987 resultados para 6-Phosphofructo-1-kinase


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本研究采用室外盆栽试验,模拟运动场坪床结构,研究不同氮肥种类、不同施氮频率、施氮和降雨时间间隔对草地早熟禾草坪质量、草坪生长和无机氮淋洗的影响,并探讨在北京地区气候条件下,草坪在不同氮肥管理措施下的氮素去向及环境风险。主要结论如下: 1. 氮肥种类对草坪质量和草坪生长有显著影响。试验前期(春季),草坪颜色和密度质量、草坪草生长速度和草屑全氮含量的排序为尿素 > CU3M(自研包膜尿素)> IBDU(进口缓释肥),而试验后期(秋季)则为CU3M = IBDU > 尿素。草坪合格颜色质量持续时间和成坪速度的排序为尿素 > CU3M > IBDU。在新建草坪选择缓释肥进行早春施肥时,应混施一定比例的速效肥。 2. 施氮频率对草坪外观质量评分、草坪生长速度、草屑总生物量、草屑全氮含量和根系分布状况有显著影响。U6处理的草坪合格颜色质量持续时间最长,增加施氮频率没有降低新建草坪生长速度和草屑全氮含量的波动幅度。 3. 夏季(6~8月)渗漏液体积占全年的比例最高,为75.0%~82.4%。新建草坪初期的淋洗风险较大,渗漏液硝态氮浓度在第1次超过10 mg N•L-1,尿素分6次施用可降低这次的渗漏液硝态氮浓度。在合理施氮量内,草坪成熟后的无机氮淋洗量很小,且草坪对雨水中的无机氮有吸收和过滤作用。 4. 春季施用氮肥的吸收利用率为48.0%~72.6%,草屑吸收量最高,占38.5%~48.7%,地上部吸收量占19.6%~22.1%,根系吸收量在7.3%以下。施肥处理的无机氮淋洗损失量仅为0.23~0.42 g N•m-2,与CK无显著差异,草地早熟禾12 g N•m-2的年施氮量对环境的风险很小。 5. 初秋施氮5 g N•m-2,可以保持草地早熟禾秋季的良好颜色和密度质量,草坪草氮素吸收利用率高达87.4%~99.7%,其中草屑带走量占24.3%~34.2%,地上部吸收量占43.3%~59.6%,根系吸收量占14.2%~19.1%。 6. 施氮和模拟降雨的时间间隔对渗漏液硝态氮浓度有显著影响,间隔6 d和9 d模拟降雨后的渗漏液硝态氮浓度最高,显著高于间隔3 d和12 d模拟降雨的结果。初秋合理施氮的渗漏液硝态氮浓度在1.0 mg N•L-1 以下,环境风险较小。

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近现代以来,由于人类对自然植被的不合理利用,导致植被退化,严重影响了我国的环境质量及社会经济的发展。因此,根据植被的净第一性生产力(NPP)制定植被资源的利用强度,依据环境承载力确定退化土地的植被恢复盖度,对于我国自然资源的合理利用及可持续的退化生态系统恢复具有重要意义,急需在区域上对NPP及最适植被盖度进行科学估计。 以我国北方草地、东部森林样带为研究对象,采用以植物群落生长与环境容纳量相平衡的基本生态学理论为基础的植物群落生理生态学模型模拟植物群落的蒸发系数(k)、叶片投影盖度(FPC)及NPP的分布状况,分析其最适盖度与NPP的空间分布及NPP的季节变化。结果表明: (1) 温性草地自东向西,青藏高原自东南向西北,植物群落3个模拟参数 k、NPP与FPC呈递减趋势。北方草地NPP的模拟值较低,仅高寒草甸和温性草甸草原的NPP均值大于2 t•hm-2•a-1,高寒草甸和高寒草原的叶片投影盖度为93%和79%。高寒草甸的3个模拟参数均最高,高寒草原FPC仅次于高寒草甸,而NPP却与温性典型草原相近,温性典型荒漠的3个参数最低。 (2) 东部森林NPP表现为从南到北逐渐减少的纬度地带性分布趋势,从最南端热带雨林季雨林的31.62 t•hm-2•a-1依次向北减少至寒温带针叶林的3.45 t•hm-2•a-1。k与FPC没有表现出递减趋势,而且变化幅度不大,分别为05-0.4和87%-77%。 (3) 高寒草甸、高寒草原、温性草甸草原、温性典型草原、温性荒漠草原、温性草原化荒漠、温性典型荒漠这7个类型草地的畜群承载力约为:5.2、2.3、3.6、2.1、1.0、0.6、0.2只羊单位•hm-2。 (4) 我国东部森林FPC大多数大于70%,可以支持密度较高的森林植被类型。北方温性草原大部分地区FPC约为50%或者更小,宜维持现有的以草本、灌木及半灌木植物为主的植被类型及生态环境功能,而不宜进行大面积的农田开垦或恢复高密度的人工植被。

