A comparative study of the electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide using Vulcan and Printex carbon supports

A comparative study of two different conductive carbon-black pigments, Vulcan XC-72 R and Printex L6, for the electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) by reducing dissolved oxygen in an alkaline solution was performed. The materials were physically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD shows the presence of SO(2) and ATR-FTIR technique indicates a difference in NO and SO(2) functional groups between the two carbon pigments. XPS indicated presence of SO and NO and more oxygenated acid species on Printex L6. A rotating ring-disk electrode was used for electrochemical analysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The results showed that the Printex L6 was better than Vulcan XC-72 R for H(2)O(2) production. Results also indicate that the number of electrons transferred in the ORR for Printex L6 and Vulcan XC-72 R were 2.2 and 2.9, respectively, while the percentages of H(2)O(2) formed were 88% and 51%. Scanning electrochemistry microscopy images confirmed the higher amount of H(2)O(2) formed in the Printex L6 pigment. Printex L6 was shown to be a more promising for H(2)O(2) production than Vulcan XC-72 R, while the latter was shown to have more potential for fuel cells. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Carbon supported electrocatalysts prepared by the sol-gel method and their utilization for the oxidation of methanol in acid media

One of the key objectives in fuel-cell technology is to improve the performance of the anode catalyst for the alcohol oxidation and reduce Pt loading. Here, we show the use of six different electrocatalysts synthesized by the sol -gel method on carbon powder to promote the oxidation of methanol in acid media. The catalysts Pt-PbO(x) and Pt-(RuO(2)-PbO(x)) with 10% of catalyst load exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity toward the methanol oxidation reaction as compared to Pt-(RuO(2))/C and Pt/C electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed that the electrocatalysts Pt-PbO(x)/C and Pt-(RuO(2)-PbO(x))/C started the oxidation process at extremely low potentials and that they represent a good novelty to oxidize methanol. Furthermore, quasi-stationary polarization experiments and cronoamperometry studies showed the good performance of the Pt-PbO(x), Pt-(RuO(2)-PbO(x))/C and Pt-(RuO(2)-IrO(2))/C catalysts during the oxidation process. Thus, the addition of metallic Pt and PbO(x) onto high-area carbon powder, by the sol -gel route, constitutes an interesting way to prepare anodes with high catalytic activity for further applications in direct methanol fuel cell systems.

A surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopic (SEIRAS) study of the oscillatory electro-oxidation of methanol on platinum

The oscillatory electro-oxidation of methanol was studied by means of in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection (ATR) configuration using a platinum film on a Si prism as working electrode. The surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) effect considerably improves the spectroscopic resolution, allowing at following the coverage of some adsorbing species during the galvanostatic oscillations. Carbon monoxide was the main adsorbed specie observed in the induction period and within the oscillatory regime. The system was investigated at two distinct time-scales and its dynamics characterized accordingly. During the induction period the main transformation observed as the system move through the phase space towards the oscillatory region was the decrease of the coverage of adsorbed carbon, coupled to the increase of the electrode potential. Similar transition characterizes the evolution within the oscillatory region, but at a considerably slower rate. Experiments with higher time resolution revealed that the electrode potential oscillates in-phase with the frequency of the linearly adsorbed CO vibration and that the amount of adsorbed CO oscillates with small amplitude. Adsorbed formate was found to play, if any, a very small role. Results are discussed and compared with other systems. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nanogravimetric study of the complex voltammetric response in the electro-oxidation of methanol on platinum

Instead of a time-invariant voltammetric profile, many electrochemical systems display a cycle-dependent current-potential response. This phenomenon has been referred to as complex voltammetric response and it has been observed during the electro-oxidation of several molecules such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and hydrogen. There are currently two explanations for the surface mechanism underlying this behavior. In one scenario, the complex voltammogram would result from the specific kinetic pathway taken during the forward sweep. In the other explanation, the phenomenon is discussed in terms of the interplay among the surface roughening and subsequent relaxation, and the ohmic drop coupled to a negative differential resistance. We report in this paper a nanogravimetric investigation of the complex voltammetric response in the electro-oxidation of methanol on platinum electrode in both acidic and alkaline media. Different periodic patterns composed of intercalated small and large hysteresis cycles were observed as a function of the applied voltage and the series resistance between the working electrode and the potentiostat. Independently, nanogravimetric results indicated no detectable difference in the delta-frequency versus voltage profile between small and large hysteresis cycles. These findings were interpreted as experimental evidence of the secondary, if any, role played by the very electrochemical reaction on the emergence of complex voltammetric response. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Photochemical degradation of 2,4-D and atrazine in well-defined media

Atrazine and 2,4-D are common herbicides used for crop, lawn, and rangeland management. Photochemical degradation has been proposed as one safe and efficient remediation strategy for both 2,4-D and Atrazine. In the presence of iron(llI) and hydrogen peroxide these herbicides decay by both thermal and light induced oxidation. Past studies have focused primarily on sun light as an energy source. This work provides a mechanistic description of herbicide degradation incorporating intermediate degradation products produced in the dark and under well-defined light conditions.

