Sarraïns sota el domini de la família Montcada: les aljames de la baronia d'Aitona al segle XV

L'any 1212 la família Montcada es fa amb el control de l´àrea del Baix Segre, una de les mes densament habitades en època islàmica. Dos segles després, tot i la profunda implantació del sistema feudal, la comunitat musulmana no només hi conserva una forta presencia poblacional sinó que a més mante vives bona part de les seves institucions. Aquesta comunitat -organitzada en aljames- es concentra en les viles d’Aitona, Seròs i Mequinensa, on constitueix el gruix de la població. Aquesta tensió entre els antics i els nous marcs de relacions en que es mou la comunitat islàmica (materialitzats en sistemes de tinença com l’emfiteusi) conferí a la zona un caire marcadament singular.

Rendimiento matemático en contextos bilingües: análisis de la incidencia de algunas variables del contexto socio-educativo

El trabajo que se presenta en este artículo se sitúa en el contexto bilingüe de la provincia de Lleida en la que coexisten dos lenguas en contacto, el catalán y el castellano, si bien existe un predominio de uso familiar y escolar de la primera de ellas. En este contexto, nuestro estudio analiza cómo influyen en el rendimiento en matemáticas las variables del contexto educativo de condición lingüística familiar y situación socio-profesional de la familia, así como las variables individuales de conciente intelectual y autoconcepto matemático. Los resultados globales muestran, en primer lugar, la importancia del lenguaje como instrumento mediador de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de contenidos matemáticos, ya que el rendimiento de los alumnos en esta área curricular está en función del dominio y el uso de la lengua vehicular de la enseñanza —el catalán—. En segundo lugar, se constata una correlación significativa entre el rendimiento matemático y las variables individuales de cociente intelectual y el autoconcepto sobre el propio rendimiento matemático.

La pesca en la España del siglo XVIII. Una aproximacion cuantitativa (1758–1765)

La pesca es, sin duda, un sector olvidado por las investigaciones sobre la historia económica de la España moderna. Sin embargo, su importancia era relevante tanto desde el punto de vista de la movilización de capitales (barcos y equipos) como en los aspectos de ocupación de la población activa (con porcentajes nada desdeñables en la periferia peninsular), de vertebración de las economías del litoral español o de producción de alimentos imprescindibles para el consumo del conjunto de la población de un país católico. En el siglo XVIII, la incapacidad para una comercialización adecuada de los excedentes locales implicaba una dependencia para el abastecimiento de buena parte del país respecto de los mercantes extranjeros del Atlántico (singularmente de los barcos ingleses); situación que se quebraría en parte gracias a un proceso de reconversión del sector, mediante la introducción de la pesca de arrastre en gran escala, la inyección de capitales para la construcción de barcos y de otras instalaciones, así como para el establecimiento de ambiciosas compañías lejos de los puertos de atraque, la organización de redes de distribución de las capturas por todo el litoral y la implantación de una industria salazonera que permitía la conservación de la pesca.

Bond strength tests of dental adhesive systems and their correlation with clinical results : a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the variability of bond strength test results of adhesive systems (AS) and to correlate the results with clinical parameters of clinical studies investigating cervical restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Regarding the clinical studies, the internal database which had previously been used for a meta-analysis on cervical restorations was updated with clinical studies published between 2008 and 2012 by searching the PubMed and SCOPUS databases. PubMed and the International Association for Dental Research abstracts online were searched for laboratory studies on microtensile, macrotensile and macroshear bond strength tests. The inclusion criteria were (1) dentin, (2) testing of at least four adhesive systems, (3) same diameter of composite and (4) 24h of water storage prior to testing. The clinical outcome variables were retention loss, marginal discoloration, detectable margins, and a clinical index comprising the three parameters by weighing them. Linear mixed models which included a random study effect were calculated for both, the laboratory and the clinical studies. The variability was assessed by calculating a ratio of variances, dividing the variance among the estimated bonding effects obtained in the linear mixed models by the sum of all variance components estimated in these models. RESULTS: Thirty-two laboratory studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria comprising 183 experiments. Of those, 86 used the microtensile test evaluating 22 adhesive systems (AS). Twenty-seven used the macrotensile test with 17 AS, and 70 used the macroshear test with 24 AS. For 28 AS the results from clinical studies were available. Microtensile and macrotensile (Spearman rho=0.66, p=0.007) were moderately correlated and also microtensile and macroshear (Spearman rho=0.51, p=0.03) but not macroshear and macrotensile (Spearman rho=0.34, p=0.22). The effect of the adhesive system was significant for microtensile and macroshear (p<0.001) but not for macrotensile. The effect of the adhesive system could explain 36% of the variability of the microtensile test, 27% of the macrotensile and 33% of the macroshear test. For the clinical trials, about 49% of the variability of retained restorations could be explained by the adhesive system. With respect to the correlation between bond strength tests and clinical parameters, only a moderate correlation between micro- and macrotensile test results and marginal discoloration was demonstrated. However, no correlation between these tests and a retention loss or marginal integrity was shown. The correlation improved when more studies were included compared to assessing only one study. SIGNIFICANCE: The high variability of bond strength test results highlights the need to establish individual acceptance levels for a given test institute. The weak correlation of bond-strength test results with clinical parameters leads to the conclusion that one should not rely solely on bond strength tests to predict the clinical performance of an adhesive system but one should conduct other laboratory tests like tests on the marginal adaptation of fillings in extracted teeth and the retention loss of restorations in non-retentive cavities after artificial aging.

