Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 655 - Vorträge über Antisemitismus (p. IX 40.1-2-IX 48.1-2)

"Summer institute on Modern European Culture" (1947?); 1. Ankündigung für eine Vorlesungsreihe von Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, Leo Löwenthal, Herbert Marcuse, Friedrich Pollock. a) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Ergänzungen, 20 Blatt b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 19 Blatt; 2. Herbert Marcuse: "Philosophie allemande et francaise 1871-1933". Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 18 Blatt; "Tentative Program for the Course of Antisemitism". Vorlesungsankündigung 1948 von Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, Friedrich Pollock. Typoskript 2 Blatt; Max Horkheimer: Bericht über die Antisemitismus-Forschungen des Instituts für Sozialforschung (GS 12, S. 165-171). Vortrag gehalten am 16.4.1943, englischer Text. a) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 5 Blatt b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 8 Blatt c) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 8 Blatt; Max Horkheimer: Bericht über die Antisemitismus-Forschungen des Instituts für Sozialforschung (GS 12, S. 172-183). Vortrag gehalten am 30.4.1943, Temple Israel. a) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen und Ergänzungen, 12 Blatt b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 11 Blatt c) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 14 Blatt; Max Horkheimer: Über die Psychologie des Judentums und des Antisemitismus; 1. Vortrag, gehalten am 7.10.1943 im Department of Psychology, UCLA, eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Blatt; 2. Auszüge aus Schriften und Arbeitspapieren von: G.M. Davidson, Salomon Andhil Fineberg, A.R.L. Gurland, Oscar I. Janomsky, Paul W. Massing, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Ergänzungen, 8 Blatt; Max Horkheimer: Anti-Semitism as a Social Phenomenon (GS 5, S.364-372); 1. Vortrag, gehalten am 17.6.1944 in San Francisco, Psychoanalytic Society, veröffentlicht unter dem Titel 'Sociological Background of the Psychoanalytic Approach". In: Ernst Simmel (ed.), "Anti-Semitism. A Social Disease", New York, 1946, S.1-10. a) Typoskript, 13 Blatt, b) Teilstück, Typoskript, 1 Blatt, c) Teilstück, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt d) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 9 Blatt; 2. "Notes to the Speech in San Francisco", Notizen, 4 Blatt; 3. eigenhändige Notizen zum Vortrag, 5 Blatt; 4. Rede für Maurice Karpf, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt; 5. Theodor W. Adorno: "Mammoth Motives", Notizen zum Verhältnis von Soziologie und Psychologie des Antisemitismus, 3 Blatt; 6. Theodor W. Adorno: "Patterns of Anti-Democratic Propaganda", veröffentlicht in: Ernst Simmel, "Anti-Semitism. A Social Disease", New York, 1946, S.125-137. a) Typoskript, 15 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 14 Blatt;; 7. Einladung, Drucksache, 2 Blatt; 8. Max Horkheimer: 2 Brief an Donald MacFerlane, Pacific Palisades, 22.5.1944, 1 Blatt; Max Horkheimer: Vorträge 1944-45; 1. "Report for the N.C.R.A.C.". Über Forschungsprojekte des American Jewish Committee and des American Jewish Congress, vorgetragen am 14.1.1944, Typoskript, 4 Blatt; 2. Notizen zu 1: Über Kurt Lewin, Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 3. eigenhändige Notizen zu 1., 3 Blatt; 4. Über die europäische Tradition der Arbeiten des Instituts für Sozialforschung. Vortrag, gehalten am 8.12.1944. Eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Blatt; 5. Über psychologische Aspekte der Antisemitismusforschung des Instituts für Sozialforschung. Vortrag, gehalten am 19.4.1945. Eigenhändige Notizen, 2 Blatt; 6. Über sozioökonomische Aspekte des Antisemitismus in Europa und in der Arbeiterschaft der USA. Vortrag, gehalten am 8.6.1945. Psychosomatic Society a) Notizen zum Vortrag, 4 Blatt, b) eigenhändige Notizen, 3 Blatt; 7. Notizen zu 6., Typoskript, 17 Blatt,; 8. Notizen zu 6. "Quotations from Labor Study", Typoskript, 12 Blatt; 9. Über neue Forschungsprojekte des Instituts für Sozialforschung zum Antisemitismus. Vortrag, gehalten am 24.10.1945. Eigenhändige Notizen, 2 Blatt; 10. Über Antisemitismus. Vortrag, gehalten am 3.12.1945. Eigenhändige Notizen, 2 Blatt; 11.-15. Vorträge über Antisemitismus. Datierung unklar (etwa 1945) (u.a. "Mountvernon Speech" und "Breakfast Speech"), 17 Blatt; 16. Über Judentum und Katholizismus in der neueren Geschichte. Eigenhändige Notizen zu einem Vortrag, Datierung unklar, 3 Blatt; 17. Über Vorurteil, Vortrag oder Diskussion in einer Synagoge, Datierung unklar, eigenhändige Notizen, 1 Blatt; Max Horkheimer: Über die Antisemitismus-Forschungen des Instituts für Sozialforschung. Vortrag, gehalten beim U.C.R.A.C.-Meeting, 15.-17.6.1946, Chicago:; 1. eigenhändige Notizen, 13 Blatt; 2. Fragebogen, als Typoskript vervielfältigt, mit eigenhändigen Ergänzungen, 6 Blatt;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 686 - Rosenzweig-Test, "Art Project on Fascist Agitator" (p. IX 148.1-2 - IX 149.1-7)

