Doppler vortography : detection and quantification of the vortices in the left ventricle

Nous proposons une nouvelle méthode pour quantifier la vorticité intracardiaque (vortographie Doppler), basée sur l’imagerie Doppler conventionnelle. Afin de caractériser les vortex, nous utilisons un indice dénommé « Blood Vortex Signature (BVS) » (Signature Tourbillonnaire Sanguine) obtenu par l’application d’un filtre par noyau basé sur la covariance. La validation de l’indice BVS mesuré par vortographie Doppler a été réalisée à partir de champs Doppler issus de simulations et d’expériences in vitro. Des résultats préliminaires obtenus chez des sujets sains et des patients atteints de complications cardiaques sont également présentés dans ce mémoire. Des corrélations significatives ont été observées entre la vorticité estimée par vortographie Doppler et la méthode de référence (in silico: r2 = 0.98, in vitro: r2 = 0.86). Nos résultats suggèrent que la vortographie Doppler est une technique d’échographie cardiaque prometteuse pour quantifier les vortex intracardiaques. Cet outil d’évaluation pourrait être aisément appliqué en routine clinique pour détecter la présence d’une insuffisance ventriculaire et évaluer la fonction diastolique par échocardiographie Doppler.

Présentation personnalisée des informations environnementales

Nous présentons dans cette thèse notre travail dans le domaine de la visualisation. Nous nous sommes intéressés au problème de la génération des bulletins météorologiques. Étant donné une masse énorme d’information générée par Environnement Canada et un utilisateur, il faut lui générer une visualisation personnalisée qui répond à ses besoins et à ses préférences. Nous avons développé MeteoVis, un générateur de bulletin météorologique. Comme nous avons peu d’information sur le profil de l’utilisateur, nous nous sommes basés sur les utilisateurs similaires pour lui calculer ses besoins et ses préférences. Nous utilisons l'apprentissage non supervisé pour regrouper les utilisateurs similaires. Nous calculons le taux de similarité des profils utilisateurs dans le même cluster pour pondérer les besoins et les préférences. Nous avons mené, avec l’aide d'utilisateurs n’ayant aucun rapport avec le projet, des expériences d'évaluation et de comparaison de notre outil par rapport à celui utilisé actuellement par Environnement Canada. Les résultats de cette évaluation montrent que les visualisation générées par MeteoVis sont de loin meilleures que les bulletins actuels préparés par EC.

Étude du champ magnétique interne de deux matériaux magnétiques et d'un supraconducteur sans symétrie d'inversion.

Cette thèse est divisée en trois parties. Une première section présente les résultats de l'étude de la formation de polarons magnétiques liés (BMP) dans le ferroaimant EuB6 par diffusion de neutrons à petits angles (SANS). La nature magnétique du système ferromagnétique est observée sous une température critique de 15K. La signature des BMP n'apparaît pas dans la diffusion de neutrons, mais ces mesures permettent de confirmer une limite inférieure de 100\AA à la longueur de cohérence des BMP (xi_{Lower}). Dans un second temps, l'étude du LaRhSi3, un supraconducteur sans symétrie d'inversion, par muSR et ZF-muSR nous permet de sonder le comportement magnétique du système dans la phase supraconductrice. Aucun champ magnétique interne n'a été détecté en ZF-muSR sous la température critique (T_c = 2.2K). Cela indique que la phase supraconductrice ne porte pas de moment cinétique intrinsèque. L'analyse du spectre d'asymétrie sous l'application d'un champ magnétique externe nous apprend que le système est faiblement type II par l'apparition de la signature de domaines magnétiques typique d'un réseau de vortex entre H_{c1}(0) et H_{c2}(0), respectivement de 80+/- 5 et 169.0 +/- 0.5 G. Finalement, la troisième section porte sur l'étude du champ magnétique interne dans l'antiferroaimant organique NIT-2Py. L'observation d'une dépendance en température des champs magnétiques internes aux sites d'implantation muonique par ZF-muSR confirme la présence d'une interaction à longue portée entre les moments cinétiques moléculaires. Ces valeurs de champs internes, comparées aux calculs basés sur la densité de spins obtenue par calculs de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité, indiquent que la moitié des molécules se dimérisent et ne contribuent pas à l'ordre antiferromagnétique. La fraction des molécules contribuant à l'ordre antiferromagnétique sous la température critique (T_c = 1.33 +/- 0.01K) forme des chaines uniformément polarisées selon l'axe (1 0 -2). Ces chaines interagissent antiferromagnétiquement entre elles le long de l'axe (0 1 0) et ferromagnétiquement entre les plan [-1 0 2].