Short-term effects of particulate matters on pulse pressure in two general population studies.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the association of short-term exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 μm (PM10) with pulse pressure, SBP, and DBP taking outdoor temperature into account in two large population-based studies in Switzerland. METHODS: We used data from the Bus Santé study including 5605 adults in Geneva and the CoLaus study including 6183 adults in Lausanne. PM10 and meteorological data were measured from fixed monitoring stations. We analyzed the association of short-term exposure to PM10 (on the day of examination visit and up to 7 days before) with pulse pressure, SBP, and DBP by linear regression, controlling for potential confounders and effect modifiers. RESULTS: Average PM10 levels were 22.4 μg/m in Geneva and 31.7 μg/m in Lausanne. In adjusted models, for each 10 μg/m increase in 7-day PM10 average, pulse pressure and SBP increased by 0.583 (95% confidence interval, 0.296-0.870) mmHg and 0.490 (0.056-0.925) mmHg in Geneva, and 0.183 (0.017-0.348) mmHg and 0.036 (0.042-0.561) mmHg in Lausanne, respectively. Stronger associations of pulse pressure and SBP with PM10 were observed when outdoor temperature was above 5°C. CONCLUSION: Positive associations of pulse pressure and SBP with short-term exposure to PM10 were found and replicated in the Swiss adult population. Our results suggest that even low levels of air pollution may substantially impact cardiovascular risk in the general population.

Una mirada a punts crítics de la nova llei de Serveis Socials

Arran de la promulgació de la Llei 12/2007, de Serveis Socials, alguns membres del col.lectiu de professors de serveis socials de les universitats catalanes volem fer pública la nostra anàlisi des de la responsabilitat que comporta la formació dels futurs professionals. Tot i admetre que el nou marc legal incorpora considerables millores sobre el que teníem, hem optat per fer una reflexió que abordi les ambigüitats, les omissions o les incoherències que, a criteri nostre, suscita la Llei per tal que es puguin considerar en la fase reglamentària. Evidentment, en les pàgines que segueixen no hi és tot el que es podria dir, sinó allò que, des de la perspectiva dels autors que hi col·laboren, s’ha considerat més rellevant en els apartats escollits. Resten, per tant, altres extrems que, igual que els detectats, caldrà estudiar acuradament, especialment a partir del desplegament que s’efectuï.

Comparative genomics of yeast species: new insights into their biology

The genomes of two hemiascomycetous yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans) and one archiascomycete (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) have been completely sequenced and the genes have been annotated. In addition, the genomes of 13 more Hemiascomycetes have been partially sequenced. The amount of data thus obtained provides information on the evolutionary relationships between yeast species. In addition, the differential genetic characteristics of the microorganisms explain a number of distinctive biological traits. Gene order conservation is observed between phylogenetically close species and is lost in distantly related species, probably due to rearrangements of short regions of DNA. However, gene function is much more conserved along evolution. Compared to S. cerevisiae and S. pombe, C. albicans has a larger number of specific genes, i.e., genes not found in other organisms, a fact that can account for the biological characteristics of this pathogenic dimorphic yeast which is able to colonize a large variety of environments.