Metodologia de análise de dioxinas em cinzas obtidas da incineração de couro Wet-Blue

O presente trabalho trata da validação de uma metodologia de análise para a determinação de dibenzo-p-dioxinas policloradas (PCDDs) em cinzas obtidas através de um processo de incineração de aparas de couro wet-blue. As dioxinas, compostos de extrema toxicidade, podem ser formadas na superfície das partículas de cinzas em reações de combustão. O mecanismo de formação de PCDDs requer uma atmosfera rica em oxigênio, uma fonte de cloro e a presença na cinza de um metal capaz de catalizar uma reação Deacon. O couro wet-blue apresenta em sua composição os precursores para a formação de dioxinas tais como o cloro e o metal catalisador sódio, cuja presença destes elementos foi comprovada por análises de superfície realizadas no couro e nas cinzas usando as técnicas de Rutherford Back-scattering Spectrometry (RBS) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Desta forma, torna-se necessária a análise de dioxinas em cinzas de couro para especificar seu tratamento e destino final. As cinzas de couro foram obtidas numa unidade de bancada de incineração com reator de leito fixo, processo conhecido como GCC (Gaseificação e Combustão Combinadas). A metodologia utilizada para analisar dioxinas nas cinzas de couro foi baseada no Método 8280B da Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos da América (EPA-USA). Este método descreve os procedimentos de extração de matrizes específicas, o clean-up para os analitos específicos e a determinação de dioxinas através das técnicas de cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução e espectrometria de massa de baixa resolução. O sucesso da análise depende da preparação dos extratos das amostras, etapa conhecida como clean-up, a qual é descrita minuciosamente neste trabalho, incluindo a montagem das colunas cromatográficas. A eficiência de extração das dioxinas foi obtida com os resultados comparativos das análises entre matrizes contaminadas com solução padrão de dioxinas e o padrão analítico. A validação deste método para análise de dioxinas policloradas em cinzas de couro wet-blue foi considerada satisfatória para os objetivos do trabalho, uma vez que a eficiência de extração de dioxinas obtida ficou dentro dos critérios estabelecidos pelo método.

Determinação das espécies de cromo nas cinzas da incineração de couro wet-blue em reatores de leito fixo e leito fluidizado

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a determinação quantitativa da concentração de cromo (III, VI e total) nas cinzas de serragem de couro wet-blue, incineradas em reatores de leito fixo nas temperaturas de 450, 550 e 650 C e reator de leito fluidizado nas temperaturas de 730, 780, 830 e 850 C, verificando se estes resultados estão dentro dos limites permitidos pelas normas ambientais brasileiras e, consequentemente, se em relação à concentração de cromo, os processos de incineração utilizados são uma maneira adequada de promover a eliminação ambientalmente aceitável da serragem de couro wet-blue. Realizou-se, neste trabalho, o estudo dos procedimentos para digestão da amostra, dos métodos analíticos quantitativos para a determinação da concentração de cromo que constatou-se depender da valência a ser analisada. As determinações de cromo total e cromo hexavalente contido nas cinzas foram realizadas após digestão ácida e digestão alcalina da amostra, respectivamente. Após o processo de digestão o cromo total (na forma de Cr (VI)) e o cromo hexavalente foram determinados por dois métodos espectrofotométricos na forma de Cr (VI) em meio ácido com difenilcarbazida (DPC) e após redução na forma de Cr (III), complexado com EDTA. O cromo total também foi determinado por volumetria empregando o método titulométrico. Este método não foi empregado na determinação de cromo hexavalente devido aos baixos teores deste nas cinzas. O teor de Cr (III) foi obtido pela diferença entre o cromo total e cromo hexavalente Procedendo-se a análise estatística dos resultados de cromo hexavalente e total nas cinzas pelos diferentes técnicas analíticas, independente do tipo de incinerador, verificou-se que não há diferenças significativas entre os mesmos. Podendo, portanto, utilizar quaisquer uma das técnicas para avaliá-los. Comparando-se os resultados das análises obtidos na incineração da serragem de couro wet-blue em reator de leito fixo e reator de leito fluidizado em diferentes temperaturas, verificou-se que no reator de leito fixo o teor de Cr (VI) nas cinzas geradas foi muito baixa, praticamente inexistente; enquanto que no reator de leito fluidizado se a temperatura de combustão não for muito alta o teor de Cr (VI) ficará dentro dos limites aceitáveis. As cinzas provenientes de qualquer um dos processos de incineração analisadas, neste trabalho, tanto do reator de leito fixo como de leito fluidizado não é conveniente que seja descartada diretamente no solo. As mesmas devem ser aproveitadas na indústria de cerâmicos, ou mesmo em algum processo que visa recuperar o cromo.