Zum Rosenzweig-Test, 1945; Brown, J.F.: "Memorandum on the Modification of the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test". Typoskript, 3 Blatt; Rosenzweig, Saul. "The Picture-Association Method and Its Application in a Study of Reactions to Frustration.", Sonderdruck aus: Journal of Personality, September 1945, S. 3-23; Materialien zum "Art Project on Fascist Agitator" (1945):; 1. "What is a Fascist Agitator?", a) Typoskript, 1 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt; 2. "Some Traits of the Fascist Agitator". Typoskript, 5 Blatt; 3. "Pamphlet", a) Typoskript, 1 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 1 Blatt, c) Typoskript mit dem Titel 'Devices of the Agitator', 1 Blatt; 4. Max Horkheimer: eigenhändige Notizen über den Agitator, 1 Blatt; 5. "Quotes from the Agitator (pages refer to Leo Löwenthals manuscript vol. III)". Typoskript, 7 Blatt; 6. Adressenlisten, 3 Blatt; 7. Materialien zum 'Agitator-Projekt': Photos, Reproduktionen von Zeichnungen und Zeitungsausschnitten;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 687 - "Experimental Movie Project", "The Police and Minority Groups" u.a. (p. IX 150.1-17 - IX 152.1-2)

"Experimental Movie Project" (1945-46):; 1. "Below the Surface", Drehbuch des Testfilms, a) als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 46 Blatt, b) als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 26 Blatt, c) als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 26 Blatt, d) als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 26 Blatt "Experimental Movie Project" (1945-46): Memoranden zum Test; 2. 'Notes' 25.4.1946, Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 3. "Memorandum on Experimental Movie Project", 19.4.1946. Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 4. "Memorandum re: 'Below the Surface" (Juli 1945). Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 5. Dore Schary und Allen Rivkin: 'Memorandum, Subject: New Suggested Treatment for 'Below the Surface'", 13.7.1945. Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 6. Hans Richter: "Report about the film script 'Below the surface'", 7. u. 8.7.1945, a) Typoskript, 1 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 7. Hans Richter: Bestätigung der Vereinbarung mit dem American Jewish Committee, 3.7.1945. Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 8. "Notes and Suggestions re Experimental Motion Picture", Juni 1945. Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 9. Siegfried Kracauer; "Suggestions for the Dialogue" (4.4.1945). Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 10. "Motion Picture", März 1945. Typoskript, 5 Blatt; 11. "Project on a Test film", a) Typoskript, 4 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 5 Blatt; 12. "Memorandum re: 'Below the Surface'", a) Typoskript, 3 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen von Theodor W. Adorno, 3 Blatt; "Experimental Movie Project" (1945-46): Korrespondenz zum Test-Film-Projekt:; 13. Friedrich Pollock: 1 Brief an Max Horkheimer, Santa Monica, California, 12.10.1945; 14. Theodor W. Adorno: 2 Briefe an Max Horkheimer, Los Angeles und Santa Monica, California, 1945; 15. Joseph M. Proskauer: 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer, o.O., 29.6.1945, 1 Brief mit Unterschrift an Max Horkheimer, o.O., o.D., 3 Blatt; 16. Alexander Hackenschmied, 1 Brief mit Unterschrift an Max Horkheimer, New York, 19.6.1945, 1 Blatt; 17. Gilbert Gabriel: 1 Brief von John Slawson, o.O., 22.3.1945, 2 Blatt; "The Police and Minority Groups" (1946):; 1. "The Police and Minority Groups". Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 2. Robert W. Kenny: "Police and Minority Groups - an Experiment". Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 17 Blatt; 3. Davis McEntire, Robert B. Powers: "Police Training Bulletin. A Guide to Race Relations for Police Officers", State of California, 1946, 38 Seiten; Max Horkheimer: "Memorandum on a Study of Race Hatred in Post-War Germany" (1946):; 1. Memorandum, a) Typoskript, 8 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen und handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 6 Blatt, c) Typoskript, 5 Blatt, d) Teilstück, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt e) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 5 Blatt, f) Teilstück, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt, g) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 7 Blatt, h) Teilstück, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen und Ergänzungen, 1 Blatt, i) Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 2. Theodor W. Adorno: "Ad Memorandum Neumann", Manuskript, 3 Blatt;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 707 - "German Refugees from Eastern Zone" (p. IX 183.1-2 - IX 184.2-18)