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飞播是毛乌素沙地植被恢复与重建的重要手段。但此项技术仍存在一些问题,如飞播后成苗率较低等。柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、羊柴(Hedysarum laeve)、籽蒿(Artimisia sphaerocephala)与油蒿(Artimisia ordosica)是毛乌素沙地广泛分布的物种,也是飞播的主要物种。本文以飞播植被恢复技术为突破口,研究沙埋和土壤水分对种子萌发,幼苗出土和生长的影响,探讨幼苗出土和生长对沙生环境的适应对策。对采用合适的物种进行生态工程建设,提高生态工程的稳定性及可持续性具有重要意义。同时,本项研究有助于加深半干旱区植物对沙生环境适应机理的认识。 以上述4种植物为研究对象,设定7个沙埋深度和9个水分梯度,研究种子萌发和幼苗出土对沙埋和单次供水的响应。设定7个沙埋深度,选择3个沙丘部位,研究沙丘不同部位对植物种子萌发的影响。设定6个沙埋深度、4个水分梯度,研究两种蒿属植物幼苗生长对不同沙埋和供水的响应。得出如下主要结论: (1) 对于种子质量相对较大的柠条和羊柴而言,在一次性10-20 mm供水量条件下,幼苗主要在0.5-2 cm埋藏深度之间出土,但在埋藏深度为5 cm时这两个物种仍有少部分幼苗能够出土;对于种子质量相对较轻的油蒿和籽蒿而言,在一次性10-20 mm供水量时,幼苗主要在0.5 cm埋藏深度出土,油蒿和籽蒿幼苗在埋藏深度为1.5和2 cm时不能出苗。沙埋深度为0.5 cm时,4个物种出苗率较高、出苗时间较短、出苗速率较快。 (2) 实验期内(30天)在一次性供水量分别为5、7.5和7.5mm时,柠条、羊柴和油蒿出土幼苗全部死亡;在一次性供水量高于15-20 mm时,出土幼苗死亡率低于50%;籽蒿在供水量高于10 mm时出土幼苗死亡率低于50%;随供水量的增加4个物种出土幼苗的死亡率降低。 (3) 结合毛乌素沙地降雨特点与本文实验结果,0.5 cm的沙埋及7.5 mm以上的单次降雨量是上述4种植物自然条件下出苗较高的重要条件。 (4) 在沙丘顶部,2-7 cm沙埋深度之内各个物种不同沙埋深度的种子萌发率差异不显著。沙丘背风坡中部和底部,4个物种在沙埋深度为1 cm时的种子萌发率均显著高于5、7 cm时的萌发率。当沙埋深度为1-5 cm时,柠条和羊柴种子在坡面不同位置的萌发率均高于20%,且显著高于7 cm沙埋深度时的萌发率。在背风坡底部时,柠条、羊柴、油蒿和籽蒿的种子萌发率达到最大值,分别为45.2±3.27%、48.4±5.21%、20.8±4.63%和22.4±4.83%。4个物种的种子萌发率从沙丘顶部到背风坡中部到底部呈递增趋势,表明背风坡中部和底部的环境条件要比顶部更适合种子萌 发。 (5) 部分沙埋促进幼苗生长。2种蒿属植物幼苗在沙埋深度为0.25、0.5 H时比在0、0.75 H时具有更高的生物量、叶面积、相对生长速率(RGR)和净同化速率(NAR)。在75 mm/月供水量时,油蒿幼苗具有较高的生物量和叶面积,但当供水量达到100 mm/月时其幼苗生长受到抑制。油蒿幼苗在遭遇较深(0.5、0.75 H)沙埋时的根冠比要显著高于未沙埋幼苗的根冠比;籽蒿幼苗根冠比在不同沙埋条件下没有显著变化。籽蒿幼苗在50 mm供水量时具有较高的RGR。油蒿幼苗在75 mm供水量时具有较高的RGR和NAR。

