Internet Law - An Attempt at a Polemic Retrospective

"Herbert Burket trace l’évolution des concepts reliés au ""droit de l’Internet"" dans le cadre du droit de l’Union Européenne. Initialement, ce domaine du droit était perçu comme une nouvelle discipline normative. Or, l’auteur soutient que le ""droit de l’Internet"" n’est pas un domaine normatif distinct, mais correspond aux domaines traditionnels auxquels il a été progressivement intégré. Le ""droit de l’Internet"" a amélioré notre compréhension du processus général d’évolution du droit. L’auteur souligne, entre autres, comment le législateur européen a réagi par diverses législations aux nouveaux impératifs technologiques. De plus, ce domaine offre une nouvelle perspective pour l’analyse de l’évolution des normes face aux innovations technologiques. Les tribunaux, les législateurs et les parties privées sont autant d’acteurs qui interviennent à différents moments et sur différents aspects du processus d’évolution du droit. Enfin, on s’attendait à ce que le droit de l’Internet conduise à la mondialisation des normes, à l’autorégulation des acteurs et à une architecture structurelle normative ouverte. L’auteur constate que la mondialisation des normes ne semble pas s’être réalisée. L’autorégulation, dans le domaine de l’Internet, fait référence aux normes de comportement établies par des acteurs privés et mixtes. Enfin, le concept d’architecture structurelle normative réfère au fait que les créateurs d’un système technologique imposent involontairement certaines règles aux utilisateurs, en dépit de l’affirmation qu’un tel système technologique est normativement neutre. L’auteur soutient que ces attentes, bien qu’elles soient toujours présentes au sein de l’activité normative, n’ont plus la même signification qu’au moment de leur formulation originale. Les concepts traditionnels de période normative, de juridiction, d’acteurs et de procédure ont aussi évolué parallèlement au développement du ""droit de l’Internet"", autant dans le cadre de l’environnement normatif de l’Union Européenne que dans celui du droit international en général. L’évolution de ces concepts modifie le processus de création du droit, ainsi que le rôle et les fonctions des intervenants impliqués dans ce processus.L’auteur conclut en soulignant que le concept même de droit a évolué en perdant ses représentations symboliques traditionnelles grâce au développement de l’accès généralisé à l’information, à l’évolution des technologies de l’information et à leur impact culturel."

« Les misérables »

Compte rendu critique de l'épopée musicale « Les misérables » d'Alain Boublil et de Claude-Michel Schônberg,inspirée de l'œuvre de Victor Hugo (mise en scène et adaptation : John Caird; parolier : Herbert Kretzmer; musique : Claude-Michel Schônberg; paroles : Alain Boublil (français) et Herbert Kretzmer (anglais); décors : John Napier; éclairages : David Hersey; costumes: Andreanne Neofitou. Avec Robert Marien (Jean Valjean), Peter Zinko (Inspecteut Javert), Louise Pitre (Fantine), François Godin (Enjolras), Frayne McCarthy (Marius), Martine Fugète (Cosette), Stéphanie Martin (Éponine), André Thérien (Thénardier), Mireille Thibault (Madame Thénardier), Gabriel Kakon et Andrew BauerGador (Gavroche), Clotilde Aras, Lily Russell et Adrienne Nye (Cosette enfant); et Dominique Blier, Marie-Claude Bourque-Hadad, Isabelle Corradi, Lisa Forget, Michelle Labonté, Sophie Lapierre, Julie Lafontaine, Linda Mailho, Eve Montpetit, Jasmine Roy, Paul Allard, Alexandre Beaulieu, Pierre Bénard, Norman-Robert Boie, Normand Carrière, Jean-Luke Côté, Sébastien Dhavernas, Daniel Jean, Pierre Ladouceur, Daniel Laflèche, Sylvain Landry, Joël Legendre, Mario Simard et Francis Sommer (la Troupe). Production de Cameron Mackintosh et d'Edwin et David Mirvish, présenrée au Théâtre Saint-Denis du 17 janvier au 23 juin 1991.