"German Refugees from the Eastern Zone" 1952; 1. "Outline of a Pilot Study of German Refugees from the Eastern Zone Who are presently in Berlin" a) Typoskript, 4 Blatt; b) Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 2. "Budget for a Pilot Study of German Refugees from the Eastern Zone in Berlin" a) 2 Blatt; b) 1 Blatt; c) 1 Blatt; d) 1 Blatt; "Universität und Gesellschaft" 1952-1956; 1. "Universität und Gesellschaft" Teil III: Expertenbefragung. Forschungsbericht, 1953; als Typoskript vervielfältigt und gebunden, 77 Blatt; 2.-7. Allgemeine Darstellung der Untersuchungen; 2. "Einige wichtige Ergebnisse der Universitätsstudie", 1956. Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 5 Blatt; 3. "Vorläufige Gliederung für den Bericht der Hochschul-Untersuchung" 2 Blatt; 4. "The German University of Today. Progress Report on a Research Project" 02.11.1955 a) Typoskirpt, 12 Blatt; b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 12 Blatt; 5. "The German University of Today. A Progress Report on a Research Project" a) Typoskript, 7 Blatt; b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 8 Blatt; c) Typoskirpt mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 12 Blatt; 6. "Funktion und Wirklichkeit der Universität heute. Zwischenbericht über drei Studien des Instituts für Sozialforschung an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe- Universität". Typoskript, 25 Blatt; 7. "Pläne einer Untersuchung über die Vorstellung von der Finktion der heutigen deutschen Universität bei bestimmten Personenkreisen" a) Typoskirpt, 11 Blatt; b) Typoskript, 11 Blatt; 8.-10. Studentenbefragung; 8. Fagebogen zur Umfrage "Warum studieren Studenten?", als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 19 Blatt; 9. "The Economic Situation of Students at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe- University in Frankfurt am Main" Resultate der Umfrage vom Winter 1952/43; Januar 1956; a) Typoskript, 43 Blatt; b) 43 Blatt; 10. "Students and Parentl Influence. Results of a Survey" a) Typoskript, 25 Blatt; b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen von Frederick Pollock, 25 Blatt; 11.-14. Aktennotizen; 11. "Bericht über die Verhandlungen zwischen Herrn Professor Baumgarten, Tenbruck und Habermas am 12.12.1956 im Institut für vergleichende Sozialwissenschaften in Stuttgart. Betreff: Professorenstudie" 13.13.1956 vermutlich 13.03.1956. Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 12. Gembardt, Ulrich: Aktennotiz zur Hochschuluntersuchung. 23.05.1955, Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 13. Gembardt, Ulrich: Bemerkungen zur Aktennotiz vom 23.05.1955, Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 14. "Aktennotiz über die Hochschul-Forschungsprojekte des Göttinger Soziologischen Seminars und des Frankfurter Institut für Sozialforschung, die deim Hauptausschuß der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft am 1. August 1953 zur Finanzierung vorgelegt werden" 20.07.1953. Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 15.-18. Briefe; 15. Löwenthal, Leo: 1 Brief mit Unterschrift an MAx Horkheimer, New York, 20.01.1955, 3 Blatt; 16. Horkheimer, Max [?]: 1 Brief an Chauncy D. Harris, ohne Ort, Januar 1955; a) Typoskirpt, 1 Blatt; b) Typoskirpt mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt; c) Typoskirpt mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt; d) Typoskirpt, 1 Blatt; 17. Horkheimer, Max: Drei gleichlautende Briefe an die Rektoren der Universität Bonn, Heidelberg und Koel, ohne Ort, 15.11.1953; a) Typoskript, 6 Blatt; b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen KOrrekturen, 3 Blatt; 18. Plessner, Helmuth: 1 Brief mit Unterschrift mit Beilage an Max Horkheimer, Göttingen 02.07.1953, 4 Blatt;