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我国北方温带草原是欧亚大陆草原生物群区的重要组成部分,对于区域和全球的碳循环和平衡起着重要的作用。频繁的自然或人为干扰能够改变草原生态系统的群落结构和生态系统功能,从而影响生态系统为人类提供的产品和服务。本研究选取位于内蒙古多伦县的半干旱温带草原,研究火烧、氮素添加和地形以及它们的综合作用对该地区植物生产力、植物多样性、盖度和土壤呼吸的影响;另外,我们比较研究了由于地形因素而存在于草原地区的林地群落与其邻近草地的碳氮库和循环;旨在探讨我国北方温带草原地区人为干扰对草原生态系统结构与功能的影响以及该地区林地和草地碳氮库和循环的差异机理,以期为模型模拟本地区的生态系统碳循环提供理论依据和数据支持,具体研究结果如下: 1. 2006–2008 年,通过研究植物多样性和盖度对地形、火烧和氮素添加及其交互作用的响应,结果表明:半干旱草原植物物种数、香农威纳指数、均一性指数和盖度均表现出显著的年际变化。坡下的物种数、香农威纳指数和均一性指数均低于坡上。坡下较高的羊草(Leymus chinensis)、冰草(Artemisia frigida)、唐松草(Thalictrum petaloideum)和冷蒿(Agropyron cristatum)的盖度导致坡下的群落总盖度、禾本科草和非禾本科草盖度分别比坡上高22.5%、9.6%和13.2%。春季火烧提高了物种数、香农威纳指数和均一性指数。火烧对群落总盖度影响较小是由于火烧后非禾本科草冷蒿盖度的降低抵消了禾本科草羊草、冰草和针茅(Stipa kryroii)盖度的增加。施氮肥后物种数、香农威纳指数和均一性指数均降低。禾本科草羊草、冰草和针茅以及非禾本科草唐松草盖度的增加导致施肥后群落总盖度、禾本科草和非禾本科草的盖度分别增加了23.6%、35.1%和21.2%。火烧对禾本科草和非禾本科草盖度的作用受地形和氮素添加的影响。地形、火烧和氮素添加对植物盖度的影响主要受土壤水分调控。 2. 2005–2008 年,通过研究净初级生产力(NPP)对火烧、氮素添加和地形及其交互作用的响应,结果表明:半干旱草原的NPP 具有显著的年际变化。火烧后地上净初级生产力(ANPP)、地下净初级生产力(BNPP)和BNPP/ANPP 分别增加了12.8%、22.2%和14.9%。ANPP 的提高是由于火烧后禾本科植物(主要是羊草、冰草和针茅)生物量的增加。与之相反,火烧降低了非禾本科草,特别是冷蒿的生物量。氮素添加提高了ANPP (54.8%) ,对BNPP 没有影响,导致施氮肥后BNPP/ANPP 显著降低(33.4%)。禾本科草羊草、冰草和针茅以及非禾本科草唐松草生物量的增加,是氮素添加提高ANPP 的主要原因。坡下的ANPP 和BNPP 分别比坡上高14.1%和8.2%,但地形对BNPP/ANPP 没有影响。坡下ANPP 的提高主要是由于坡下禾本科草羊草、冰草以及非禾本科草唐松草、冷蒿的生物量高于坡上。氮素添加和地形影响ANPP 和BNPP/ANPP 对火烧的响应。火烧、氮素添加和地形对NPP 和植物碳分配39%–75%的综合效应可由这三个因素的简单加和效应来解释。 3. 通过研究2005 和2006 年生长季内土壤呼吸对地形、火烧和氮素添加的响应,结果表明:坡下的季节平均土壤呼吸比坡上高6.0%。春季火烧在整个生长季内促进土壤呼吸,平均增幅达23.8%。另外,火烧对土壤呼吸的效应受到季节和地形的影响。施用氮肥增加了11.4% 的土壤呼吸。火烧和地形对土壤呼吸的影响主要受土壤水分和植物生长的调控;而施氮肥后土壤呼吸的增加,主要是由于氮素添加促进植物生长后根系活性和呼吸的提高。 4. 2006–2007 年,通过对林地群落及其邻近草原生态系统土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤机械组成、地上和地下生物量、凋落物现存量、土壤碳氮储量、土壤呼吸、氮矿化和土壤微生物生物量的比较研究,结果表明:林地的土壤温度比草地低5°C,而其土壤水分却比草地高3.1%(绝对差异)。尽管林地(11,928.1 g m–2)和草地(11,362.2 g m–2)的土壤碳储量差异不显著,由于林地较高的植物生产力导致其碳储量高于草地。与草地相比,林地具有较高的凋落物现存量及碳氮含量、土壤无机氮含量、矿化氮的累积量、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、土壤呼吸和微生物呼吸。草地和林地的氮矿化速率没有显著差异。由地形因素引起的水分差异对于调控林地和草地生态系统碳氮库和循环(土壤碳氮储量、BNPP、矿化氮的累积量)具有重要作用。林地与草地生态系统碳储量的差异影响了我国北方草原地区碳的评估。

