FACTOR-ANALYSIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF VALENCE STATES OF METALS

Two M(n+)-2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol systems for the simultaneous determination of the valence states of Cr and Fe using factor analysis were studied. (1) At pH 4.0, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) react with the reagent to form stable complexes and a slight difference in the wavelengths of maximum absorption (lambda(max.)) between the two complexes is observed when the sodium lauryl sulfate, which also acts as a solubilizing and sensitizing agent, is added, viz., 590 nm for Cr(III) and 593 nm for Cr(VI) complexes. (2) In the presence of ethanol, both Fe(II) and Fe(III) form 1:2 complexes with the reagent at pH 2.5-3.5 and the lambda(max.) of the Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes is at 557 and 592 nm, respectively. In the target transformation factor analysis, the K coefficients calculated from the standard mixtures by classical least-squares analysis and a non-zero intercept added to each wavelength are used as the target vector instead of the pure component standards; this can decrease the analysis errors introduced by the interaction between the two species and by deviations from Beer's law.

溶液自由基ESR谱的计算机模拟

根据溶液自由基电子自旋共振(ESR)原理,用高级BASIC语言编写了溶液自由基谱的模拟程序。自由基的ESR能级用一级近似求解,谱线的线型采用洛仑兹和高斯型的混合线型函数,程序规定体系中核自旋量子数可从1/2到7/2,不等性核的数目最多可达10组,每组中等性核的数目原则上不受限制。通过二萘嵌苯阳离子自由基和硝基苯负离子自由基谱模拟二个例子加以说明,模拟结果是满意的。

DETERMINATION OF THE RATE-CONSTANT OF A CATALYTIC REACTION USING A PARALLEL INCIDENT SPECTROELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

The possibility of determining the rate constant of a catalytic reaction using a parallel incident spectroelectrochemical cell was investigated in this work. Various spectroelectrochemical techniques were examined, including single-potential-step chronoabsorptometry, single-potential-step open-circuit relaxation chronoabsorptometry and double-potential-step chronoabsorptometry. The values determined for the kinetics of the ferrocyanide-ascorbic acid system are in agreement with the reported values. The parallel incident method is much more sensitive than the normal transmission method and can be applied to systems which have smaller molar absorptivities, larger rate constants or lower concentrations.

[n-C_9H_(19)NH_3]_2MCl_4(M=Cu、Mn、Zn、Co)层结构配合物固-固相变的热分析和红外光谱研究

本文用差示扫描量热(DSC)、热重(TG)和红外光谱法研究了标题配合物(简记为C_9M)的热稳定性和固—固相变.讨论了中心金属离子对热稳定性和相变的影响.发现其热稳定性依C_9Co>C_9Mn>C_9Zn>C_9Cu降低.固—固相变数目、相变温度和相变的有序—无序效应主要取决于中心金属离子的种类。Zn组配合物总相变的无序效应比Cu组高,在高温相为完全无序相。C_9Zn配合物低温相变(285K)主要来源于链间相互作用和堆积态的有序—无序变化.高温相为“链熔化”态.

THE IMPEDANCE STUDY OF MODIFIED PEO POLYMER ELECTROLYTE

The ultra-thin modified PEO (polyethylene oxide)-LiClO4 polymer electrolyte film (50-mu-m) was obtained by solution-casting technique. Impedance spectra were taken on the cells consisting of above PEO film electrolyte and ion-blocking or nonblocking electrodes. The ambient conductivity as high as 1.33 X 10(-4)S cm-1 could be achieved for PEO electrolyte modified by the crosslinking. It was shown that the resistance at the interface between solid polymer electrolyte and lithium electrode is growing with increasing the storage time. At high temperature, as 96-degrees-C, the ionic transport is clearly controlled by diffusion.