Sechs Lieder von F. Abt, Luise Barthelemy, Fr. Kücken, B. Molique & Fr. Schmidt : op. 34 ; [1.- 2. Heft]

für das Piano übertr. ... von Joachim Raff

Ms. lat. oct. 21 - Kommentar zu D. 6, 1 - 8, 4

Vorbesitzer: Heinrich Kellner; Johann Maximilian Zum Jungen

ATP- and carbachol -stimulated 1,2-diacylglycerol production during sensitization of adenylyl cyclase

Stimulation of LM5 cells with the phorbol ester 4$\beta$-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), causes a 2-4 fold sensitization of hormonally-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. This effect is thought to be due to protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of either G$\sb{\rm i}$ or the catalytic subunit of AC. PKC are components of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phospholipase C (PIP$\sb2$-PLC) pathway. The currently accepted model of this pathway is that its activation by an agonist results in the production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP$\sb3$) which causes Ca$\sp{++}$ mobilization, and 1,2-diacylglycerols (DAG) which activate PKC. Based on this model, we predicted that stimulation of purinergic and muscarinic receptors with the agonists ATP and carbachol (CCh), respectively in the LM5 cells, should sensitize AC. Surprisingly we found that only stimulation of the purinergic receptors in these cells caused a sensitization of PGE$\sb1$-stimulated AC measured in cell-free assays.^ We hypothesized that ATP-and CCh-stimulated differential DAG production contributes to the effectiveness of these two agonists to sensitize PGE$\sb1$-stimulated AC activity. To test this hypothesis directly, we performed a combined high-performance liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography analysis of the DAG produced in the LM5 cells in response to stimulation with ATP and CCh.^ We found that both ATP and CCh increased levels of 23 species of DAG. Relative to the control levels (0.261 nmol DAG/100 nmol phospholipid) the CCh-induced increase in DAG levels was 280% (0.738 $\pm$ 0.051 nmol DAG/100 nmol phospholipid) whereas the ATP-induced levels increased 180% (0.441 t 0.006 nmol DAG/100 nmol phospholipid). Neither agonist created new species or eliminated the existing ones. The major species which comprised $\approx$50% of the total cellular DAG in all of the groups were 16:0-18:1, 18:0-18:1, 18:1-18:1, and 18:0-20:4. CCh was more effective than ATP at stimulating these major DAG species.^ It is concluded that factor(s) other than DAG contribute(s) to the differences between ATP-and CCh-sensitization of PGE$\sb1$-stimulated AC activity in the LM5 cells. ^

Geochemical analyses of secondary minerals from ODP Leg 115 basalts (Tables 1+2)

Basalts recovered along the Reunion hotspot track on Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 115 range in age from 34 Ma at Site 706 to 64 Ma at Site 707. They have undergone various degrees of secondary alteration. Within single holes the amount of alteration can vary from a few percent to near complete replacement of phenocrysts and groundmass by secondary minerals. Olivine appears to be the most susceptible to alteration and in some sections it is the only mineral altered. In other sections, olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts, and groundmass have been completely replaced by secondary minerals. Clays are the predominant form of secondary mineralization. In addition to replacing olivine, pyroxene, glass, and groundmass, clays have filled veins, vesicles, and voids. Minor amounts of calcite, zeolites, and K-feldspar were also detected. The clays that filled vesicles and veins often show color zonations of dark, opaque bands near the edges that grade into tan or green transparent regions in the centers of the veins. The electron microprobe was used to obtain chemical analyses of these veins as well as to characterize isolated clays that replaced specific minerals and filled voids and vesicles.

(Tables 1-2) Heavy mineral composition and median grain size of sediments obtained near 'Rote Kliff' west of Sylt, North Sea

The interpretation of 19 bore cores from the sea floor west of Rote Kliff (Isle of Sylt, North-Frisian Islands) gave information about the thickness of Holocene sand and the sediments below it; especially regarding their resistance to erosion in the area seaward of the beach-barrier. At the Same time, additional knowledge was obtained about the development of Sylt.