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For several years one of the world's few successful tropical trawl fisheries has been carried on off the southern tip of India. Much of it has been under the auspices of the Government of Ceylon. Records covering the entire history of the fishery are remarkably complete and those of the last ten years are unusually detailed. The purpose of this paper is to summarize these records and relate them to information from other sources in such a way as to illustrate the principal features of the fishery and permit comparisons with other fisheries. This should provide a sound basis for clear thinking about the industry's present problems and prospects. This is important because the fishery is expanding.

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Highest growth of prawn was obtained with Feed B (743 kg/ha) with highest survival rate (60.88%) followed by Feed A where production and survival rate was 659 kg/ha and 53.50%, respectively. Feed A contained 30% dry ground cow viscera, 40% oil cake, 20% rice-bran and 10% heat bran. Feed conversion ratios were found to be 7.60:1 for Feed A and 6.46:1 for Feed B, which indicated that Feed B was more efficiently utilized by the prawn than Feed A. Statistical analysis revealed that the differences in production of prawns among the treatments were highly significant (P< 0.01).

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细胞色素b6f蛋白复合体(Cytochrome b6f complex, Cyt b6f)是光合膜上参与光合作用原初反应过程的主要膜蛋白超分子复合体之一。莱茵衣藻和嗜热蓝细菌的Cyt b6f三维晶体结构均显示,每Cyt b6f单体分子含有1分子Chlorophyll a (Chl a ),充分肯定了Chl a 是Cyt b6f天然成分的观点(Kurisu et al,2003;Stroebel et al,2003)。研究表明不同来源的Cyt b6f中Chla单线激发态寿命(或荧光寿命)并不一样,多数的研究结果认为Cyt b6f中Chla单线激发态寿命只有200ps左右,但是也有Cyt b6f中Chla单线激发态寿命为~600ps的报道;而甲醇中游离Chl a 的单线激发态寿命为4ns左右。针对Cyt b6f中Chla单线激发态寿命快速淬灭的现象,Dashdorj 等(2005)根据晶体结构推测Cyt b6f中Chla单线激发态和邻近的Cyt b6亚基上Tyr105残基发生电子交换传递,从而快速淬灭Chla单线激发态,减少了三线态Chl a和单线态氧的产生,并且认为这是Cyt b6f保护自身不受单线态氧破坏的一种机制,但是这一推测缺乏有力的证据。另外,Cyt b6f中Chla的功能仍然未知。本文以菠菜Cyt b6f为对象,结合多种实验手段,测定了菠菜Cyt b6f中Chl a单线激发态寿命,并对复合体中Chl a 单线激发态淬灭的机理进行了深入研究。此外,我们还对复合体中Chl a 可能的功能进行了初步地探讨。获得了如下的结果: 1.针对不同来源的Cyt b6f中Chla单线激发态寿命(或荧光寿命)测定结果不同的报道,仔细分析了其中的原因,发现除了样品来源的差异外,使用不同的去垢剂可能是一个不可忽视的因素。