氨氧化La-Ce-Co氧化物催化剂氧的性能研究

用X射线衍射和程序升温脱附方法研究了八个La-Ce-Co氧化物催化剂的结构及其氧的性能,试验了不同催化剂氨氧化反应前后氧的程脱并比较了其脱出氧的变化。测定了催化剂活性、组成及元素价态。发现催化剂的活性与三价钴离子的浓度成正比。催化剂中晶格氧的再生能力强,即氧化还原性能好,催化活性就高。结果表明,氨在La-Ce-Co氧化物体系催化剂上的氧化可能遵循Redox机理。Co~(3+)是活性中心。在催化剂中以少量Ce~(4+)取代La~(3+),可在催化剂中产生阳离子空位La_(1-x)CoO_(3+λ),有利于Co~(3+)的稳定加速体相中氧和电子的传递,促进催化剂的再氧化速度。从而提高催化剂的活性。

Molecular cloning and mRNA expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) gene in bay scallop (Argopecten irradians, Lamarck 1819)

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a type of pattern recognition molecules (PRM) that recognize the unique cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN) of bacteria and are involved in innate immunity. The first bivalve PGRP cDNA sequence was cloned from bay scallop Argopecten irradians by expressed sequence tag (EST) and PCR technique. The full-length cDNA of bay scallop PGRP (designated AiPGRP) gene contained 10 18 bp with a 615-bp open reading frame that encoded a polypeptide of 205 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence of AiPGRP shared high identity with PGRP in other organisms, such as PGRP precursor in Trichoplusia ni and PGRP SC2 in Drosophila melanogaster. A quantitative reverse transcriptase Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was developed to assess the mRNA expression of AiPGRP in different tissues and the temporal expression of AiPGRP in the mixed primary cultured hemocytes challenged by microbial components lipopolyssacharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and PGN from Micrococcus luteus. Higher-level mRNA expression of AiPGRP was detected in the tissues of hemocytes, gonad and kidney. The expression of AiPGRP in the mixed primary cultured hemocytes was up regulated after stimulated by PGN, while LPS from E. coli did not induce AiPGRP expression. The results indicated that AiPGRP was a constitutive and inducible expressed protein that was mainly induced by PGN and could be involved in scallop immune response against Gram-positive bacteria infection. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular cloning and responsive expression to injury stimulus of a defender against cell death 1 (DAD1) gene from bay scallops Argopecten irradians

Apoptosis is an active process of cell death, which is an integral part of growth and development in multicellular organisms. The defender against cell death 1 (DAD1), the regulatory protein to inhibit the apoptosis process, was first cloned from the bay scallop Argopecten irradians by randomly sequencing a whole tissue cDNA library and rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE). The full-length cDNA of the A. irradians DAD1 was 607 bp, consist of a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 63 bp, a 3'-terminal UTR of 205 bp with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame of 339 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of the A. irradians DAD1 showed 75.5% identity to Araneus ventricosus, 74.5% to Drosophila melanogaster, and 73.6% to Homo sapiens, Sus scrofa, Mesocricetus auratus, Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus. Excluding the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAD1 homologue, all animal DAD1 including A. irradians DAD1 homologue formed a subgroup and all plant DAD1 proteins formed another subgroup in the phylogenetic analysis. The A. irradians DAD1 was expressed in all examined tissues including adductor muscle, mantle, gills, digestive gland, gonad and hemolymph, suggesting that A. irradians DAD1 is expressed in most body tissues. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of A. irradians DAD1 gene of hemolymph were particularly high after injury, suggesting that the gene is responsive to injury stimuli.