Development and plasticity of locomotor circuits in the zebrafish spinal cord

A fundamental goal in neurobiology is to understand the development and organization of neural circuits that drive behavior. In the embryonic spinal cord, the first motor activity is a slow coiling of the trunk that is sensory-independent and therefore appears to be centrally driven. Embryos later become responsive to sensory stimuli and eventually locomote, behaviors that are shaped by the integration of central patterns and sensory feedback. In this thesis I used a simple vertebrate model, the zebrafish, to investigate in three manners how developing spinal networks control these earliest locomotor behaviors. For the first part of this thesis, I characterized the rapid transition of the spinal cord from a purely electrical circuit to a hybrid network that relies on both chemical and electrical synapses. Using genetics, lesions and pharmacology we identified a transient embryonic behavior preceding swimming, termed double coiling. I used electrophysiology to reveal that spinal motoneurons had glutamate-dependent activity patterns that correlated with double coiling as did a population of descending ipsilateral glutamatergic interneurons that also innervated motoneurons at this time. This work (Knogler et al., Journal of Neuroscience, 2014) suggests that double coiling is a discrete step in the transition of the motor network from an electrically coupled circuit that can only produce simple coils to a spinal network driven by descending chemical neurotransmission that can generate more complex behaviors. In the second part of my thesis, I studied how spinal networks filter sensory information during self-generated movement. In the zebrafish embryo, mechanosensitive sensory neurons fire in response to light touch and excite downstream commissural glutamatergic interneurons to produce a flexion response, but spontaneous coiling does not trigger this reflex. I performed electrophysiological recordings to show that these interneurons received glycinergic inputs during spontaneous fictive coiling that prevented them from firing action potentials. Glycinergic inhibition specifically of these interneurons and not other spinal neurons was due to the expression of a unique glycine receptor subtype that enhanced the inhibitory current. This work (Knogler & Drapeau, Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 2014) suggests that glycinergic signaling onto sensory interneurons acts as a corollary discharge signal for reflex inhibition during movement. v In the final part of my thesis I describe work begun during my masters and completed during my doctoral degree studying how homeostatic plasticity is expressed in vivo at central synapses following chronic changes in network activity. I performed whole-cell recordings from spinal motoneurons to show that excitatory synaptic strength scaled up in response to decreased network activity, in accordance with previous in vitro studies. At the network level, I showed that homeostatic plasticity mechanisms were not necessary to maintain the timing of spinal circuits driving behavior, which appeared to be hardwired in the developing zebrafish. This study (Knogler et al., Journal of Neuroscience, 2010) provided for the first time important in vivo results showing that synaptic patterning is less plastic than synaptic strength during development in the intact animal. In conclusion, the findings presented in this thesis contribute widely to our understanding of the neural circuits underlying simple motor behaviors in the vertebrate spinal cord.

Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents lipid peroxidation in cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis.

INTRODUCTION: Emerging evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO), which is increased in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, plays a role in 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) generation through peroxynitrite formation. HNE is considered as the most reactive product of lipid peroxidation (LPO). We have previously reported that HNE levels in synovial fluids are more elevated in knees of OA patients compared to healthy individuals. We also demonstrated that HNE induces a panoply of inflammatory and catabolic mediators known for their implication in OA cartilage degradation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, L-NIL (L-N6-(L-Iminoethyl)Lysine), to prevent HNE generation through NO inhibition in human OA chondrocytes. METHOD: Cells and cartilage explants were treated with or without either an NO generator (SIN or interleukin 1beta (IL-1β)) or HNE in absence or presence of L-NIL. Protein expression of both iNOS and free-radical-generating NOX subunit p47 (phox) were investigated by western blot. iNOS mRNA detection was measured by real-time RT-PCR. HNE production was analysed by ELISA, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. S-nitrosylated proteins were evaluated by Western Blot. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) levels as well as glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were each assessed with commercial kits. NO release was determined using improved Griess method. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was revealed using fluorescent microscopy with the use of commercial kits. RESULTS: L-NIL prevented IL-1β-induced NO release, iNOS expression at protein and mRNA levels, S-nitrosylated proteins and HNE in a dose dependent manner after 24h of incubation. Interestingly, we revealed that L-NIL abolished IL-1β-induced NOX component p47phox as well as ROS release. The HNE-induced PGE2 release and both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and MMP-13 expression were significantly reduced by L-NIL addition. Furthermore, L-NIL blocked the IL-1β induced inactivation of GST, an HNE-metabolizing enzyme. Also, L-NIL prevented HNE induced cell death at cytotoxic levels. CONCLUSION: Altogether, our findings support a beneficial effect of L-NIL in OA by preventing LPO process in NO-dependent and/or independent mechanisms.