在实验中,不同的研究者分别采用了十二烷基麦芽糖苷(n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside,DDM,)和八烷基葡萄糖苷(n-Octyl β-D-glucopyranoside,β-OG)作为溶解样品的去垢剂。因此,本文借助稳态吸收和稳态荧光光谱、瞬态光散射技术,CD光谱和亚皮秒时间分辨吸收光谱等技术,分别研究了这两种去垢剂对Cyt b6f结构和功能的不同影响。结果表明,DDM去垢剂能使Cyt b6f处于较好的分散体系中,其中血红素和Chl a分子处于特定的蛋白环境中,不会导致Cyt b6f变性;而β-OG去垢剂会使Cyt b6f产生聚合现象,其中的血红素和Chl a与蛋白环境的相互作用减弱,和DDM相比其电子传递活性显著降低,Chl a单线激发态寿命延长,Chl a更容易被光破坏。通过这一工作,我们优化和确定了Cyt b6f的溶解条件,为下面的研究工作打下了良好的基础。 2.利用Tyr的特异性修饰剂p-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl Fluoride(NBSF)对Cyt b6f样品进行特性修饰,经原子吸收谱、荧光谱、CD谱、质谱等方法对修饰后的样品进行鉴定,并结合时间分辨飞秒吸收光谱技术,测得修饰后的样品在660nm激发下Chl a 单线激发态寿命延长,从而在实验上提供了Tyr与淬灭Chla单线激发态有关的证据。但是对Cyt b6f 中Chl a瞬态吸收图谱仔细研究表明,菠菜Cyt b6f 中Chl a单线激发态快速淬灭过程中并没有发现Tyr与Chl a 之间发生电子传递时所形成的Chla•¯。以上结果表明,Cyt b6f 中Chl a单线激发态快速的淬灭确实和邻近的Tyr105有关,但是与Dashdorj 等提出的Chla单线激发态和Tyr105残基发生了电子交换传递从而淬灭Chla单线激发态这一想法不符,关于这一问题值得进一步深入研究。 3.红光和绿光对Cyt b6f 照射,Cyt f可以被还原,并且红光比绿光更容易使Cyt f 还原,暗示Cyt f 的还原与Chl a 的关系密切,有可能是Chl a 被激发后,其被激发的电子传给Cyt f。对这一现象的进一步研究表明,Cyt b6f在光照条件下,Cyt f 的还原与体系内C10-PQ库的氧化还原状况相关,氧化型的C10-PQ可能介导电子从Chla传向Cyt f。由于在体内质体醌库的氧化还原状态往往决定Cyt b6f 的氧化还原状态,而通过对Cyt b6f不同氧化和还原状态的吸收谱和荧光谱的研究表明,氧化态和还原态的Cyt b6f 中,Chl a 与蛋白的结合状态是有差异的。这些差异可能暗示着Chl a 分子在行使其功能时与复合体的氧化还原状态是有关系的。通过以上的结果,对Cyt b6f中Chl a 可能的功能进行了假设。 4.此外,我们还发现Cyt b6f具有明显的过氧化物酶活性。在0.1 mmol/L乙酸钠缓冲液,pH3.6,25℃,[H2O2] <40mmol/L的条件下,其催化反应的速度常数为kobs=26±1.2M•s-1;对H2O2的Km 值为50mmol/L,对guaiacol的Km 值为2mmol/L;反应的最适pH为3.6,最适离子强度为0.1,最适温度为35℃。推测Cyt b6f的这种过氧化物酶活性可能是在胁迫环境下使Cyt b6f中的血红素和Chl a 分子免受H2O2的破坏。

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A survey of the Sofala Bank (Mozambique) was conducted to: estimate the abundance of shallow-water shrimp in the area between 16 degree 20'S and 20 degree 20'S, from 5 to 100 meters; estimate the shallow-water shrimp species composition and distribution pattern of main species. Collect biological data of the main species, Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus monoceros; study the shrimp by-catch, species composition and biological data collection of the most abundant species of commercial value; and collect environmental data to clarify the shelf circulation on the Sofala Bank and the main oceanic features in the regions 15 degree S to 18 degree S and south of 22 degree S.