Identification and analysis of a CpG motif that protects turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) against bacterial challenge and enhances vaccine-induced specific immunity

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs in certain contexts are known to be immunostimulatory in vertebrate systems. CpG ODNs with immune effects have been identified for many fish species but, to our knowledge, not for turbot. In this study, a turbot-effective CpG ODN, ODN 205, was identified and a plasmid, pCN5, was constructed which contains the CpG motif of ODN 205. When administered into turbot via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, both ODN 205 and pCN5 could (i) inhibit bacterial dissemination in blood in dose and time dependent manners, and (ii) protect against lethal bacterial challenge. Immunological analyses showed that in vitro treatment with ODN 205 stimulated peripheral blood leukocyte proliferation, while i.p. injection with ODN 205 enhanced the respiratory burst activity, chemiluminescence response, and acid phosphatase activity of turbot head kidney macrophages. pCN5 treatment-induced immune responses similar to those induced by ODN 205 treatment except that pCN5 could also enhance serum bactericidal activity in a calcium-independent manner. To examine whether ODN 205 and pCN5 had any effect on specific immunity, ODN 205 and pCN5 were co-administered into turbot with a Vibrio harveyi subunit vaccine, DegQ. The results showed that pCN5, but not ODN 205, significantly increased the immunoprotective efficacy of DegQ and enhanced the production of specific serum antibodies in the vaccinated fish. Further analysis indicated that vaccination with DegQ in the presence of pCN5 upregulated the expression of the genes encoding MHC class II alpha, IgM, Mx, and IL-8 receptor. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ODN 205 and pCN5 can stimulate the immune system of turbot and induce protection against bacterial challenge. In addition, pCN5 also possesses adjuvant property and can potentiate vaccine-induced specific immunity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microstructure and wear properties of laser clad Fe based amorphous composite coatings

A FeNiSiBV amorphous composite coating was developed by laser cladding of metallic powders on AISI 1020 low carbon steel substrate. The coatings were studied using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The coating reveals different microstructures along the depth of the coating. The transition zone exhibits good metallurgical bonding between the substrate and the coating. The layer consists of amorphous phase in majority and nanocrystalline phase/crystalline phase in minority. Accompanied with the nanocrystalline phase, the amorphous phase is concentrated in the middle of the coating. The crystalline phase in the coating is identified as Fe2B. A gradient distribution of the microhardness ranges from 1208 HV0.2 to 891 HV0.2 in the coating along the depth. The coating shows higher microhardness and better wear property than the substrate.