Nanocatalysts for sustainable industrial processses

In Chapter 1, rhodium nanoparticles were supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and bound to the magnetic core-shell system Fe3O4@TiO2. The composite Fe3O4@TiO2-Rh-MWCNT and the intermediates were characterized by SEM, EDS and TEM. Their catalytic activity was studied using i) the hydrogenation transfer of nitroarenes and cyclohexene in the presence of hydrazine hydrate; ii) the reduction of 2-nitrophenol with NaBH4; and iii) the decoloration of pigments in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The results were monitored by gas chromatography (i) and UV Visible (ii and iii). In the second chapter, the catalytic activity of six oxidovanadium(V) aroylhydrazone complexes, viz. [VOL1(OEt)][VOL1(OEt)(EtOH)] (1), [VOL2(OEt)] (2), [Et3NH][VO2L1] (3), [VO2(H2L2)]2·EtOH (4), [VOL1(µ -O)VOL1] (5) and [VOL2(µ -O)VOL2] (6) (H2L1 = 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2hydroxybenzohydrazide and H2L2 = 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2 aminobenzohydrazide), anchored on nanodiamonds with different treatments, was studied towards the microwave-assisted partial oxidation of 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant. A high selectivity for acetophenone was achieved for the optimized conditions. The possibility of recycling and reuse the heterogeneous catalysts was also investigated. In chapter 3, the catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles supported at different metal oxides, such as Fe2O3, Al2O3 ZnO or TiO2, was studied for the above reaction. The effect of the support, quantity of the catalyst and temperature was investigated. The recyclability of the gold catalysts was also studied. In the last chapter, a new copper nanocomposite with functionalized mutiwalled carbon nanotubes (Cu-MWCNT) was synthesized using a microwave assisted polyol method. The characterization was performed using XRD and SEM. The catalytic activity of Cu-MWCNT was studied through the degradation of pigments, such as amaranth, brilliant blue, indigo, tartrazine and methylene blue.

On the temperature stability of extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus, at different oxidation states: SAXS and DLS studies

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Peroxiredoxin Q beta from Xylella fastidiosa CATALYTIC MECHANISM and HIGH REACTIVITY

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The co-catalytic effect of chlorpromazine on peroxidase-mediated oxidation of melatonin: enhanced production of N-1-acetyl-N (2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine

Accumulating evidence points to relationships between increased production of reactive oxygen or decreased antioxidant protection in schizophrenic patients. Chlorpromazine (CPZ), which remains a benchmark treatment for people with schizophrenia, has been described as a pro-oxidant compound. Because the antioxidant compound melatonin exerts protective effects against CPZ-induced liver disease in rats, in this investigation, our main objective was to study the effect of CPZ as a co-catalyst of peroxidase-mediated oxidation of melatonin. We found that melatonin was an excellent reductor agent of preformed CPZ cation radical (CPZ(center dot+)). The addition of CPZ during the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed oxidation of melatonin provoked a significant increase in the rate of oxidation and production of N-1-acetyl-N-2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK). Similar results were obtained using myeloperoxidase. The effect of CPZ on melatonin oxidation was rather higher at alkaline pH. At pH 9.0, the efficiency of oxidation of melatonin was 15 times higher and the production of AFMK was 30 times higher as compared with the assays in the absence of CPZ. We suggest that CPZ is able to exacerbate the rate of oxidation of melatonin by an electron transfer mechanism where CPZ(center dot+), generated during the peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation, is able to efficiently oxidize melatonin.

Ascorbate electro-oxidation by modified electrodes: Polypyrrole and polypyrrole/Ni(OH)(2) composite thin films

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)