1000 resultados para 327.611
Resumo:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been used extensively to control inflammatory pain. Several peripheral antinociceptive mechanisms have been described, such as opioid system and NO/cGMP/KATP pathway activation. There is evidence that the cannabinoid system can also contribute to the in vivo pharmacological effects of ibuprofen and indomethacin. However, there is no evidence of the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the peripheral antinociception induced by NSAIDs. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the participation of the endocannabinoid system in the peripheral antinociceptive effect of NSAIDs. All experiments were performed on male Wistar rats (160-200 g; N = 4 per group). Hyperalgesia was induced by a subcutaneous intraplantar (ipl) injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 2 μg/paw) in the rat’s hindpaw and measured by the paw pressure test 3 h after injection. The weight in grams required to elicit a nociceptive response, paw flexion, was determined as the nociceptive threshold. The hyperalgesia was calculated as the difference between the measurements made before and after PGE2, which induced hyperalgesia (mean = 83.3 ± 4.505 g). AM-251 (80 μg/paw) and AM-630 (100 μg/paw) were used as CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonists, respectively. Ipl injection of 40 μg dipyrone (mean = 5.825 ± 2.842 g), 20 μg diclofenac (mean = 4.825 ± 3.850 g) and 40 μg indomethacin (mean = 6.650 ± 3.611 g) elicited a local peripheral antinociceptive effect. This effect was not antagonized by ipl CB1 cannabinoid antagonist to dipyrone (mean = 5.00 ± 0.9815 g), diclofenac (mean = 2.50 ± 0.8337 g) and indomethacin (mean = 6.650 ± 4.069 g) or CB2 cannabinoid antagonist to dipyrone (mean = 1.050 ± 6.436 g), diclofenac (mean = 6.675 ± 1.368 g) and indomethacin (mean = 2.85 ± 5.01 g). Thus, cannabinoid receptors do not seem to be involved in the peripheral antinociceptive mechanism of the NSAIDs dipyrone, diclofenac and indomethacin.
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Polymorphisms in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit CHRNA5 gene have been associated with lung cancer positive susceptibility in European and American populations. In the present hospital-based, case-control study, we determined whether polymorphism in rs503464 of CHRNA5 is associated with lung cancer risk in Chinese individuals. A single nucleotide polymorphism in CHRNA5 rs503464, c.-166T>A (hereafter T>A), was identified using TaqMan-MGB probes with sequencing via PCR in 600 lung cancer cases and 600 healthy individuals. Genotype frequencies for rs503464 (T>A) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the control population. However, genotype frequencies were significantly different between cases and controls (P < 0.05), while allele frequencies were not significantly different between groups. Compared to homozygous genotypes (TT or AA), the risk of lung cancer in those with the heterozygous genotype (TA) was significantly lower (OR = 0.611, 95%CI = 0.486-0.768, P = 0.001). Using genotype AA as a reference, the risk of lung cancer for those with genotype TA was increased 1.5 times (OR = 1.496, 95%CI = 1.120-1.997, P = 0.006). However, no difference in risk was observed between T allele carriers and A allele carriers (OR = 0.914, 95%CI = 0.779-1.073, P = 0.270). Stratification analysis showed that the protective effect of TA was more pronounced in those younger than 60 years, nonsmokers, or those without a family history of cancer, as well as in patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma in clinical stages III or IV (P < 0.05). Therefore, the heterozygous genotype c.-166T>A at rs503464 of CHRNA5 may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, thus representing a susceptibility allele in Chinese individuals.
Resumo:
A análise de aminoácidos e uréia durante a fermentação da cultivar Chardonnay, fermentada com diferentes leveduras, foram os principais objetivos deste trabalho. Os mostos foram coletados em Santana do Livramento, RS, transportados para a UFSM; lá foram divididos em dois lotes aos quais foram adicionadas diferentes leveduras: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermol Bouquet e Saccharomyces cerevisiae D47. O aminoácido encontrado no mosto em maior quantidade foi a prolina (327 mg/L) seguido por treonina, arginina e alanina (239 mg/L). A maioria dos aminoácidos foi consumida pelas leveduras, logo após o início da fermentação. A liberação máxima de uréia no meio coincidiu com o máximo de consumo de arginina, que para a levedura Fermol Bouquet foi com 15ºBrix e para a levedura D47 com 11ºBrix. Confirmando a pouca preferência de prolina pelas leveduras, o teor deste aminoácido permaneceu elevado durante o processo fermentativo. Os aminoácidos, arginina, alanina, treonina, serina, ácido aspártico e isoleucina podem ser considerados as melhores fontes de nitrogênio para as leveduras.
Resumo:
Käsittelen pro gradu -tutkielmassani digitaalista pelaamista 3–8-vuotiaiden suomalaislasten perheissä. Tutkimuskysymykseni kuului: Millä tavoin 3–8-vuotiaiden lasten vanhemmat osallistuvat ja suhtautuvat lasten pelaamiseen? Selvitin vanhempien mielipiteitä lapsen pelaamisesta sekä osallistumisen tavoista verkkokyselyllä. Kyselyvastaukset, 327 kpl, muodostivat tutkimusaineiston, jota käsittelin sisällönanalyysin keinoin. Kyselyaineiston analyysin pohjaksi muodostin useiden suomalaisten mediakasvatusoppaiden perusteella kolme pelikasvattajan perustyyppiä: rajoittajan, ymmärtäjän ja pelikaverin. Etsin omasta aineistostani vastaavuuksia näille tyypeille. Aineiston perusteella vanhemmat jakautuvat kolmeen mainittuun ryhmään erilaisten motiivien perusteella. Tutkimuksessani vanhemman osallistuminen lapsen pelaamiseen ymmärretään laajasti. Osallistumista on pelaaminen yhdessä, lapsen pelaamisen katsominen, peleistä keskusteleminen ja pelaamisen rajoittaminen. Tutkimukseni perusteella vanhempien suhtautumista ja osallistumista lapsen pelaamiseen selittävät muun muassa vanhemman sukupuoli sekä oman pelaamisen määrä. Paljon pelaavat vanhemmat hyväksyvät lapsen peliharrastuksen ja kannustavat pelaamiseen. Pelaamisen rajoittamisessa eniten itse pelaavat vanhemmat luottavat vähän pelaavia useammin omaan harkintakykyyn esimerkiksi pelien ikärajojen suhteen. Toisaalta vain vähän tai ei ollenkaan itse pelaavien ja päivittäin pelaavien vanhempien väliltä löytyy yllättävä yhteys: näihin ryhmiin kuuluvat vastaajat rajoittavat vähiten niin peliaikaa kuin pelisisältöjäkin. Eri määriä pelaavien vanhempien keskuudessa pelien opettavaisuus on ylenen syy hyväksyä lapsen pelaaminen. Käsittelen tutkimuksessani myös digitaalisen kuilun käsitettä ja vastinparina sille sosiaalista pelaamista. Sosiaaliseen pelaamiseen sisältyvä vuorovaikutus pelitilanteissa on jatkotutkimuksen kannalta yksi tärkeimmistä tutkimusprosessin aikana esiin nousseista teemoista.
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1897/02/21 (Numéro 327).
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1902/08/03 (Numéro 611).
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1890/09/12 (Numéro 327).
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1885/11/12 (Numéro 611).
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1885/02/01 (Numéro 327).