Organometallic Hydroxides of Transition Elements

Northern Illinois University DeKalb,Institut fu¨r Anorganische Chemie & Southern Methodist University

Momentum distribution in nuclear matter and finite nuclei

A simple method is presented to evaluate the effects of short-range correlations on the momentum distribution of nucleons in nuclear matter within the framework of the Greens function approach. The method provides a very efficient representation of the single-particle Greens function for a correlated system. The reliability of this method is established by comparing its results to those obtained in more elaborate calculations. The sensitivity of the momentum distribution on the nucleon-nucleon interaction and the nuclear density is studied. The momentum distributions of nucleons in finite nuclei are derived from those in nuclear matter using a local-density approximation. These results are compared to those obtained directly for light nuclei like 16O.

High-momentum proton removal from 16 O and the (e,e'p) cross section

The cross section for the removal of high-momentum protons from 16O is calculated for high missing energies. The admixture of high-momentum nucleons in the 16O ground state is obtained by calculating the single-hole spectral function directly in the finite nucleus with the inclusion of short-range and tensor correlations induced by a realistic meson-exchange interaction. The presence of high-momentum nucleons in the transition to final states in 15N at 60¿100 MeV missing energy is converted to the coincidence cross section for the (e,e¿p) reaction by including the coupling to the electromagnetic probe and the final state interactions of the outgoing proton in the same way as in the standard analysis of the experimental data. Detectable cross sections for the removal of a single proton at these high missing energies are obtained which are considerably larger at higher missing momentum than the corresponding cross sections for the p-wave quasihole transitions. Cross sections for these quasihole transitions are compared with the most recent experimental data available.

Correlations derived from modern nucleon-nucleon potentials

Various modern nucleon-nucleon (NN) potentials yield a very accurate fit to the nucleon-nucleon scattering phase shifts. The differences between these interactions in describing properties of nuclear matter are investigated. Various contributions to the total energy are evaluated employing the Hellmann-Feynman theorem. Special attention is paid to the two-nucleon correlation functions derived from these interactions. Differences in the predictions of the various interactions can be traced back to the inclusion of nonlocal terms.

Delta(1232) isobar excitations in nuclear many-body systems from varios NN interactions.

Delta isobar components in the nuclear many-body wave function are investigated for the deuteron, light nuclei (16O), and infinite nuclear matter within the framework of the coupled-cluster theory. The predictions derived for various realistic models of the baryon-baryon interaction are compared to each other. These include local (V28) and nonlocal meson exchange potentials (Bonn2000) but also a model recently derived by the Salamanca group accounting for quark degrees of freedom. The characteristic differences which are obtained for the NDelta and Delta Delta correlation functions are related to the approximation made in deriving the matrix elements for the baryon-baryon interaction.

Delta(1232) isobar excitations and the ground state of nuclei

The influence of Delta isobar components on the ground-state properties of nuclear systems is investigated for nuclear matter as well as finite nuclei. Many-body wave functions, including isobar configurations and binding energies, are evaluated employing the framework of the coupled-cluster theory. It is demonstrated that the effect of isobar configurations depends in a rather sensitive way on the model used for the baryon-baryon interaction. As examples for realistic baryon-baryon interactions with explicit inclusion of isobar channels we use the local (V28) and nonlocal meson-exchange potentials (Bonn2000) but also a model recently developed by the Salamanca group, which is based on a quark picture. The differences obtained for the nuclear observables are related to the treatment of the interaction, the pi-exchange contributions in particular, at high momentum transfers.

Sum rules and short-range correlations in nuclear matter at finite temperature

The nucleon spectral function in nuclear matter fulfills an energy weighted sum rule. Comparing two different realistic potentials, these sum rules are studied for Greens functions that are derived self-consistently within the T matrix approximation at finite temperature.

Correlations in hot asymmetric nuclear matter

Bulk and single-particle properties of hot hyperonic matter are studied within the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approximation extended to finite temperature. The bare interaction in the nucleon sector is the Argonne V18 potential supplemented with an effective three-body force to reproduce the saturating properties of nuclear matter. The modern Nijmegen NSC97e potential is employed for the hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon interactions. The effect of temperature on the in-medium effective interaction is found to be, in general, very small and the single-particle potentials differ by at most 25% for temperatures in the range from 0 to 60 MeV. The bulk properties of infinite matter of baryons, either nuclear isospin symmetric or a Beta-stable composition that includes a nonzero fraction of hyperons, are obtained. It is found that the presence of hyperons can modify the thermodynamical properties of the system in a non-negligible way.