海州湾前三岛海域栉孔扇贝生态增养殖原理与关键技术

以海州湾前三岛周围海域为研究地点，开展了栉孔扇贝岛屿生态增养殖理论和关键技术研究。调查了海区的地理、水文、水化学环境以及饵料供应能力；现场测定了栉孔扇贝的滤水率，根据扇贝实际生长情况结合水动力学因子评估了该海域的养殖容量；监测了不同养殖模式情况下栉孔扇贝的存活、生长以及污损生物附着情况；利用免疫学指标揭示了各种养殖方式下栉孔扇贝的健康状态；研究了不同水温、扇贝规格对敌害生物捕食的影响；优化了该海域栉孔扇贝的养殖模式和关键技术。主要研究结果如下： 1．查明了前三岛海域理化环境、生物资源等现状。前三岛海域水质优良，生物资源丰富，虽然饵料浓度相对较低，但是该海域海流畅通，水交换条件好，较高的流速可以弥补饵料浓度的不足，适合开展栉孔扇贝增养殖。由于各项理化因子随着时间和水深的变化而发生变化，必须根据实际情况，对养殖模式等进行相应调整，才能获得更高经济和生态效益。 2．较为系统地研究了前三岛海域深水筏式养殖栉孔扇贝生理生态学特征，评估了养殖容量。周年监测了海域的环境因子和栉孔扇贝的生长情况，利用生物沉积法，现场研究了各时期扇贝的滤食作用。结果表明：该海域养殖栉孔扇贝在当年秋、冬季和次年春季生长迅速，夏季生长相对缓慢，周年平均软组织生长速度为11.29 mg/d，平均干贝壳生长速度为48.84 mg/d，扇贝能够于次年年初达到商品规格（6cm）。不同时期栉孔扇贝的滤水率之间差异显著，滤水率随水温的升高和扇贝规格的增大而增加。利用改进的Incze等（1981）的养殖容量模型，评估了该海域养殖容量，结果表明：在现有条件下，各时期沿着海流方向适养区域长度分别为：4.0，4.6，4.7，5.1，4.5和3.2 km，平均为4.35 km。 3．揭示了不同养殖水层栉孔扇贝存活、生长以及免疫指标特征。于2007年夏、秋高温季节监测了5个不同水层（2, 5, 10, 15, 与 20 m）筏式养殖栉孔扇贝的存活、生长以及免疫指标特征。研究表明各水层栉孔扇贝成活率差异显著，其中15 m（78.0%）和20 m（86.7%）成活率要明显高于2 m（62.9%），5 m（60.8%），和10 m（66.8%）；夏季（7~9月）各水层壳高生长速度有较大差异，其中10m （205.0 μm/d）与20 m（236.9 μm/d）要显著高于2，5，和15 m，而秋季（9~11月份）20m生长速度最低，5m水层（262.9 μm/d）要显著高于其他水层；不同水层扇贝软组织生长情况与壳的生长情况类似；扇贝血淋巴SOD活性随着水深的加深而增大，15 和 20 m 养殖的栉孔扇贝ACP活性要高于其他水层，这表明深水养殖栉孔扇贝健康状态要优于浅水层。 4．比较研究了筏式和底播两种养殖方式情况下栉孔扇贝的存活、生长以及免疫指标的周年变化。结果表明夏季栉孔扇贝的生长、免疫酶活性要低于其他季节，扇贝死亡也基本集中于夏季高温季节。除了2008年春季壳高以外，筏式养殖栉孔扇贝的生长、免疫酶活性都要高于底播养殖。实验结束时筏式养殖的成活率（54.6 ± 12.3 %）要显著地低于底播养殖（86.8 ± 3.5 %）。由此可见，在夏季高温季节采取底播养殖提高成活率，然后转为筏式养殖以提高生长速度，这样可以获得更高的产量。 5．研究了日本蟳和多棘海盘车对栉孔扇贝的捕食机制。现场研究表明，成年日本蟳可以捕食壳高小于5.0 cm的栉孔扇贝，捕食强度随着水温的升高而增大，而壳高大于5.9 cm的栉孔扇贝则可以免遭日本蟳的捕食；与栉孔扇贝相比，日本蟳更倾向于捕食贻贝；室内模拟研究表明水温低于10 ℃时，日本蟳对大规格扇贝的捕食作用不明显。相同温度条件下，室内实验日本蟳的捕食强度要低于现场，但其温度系数（Q10）差别不大。室内试验表明多棘海盘车对栉孔扇贝也有很强的捕食作用。提出了提高底播栉孔扇贝成活率的方法，即选择大规格的扇贝在水温较低的秋、冬季进行底播。

迟缓爱德华氏菌两种保护性抗原及AcrAB耐药系统的分析

迟缓爱德华氏菌是危害水产养殖业发展的重要病原菌之一，因而其免疫防治研究具有重要意义。论文分析了9种具有保护潜能的迟缓爱德华氏菌蛋白，经过牙鲆免疫保护实验，筛选出EseD和Et18两种有显著性保护效应的抗原。为了提高其保护效应，论文使用基因工程技术将这两种抗原融合到一起，构建重组融合蛋白EEH。结果表明，融合蛋白EEH保护效应较EseD和Et18分别免疫时有所提高。ELISA和Western blotting 结果显示，三种蛋白都能诱导牙鲆产生特异抗体。这些研究为开发迟缓爱德华氏菌疫苗提供了理论基础。 论文克隆分析了迟缓爱德华氏菌AcrAB耐药系统，采用定点突变确定了acrAB、acrR的启动子序列和AcrR在acrAB启动子的结合位点。启动子分析显示，AcrR对acrAB启动子有300倍抑制效应, 对acrR启动子有3倍抑制效应。定点突变显示，K39和R45对AcrR功能具重要性；缺失突变表明，N端205个氨基酸残基是其功能必需。实验筛选出Acriflavine、Ethidium Bromide、Methyl Viologen、Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate等四种AcrR诱导物。分析AcrR过量表达菌株结果显示，其耐药性、生长状况和毒力水平较阴性对照组降低。这些研究加深了我们对迟缓爱德华氏菌耐药机制及其与毒力关系的了解。