Contents of organic compounds in sediments from DSDP Legs 1 and 4

Fifteen sediment samples were studied from five drill sites recovered by the Glomar Challenger on Legs I and IV in the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic. This study concentrated on compounds derived from biogenic precursors, namely: (1) hydrocarbons, (2) fatty acids, (3) pigments and (4) amino acids. Carbon isotope (dC13) data [values <(-26)?, relative to PDB], long-chain n-alkyl hydrocarbons (>>C27) with odd carbon numbered molecules dominating even carbon numbered species, and presence of perylene proved useful as possible indicators for terrigenous contributions to the organic matter in some samples. Apparently land-derived organic matter can be transported for distances over 1000 km into the ocean and their source still recognized. The study was primarily designed to investigate: (i) the sources of the organic matter present in the sediment, (ii) their stability with time of accumulation and (iii) the conditions necessary for in situ formation of new compounds.

Soil carbon in the Jena Experiment from intensive sampling campaigns (only block 2 Main Experiment up to 1 m depth, year 2007)

This data set contains soil carbon measurements (Organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and total carbon; all measured in dried soil samples) from the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Stratified soil sampling to a depth of 1 m was repeated in April 2007 (as had been done before sowing in April 2002). Three independent samples per plot were taken of all plots in block 2 using a motor-driven soil column cylinder (Cobra, Eijkelkamp, 8.3 cm in diameter). Soil samples were dried at 40°C and segmented to a depth resolution of 5 cm giving 20 depth subsamples per core. All samples were analyzed independently. All soil samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. Because of much higher proportions of roots in the soil, the samples in 2007 were further sieved to 1 mm according to common root removal methods. No additional mineral particles were removed by this procedure. Total carbon concentration was analyzed on ball-milled subsamples (time 4 min, frequency 30 s**-1) by an elemental analyzer at 1150°C (Elementaranalysator vario Max CN; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). We measured inorganic carbon concentration by elemental analysis at 1150°C after removal of organic carbon for 16 h at 450°C in a muffle furnace. Organic carbon concentration was calculated as the difference between both measurements of total and inorganic carbon.

Soil carbon in the Jena Experiment from intensive sampling campaigns (only block 2 Main Experiment up to 1 m depth, year 2002)

This data set contains soil carbon measurements (Organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and total carbon; all measured in dried soil samples) from the main experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Stratified soil sampling to a depth of 1 m was performed before sowing in April 2002. Three independent samples per plot were taken of all plots in block 2 using a motor-driven soil column cylinder (Cobra, Eijkelkamp, 8.3 cm in diameter). Soil samples were dried at 40°C and segmented to a depth resolution of 5 cm giving 20 depth subsamples per core. All samples were analyzed independently. All soil samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. Rarely present visible plant remains were removed using tweezers. Total carbon concentration was analyzed on ball-milled subsamples (time 4 min, frequency 30 s**-1) by an elemental analyzer at 1150°C (Elementaranalysator vario Max CN; Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). We measured inorganic carbon concentration by elemental analysis at 1150°C after removal of organic carbon for 16 h at 450°C in a muffle furnace. Organic carbon concentration was calculated as the difference between both measurements of total and inorganic carbon.

1.2 Ma stacked benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope record

Pleistocene stable carbon isotope (d13C) records from surface and deep dwelling foraminifera in all major ocean basins show two distinct long-term carbon isotope fluctuations since 1.00 Ma. The first started around 1.00 Ma and was characterised by a 0.35 per mil decrease in d13C values until 0.90 Ma, followed by an increase of 0.60 per mil lasting until 0.50 Ma. The subsequent fluctuation started with a 0.40 per mil decrease between 0.50 and 0.25 Ma, followed by an increase of 0.30 per mil between 0.25 and 0.10 Ma. Here, we evaluate existing evidence and various hypotheses for these global Pleistocene d13C fluctuations and present an interpretation, where the fluctuations most likely resulted from concomitant changes in the burial fluxes of organic and inorganic carbon due to ventilation changes and/or changes in the production and export ratio. Our model indicates that to satisfy the long-term 'stability' of the Pleistocene lysocline, the ratio between the amounts of change in the organic and inorganic carbon burial fluxes would have to be close to a 1:1 ratio, as deviations from this ratio would lead to sizable variations in the depth of the lysocline. It is then apparent that the mid-Pleistocene climate transition, which, apart from the glacial cycles, represents the most fundamental change in the Pleistocene climate, was likely not associated with a fundamental change in atmospheric pCO2. While recognising that high frequency glacial/interglacial cycles are associated with relatively large (100 ppmv) changes in pCO2, our model scenario (with burial changes close to a 1:1 ratio) produces a maximum long-term variability of only 20 ppmv over the fluctuation between 1.00 and 0.50 Ma.