Travelling on the Ice over the Gulf of Bothnia to Finland

London : Joseph Mawman 1802

Avanços na cultura da macieira no Brasil

A cultura da macieira no Brasil iniciou seu desenvolvimento comercial na década de 70, sendo que até esta data foram poucos os plantios comerciais, representando menos de 100 ha. Com a iniciativa de alguns produtores pioneiros, incentivos fiscais que permitiam aplicar parte do Imposto de Renda na implantação de pomares e pelo apoio dos governos estaduais com projetos de desenvolvimento, a cultura da macieira teve grande impulso a partir da década de 80. Destaca-se que, na década de 70, o Brasil dependia de importações, representando na época mais de 100 milhões de dólares. Nessa década, produzíamos 13.263 t, passando para 183.299 t e 857.615 t na década de 80 e 90, respectivamente. Atualmente, o Brasil conta com uma área em torno de 37.000 ha, com 3.450 produtores, sendo que, na safra de 2009/2010, foram colhidas 1.253 mil toneladas. Desde 1994, o Brasil passou a exportador de maçãs, sendo que, a partir do ano de 2000,as exportações vêm superando as importações. A cultura da macieira é uma importante fonte de geração de emprego, com três empregos diretos e indiretos por ha, o que representa mais de 100 mil empregos na cadeia produtiva da maçã. Estes avanços devem-se a importantes tecnologias que foram introduzidas ao longo dos anos, que também permitiram um aumento de qualidade e produtividade por unidade de área, onde, na década de 70 e 80, era inferior a 15t e atualmente está próxima de 40 t/ha, com alguns pomares produzindo acima de 50 t/ha. A evolução ocorreu com as cultivares, com os primeiros plantios realizados com as cultivares Golden Delicious, Starkrimson, Blackjon, entre outras, as quais logo foram substituídas por 'Gala" e 'Fuji, e, na década de 90, plantando-se os clones destas cultivares com melhor coloração vermelha dos frutos. Grande evolução ocorreu com a qualidade do material vegetativo em que porta-enxerto e copas estavam infectados com viroses. A introdução de material livre de vírus propiciou aumento na produtividade, permitindo também a utilização de porta-enxertos ananizantes, com plantios em alta densidade. No início dos plantios de macieira, eram plantadas de 500 a 800 plantas por ha, sendo que atualmente são utilizadas 2.500 a 3.000 plantas em média por ha. Como a região produtora de maçã no Sul do Brasil não tem o frio suficiente para atender às necessidades para a saída da dormência, tecnologias foram desenvolvidas para a indução de brotação e floração, permitindo estabilidade na produção. Afora estas tecnologias, devem ser ressaltados os avanços nos sistemas de condução e poda, manejo de colheita, raleio químico, polinização, controle fitossanitário e conservação e armazenagem da fruta, sendo que esta última permitiu o abastecimento do mercado nos 12 meses do ano com fruta de ótima qualidade. A maçã foi pioneira na implantação do sistema de produção integrada, sendo a primeira fruta brasileira a ser certificada neste sistema.

Soybean (Glycine max. L.) and bacteroid glyoxylate cycle activities during nodular senescence.

Soybean (Glycine max. L.) nodular senescence results in the dismantling of the peribacteroid membrane (PBM) and in an increase of soybean isocitrate lyase (ICL; EC 4.1.3.1) and malate synthase (MS; EC 4.1.3.2) mRNA and protein levels. This suggests that in senescing soybean nodular cells, the specific glyoxylate cycle enzyme activities might be induced to reallocate carbon obtained from the PBM degradation. In order to evaluate as well the carbon metabolism of the nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium japonicum endosymbiotic bacteroids during nodular senescence, their glyoxylate cycle activities were also investigated. To this end, partial DNA sequences were isolated from their icl and ms genes, but the corresponding mRNAs were not detected in the microorganisms. It was also observed that the bacteroid ICL and MS activities were negligible during nodular senescence. This suggests that glyoxylate cycle activities are not reinitiated in the bacteroids under these physiological conditions. In case the microorganisms nevertheless feed on the PBM degradation products, this might occur via the citric acid cycle exclusively.

Soybean (Glycine max. L.) and bacteroid glyoxylate cycle activities during nodular senescence

Soybean (Glycine max. L.) nodular senescence results in the dismantling of the peribacteroid membrane (PBM) and in an increase of soybean isocitrate lyase (ICL; EC 4.1.3.1) and malate synthase (MS; EC 4.1.3.2) mRNA and protein levels. This suggests that in senescing soybean nodular cells, the specific glyoxylate cycle enzyme activities might be induced to reallocate carbon obtained from the PBM degradation. In order to evaluate as well the carbon metabolism of the nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium japonicum endosymbiotic bacteroids during nodular senescence, their glyoxylate cycle activities were also investigated. To this end, partial DNA sequences were isolated from their icl and ms genes, but the corresponding mRNAs were not detected in the microorganisms. It was also observed that the bacteroid ICL and MS activities were negligible during nodular senescence. This suggests that glyoxylate cycle activities are not reinitiated in the bacteroids under these physiological conditions. In case the microorganisms nevertheless feed on the PBM degradation products, this might occur via the citric acid cycle exclusively.