Survival, growth and immune activity of scallop Chlamys farreri cultured at different depths in Haizhou Bay (Yellow Sea, China) during hot season

Survival, growth and immune response of the scallop, Chlamys farreri, cultured in lantern nets at five different depths (2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 m below the sea surface) were studied in Haizhou Bay during the hot season (summer and autumn) of 2007. Survival and growth rates were quantified bimonthly. Immune activities in hemolymph (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acid phosphatase (ACP)) were measured to evaluate the health of scallops at the end of the study. Environmental parameters at the five depths were also monitored during the experiment. Mortalities mainly occurred during summer. Survival of scallops suspended at 15 m (78.0%) and 20 m (86.7%) was significantly higher than at 2 m (62.9%), 5 m (60.8%) or 10 m (66.8%) at the end of the study. Mean shell height grew significantly faster at 10 m (205.0 mu m/d) and 20 m (236.9 mu m/d) than at 2, 5 or 15 m in summer (July 9 to September 1); however, shell growth rate at 20 m was significantly lower than at the other four depths in autumn (September 2 to November 6). In contrast to summer, scallops at 5 m grew faster (262.9 mu m/d) during autumn. The growth of soft tissue at different depths showed a similar trend to the shell. Growth rates of shell height and soft tissue were faster in autumn than in summer, with the exception of shell height at 20 m. SOD activity of scallops increased with depth, and ACP activity was significantly higher at 15 and 20 m than at other depths, which suggests that scallops were healthier near the bottom. Factors explaining the depth-related mortality and growth of scallops are also discussed. We conclude that the mass mortality of scallop, C. farreri, during summer can be prevented by moving the culture area to deeper water and yield can be maximized by suspending the scallops in deep water during summer and then transferring them to shallow water in autumn.

1-（2-萘基）-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮衍生试剂的制备及其在高效液相色谱-质谱法测定糖类化合物中的应用

以1-（2-萘基）-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮（NMP）作为柱前衍生试剂,建立了简单、灵敏的糖类组分的反相高效液相色谱测定方法。NMP与糖在氨为催化剂的条件下,于70℃下反应可获得稳定的衍生产物。在HypersilODS2反相色谱柱上,实现了8种单糖的基线分离。衍生物线性相关系数均大于0.9985,检出限为0.58-1.1pmol。利用柱后在线串联质谱的电喷雾电离正离子模式监测,获得了各组分的质谱定性及裂解规律,特别是m/z473的特征碎片离子可作为单糖NMP衍生物的判定依据。与1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮（PMP）相比,NMP对糖的衍生化具有灵敏、简单、质谱裂解规律性强、重现性好等优点。该方法用于测定油菜花粉多糖中的单糖组成,结果令人满意。

青藏高原3种主要植被类型的表观量子效率和最大光合速率的比较

以海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站的涡度相关系统连续观测的CO_2通量数据为基础,分析了青藏高原的高寒矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸、高寒金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛草甸和高寒藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)沼泽化草甸等3种主要植被类型在2005年植物生长季(6-9月)的表观量子产额(a)、最大光合速率(Pmax)和呼吸速率(Reco)的变化特征.结果表明:3种植被类型白天的净生态系统CO_2交换量(NEE)和光量子通量密度(PPFD)存在明显的直角双曲线关系(P＜0.05),其a、Pmax和Reco呈现出相似的季节变化趋势,在生长季初期(6月)最小,在7月或8月份达到最大;高寒矮嵩草草甸的a、Pmax和Reco大于灌丛草甸和沼泽化草甸,而后两者差别不大.