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目的:应用眼镜王蛇毒基因疫苗,免疫BALB/c小鼠,制备单克隆抗体(mAb).方法:应用眼镜王蛇Oh-3基因真核表达质粒pIRES-Oh3,佐以脂质体制成基因疫苗,免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与同源Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,经间接ELISA筛选,有限稀释法克隆,制备mAb.结果:获得了2株分泌抗眼镜王蛇毒mAb的杂交瘤细胞株(F5、 F11),细胞培养上清液的抗体效价分别为3.2×10-1、 6.4×10-1,腹水抗体效价分别为1.28×10-4、 2.56×10-4.结论:成功地制备了2株眼镜王蛇毒mAb.

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本研究采用平板式淀粉胶蛋白电泳技术对来自德钦县、巧家县、腾冲县的绵羊进行了 34个同功酶及血液蛋白的研究 ,共检测 36个遗传座位 ,其中有 8个座位显示多态 ,德钦绵羊多态百分率P =0 .194 4 ,平均杂合度H =0 .0 6 4 7,平均等位基因数A =1.2 2 2 2 ;昭通绵羊P =0 .2 2 2 2 ,H =0 .0 6 5 1;A =1.2 2 2 2 ;腾冲绵羊P =0 .16 6 7,H =0 .0 6 0 8;A =1.16 6 7。表明云南不同地区绵羊在蛋白水平上遗传多样性较为丰富。运用Phylip3.5软件包中的”GENETDIST”计算标准遗传距离 ,再结合以往研究的数据 ,运用该软件包中的”NEIGHBOR”和”UPGMA”法进行聚类分析 ,结果表明 ,云南绵羊起源于同一共同祖先 ,云南绵羊与印度绵羊、尼泊尔绵羊关系较近 ,而与西藏绵羊关系较远

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目的 从体外培养成熟囊胚中分离并鉴定猕猴胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell , ES cell) 。方法 猕猴卵母细 胞经体外成熟培养、体外受精和早期胚胎体外成熟培养后,获得猕猴囊胚。当囊胚由透明带自然孵出后,用细玻璃针剥离 囊胚中的内细胞团(inner cell mass , ICM) 并与饲养细胞进行共培养。由ICM分离,培养并鉴定胚胎干细胞集落。结果 由 4 只FSH 超排猕猴中共取得92 个处于GV 期的猕猴卵母细胞,选取其中的22 个用HECM210 培养基培养后,获得6 个高质 量的囊胚,由此6 个囊胚中分离得到3 个内细胞团,并由此最终获得1 株猕猴ES 细胞,即RS5 细胞。RS5 细胞具高比例核P 质比,核仁多,其细胞集落边缘平整,其内各单个细胞清晰。经约5 个月的连续传代后,仍保持了正常二倍体的核型,其染 色体数目为42 条。碱性磷酸酶细胞组织化学染色为阳性,说明RS5 细胞为未分化态的胚胎干细胞。经高密度和长时间 培养后,RS5 细胞可进一步分化为多种类型细胞。结论 RS5 细胞株具有自我更新能力和多分化潜能,属于胚胎干细胞。

