopilada a partir de informaciones de mercado y de los resultados de ensayos de textiles específicos. Como resultado final se pretende elaborar estrategias de abordajes de los mejoramientos productivos de las distintas áreas en estudio y de los distintos tipos de productores involucrados.