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Amphibian skin secretions contain many bioactive compounds. In the present work, an irreversible serine protease inhibitor, termed baserpin, was purified for the first time from the skin secretions of toad Bufo andrewsi by Successive ion-exchange and gelfiltration chromatography. Baserpin is a single chain glycoprotein, with an apparent molecular weight of about 60 kDa in SDS-PAGE. Baserpin is an irreversible inhibitor and effectively inhibits the catalytic activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase. SDS-stable baserpin-trypsin complex could be seen in SDS-PAGE indicates that it possibly belongs to the serpin superfamily. According to the association rates determined, baserpin is a potent inhibitor of bovine trypsin (4.6 X 10(6) M-1 S-1), bovine chymotrypsin (8.9 X 10(6) M-1 s(-1)) and porcine elastase (6.8 X 10(6) M-1 s(-1)), whereas it shows no inhibitory effect on thrombin. The N-terminal sequence of baserpin is HTQYPDILIAKPXDK, which shows no similarity with other known serine protease inhibitors. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Predatory behaviour of Nandus nandus was studied by offering Cyprinus carpio as prey. The study was conducted with six N. namdus (8.2 ±0.2 cm and 7.60 ±0.3g) represented as P 1, P 2, P 3, P 4, P 5 and P 6. Three size categories of prey (C. carpio) such as small (2.0 ±0.1 cm and 0.23 ±0.01g), large (3.6 ±0.1 cm and 0.57 ±O.O.lg) and mixed group consisting of both small and large prey were used for 14 days of trial. Predatory behavior was classified as targeting, driving, catching, handling, resting and next attempt of catching prey. After introduction of prey into the aquarium predators followed the movement of preys by eye movements and tried to target smaller one first. The predator grasped the head of the prey by its jaws by a drive and engulfed it wholly into the mouth. The average handling time (time taken to manipulate and swallow prey from capture to ceasation of pharyngeal movement) was 42±2 sec and 47±2 sec for small and large prey respectively. N. nandus were ingested more small prey than large prey though the size classes were equally available in case of mixed prey used. Although the prey consumption was higher in number when small prey were ingested but in weight the consumption was higher when ingested large size of prey. The study indicated that N. nandus, ingested more small prey and grasped the headfirst.

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A socio-economic investigation was carried out in two fishermen cooperative societies namely Purba Helatala Fishermen Co-operative Society (E-1), Barhal Fishermen Co-operative Society (E-2), under Maldah district, West Bengal to which the beels (flood plains) under study belong. A total of 132 member fishermen, which constituted the sample, were personally interviewed. The age group of the fishermen of the sample in E-1 varied between 20 and 66 years whereas in E-2 it was 22 and 61 years. All the members of the sample belonged to Scheduled Caste (SC) community. The primary occupation of all the respondents of both the beels was observed to be fishing (100%). Maximum number of illiterate respondents was observed to 56% in E-2 and 35% in E-1. It has been observed that as many as 38.3% of fishermen were having fishing experience which ranging from 16 to 20 years in E-1 whereas it was 6 - 10 years (36.1%) in E-2. Maximum number of fishermen lived in thatched houses (41.66%) in E-1 whereas in E-2 most of them lived in houses made of corrugated tin/tile shed (41.66%). As many as 41.55% of E-1 and 30.55% of E-2 used dug-out canoes for their fishing. Maximum number of fishermen used cast net with individualistic approach (100%) followed by Gill net (E-1:41.56% and E-2:55.55%). Most of the fishermen of the sample participated in fishing activities for 241 to 270 days (41.66%) in E-2 whereas it was 211 to 240 days (33.33 %) in E-1 in a year. During fishing season as many as 40.0% of the respondents of E-1 earned on an average Rs. 801.00 to Rs. 900.00 per month whereas it was Rs. 901.00 to Rs.1,000.00 (43.05%) in case of E-2. A section of fishermen of the sample borrowed money often (51.6%) E-1 whereas it was most often (27.27%) of E-2. The respondents of E-2 made regular repayment of the loan to the maximum extent (79.48%) whereas it was 57.44% in E-1. Higher fish production vis-a-vis higher income for the fishermen was observed in the beel (E2) having close characteristic.

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Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (1140 bp) and nuclear IRBP (1152 bp) genes were used to assess the evolutionary history of Apodemus, using the complete set of Asian species. Our results indicate that speciation in Asia involved three radiations, which supports an earlier study. The initial radiation yielded A. argenteus (Japanese endemic), A. gurkha (Nepalese endemic), and the ancestral lineage of the remaining Asian species. This lineage subsequently diverged into four groups: agrarius-chevrieri (agrarius group), draco-latronum-semotus (draco group), A. peninsulae, and A. speciosus (Japanese endemic). The final step consisted of divergence within two species groups as a consequence of the geography of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and Taiwan. The ecological ability of two Apodemus-species to inhabit one locality via niche partitioning likely drove the second radiation and shaped the basic geographical pattern seen today: A. argenteus and A. speciosus in Japan, A. agrarius and A. peninsulae in northern China, and the A. agrarius and A. draco groups in southern China. The three radiations are estimated to have occurred 7.5, 6.6, and 1.8-0.8 Mya respectively, using the IRBP clock, based on rat-mouse divergence 12 Mya. (C) 2003 The Linnean Society of London.