Design and Development of an Adaptable Frame -Based System for Dravidian Language Processing

This work is aimed at building an adaptable frame-based system for processing Dravidian languages. There are about 17 languages in this family and they are spoken by the people of South India.Karaka relations are one of the most important features of Indian languages. They are the semabtuco-syntactic relations between verbs and other related constituents in a sentence. The karaka relations and surface case endings are analyzed for meaning extraction. This approach is comparable with the borad class of case based grammars.The efficiency of this approach is put into test in two applications. One is machine translation and the other is a natural language interface (NLI) for information retrieval from databases. The system mainly consists of a morphological analyzer, local word grouper, a parser for the source language and a sentence generator for the target language. This work make contributios like, it gives an elegant account of the relation between vibhakthi and karaka roles in Dravidian languages. This mapping is elegant and compact. The same basic thing also explains simple and complex sentence in these languages. This suggests that the solution is not just ad hoc but has a deeper underlying unity. This methodology could be extended to other free word order languages. Since the frame designed for meaning representation is general, they are adaptable to other languages coming in this group and to other applications.

A Cryptosystem Using the Concepts of Algebraic Geometric Code

Cryptosystem using linear codes was developed in 1978 by Mc-Eliece. Later in 1985 Niederreiter and others developed a modified version of cryptosystem using concepts of linear codes. But these systems were not used frequently because of its larger key size. In this study we were designing a cryptosystem using the concepts of algebraic geometric codes with smaller key size. Error detection and correction can be done efficiently by simple decoding methods using the cryptosystem developed. Approach: Algebraic geometric codes are codes, generated using curves. The cryptosystem use basic concepts of elliptic curves cryptography and generator matrix. Decrypted information takes the form of a repetition code. Due to this complexity of decoding procedure is reduced. Error detection and correction can be carried out efficiently by solving a simple system of linear equations, there by imposing the concepts of security along with error detection and correction. Results: Implementation of the algorithm is done on MATLAB and comparative analysis is also done on various parameters of the system. Attacks are common to all cryptosystems. But by securely choosing curve, field and representation of elements in field, we can overcome the attacks and a stable system can be generated. Conclusion: The algorithm defined here protects the information from an intruder and also from the error in communication channel by efficient error correction methods.

Topological Invariants in Hydrodynamics and Hydromagnetics

In this thesis we are studying possible invariants in hydrodynamics and hydromagnetics. The concept of flux preservation and line preservation of vector fields, especially vorticity vector fields, have been studied from the very beginning of the study of fluid mechanics by Helmholtz and others. In ideal magnetohydrodynamic flows the magnetic fields satisfy the same conservation laws as that of vorticity field in ideal hydrodynamic flows. Apart from these there are many other fields also in ideal hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic flows which preserves flux across a surface or whose vector lines are preserved. A general study using this analogy had not been made for a long time. Moreover there are other physical quantities which are also invariant under the flow, such as Ertel invariant. Using the calculus of differential forms Tur and Yanovsky classified the possible invariants in hydrodynamics. This mathematical abstraction of physical quantities to topological objects is needed for an elegant and complete analysis of invariants.Many authors used a four dimensional space-time manifold for analysing fluid flows. We have also used such a space-time manifold in obtaining invariants in the usual three dimensional flows.In chapter one we have discussed the invariants related to vorticity field using vorticity field two form w2 in E4. Corresponding to the invariance of four form w2 ^ w2 we have got the invariance of the quantity E. w. We have shown that in an isentropic flow this quantity is an invariant over an arbitrary volume.In chapter three we have extended this method to any divergence-free frozen-in field. In a four dimensional space-time manifold we have defined a closed differential two form and its potential one from corresponding to such a frozen-in field. Using this potential one form w1 , it is possible to define the forms dw1 , w1 ^ dw1 and dw1 ^ dw1 . Corresponding to the invariance of the four form we have got an additional invariant in the usual hydrodynamic flows, which can not be obtained by considering three dimensional space.In chapter four we have classified the possible integral invariants associated with the physical quantities which can be expressed using one form or two form in a three dimensional flow. After deriving some general results which hold for an arbitrary dimensional manifold we have illustrated them in the context of flows in three dimensional Euclidean space JR3. If the Lie derivative of a differential p-form w is not vanishing,then the surface integral of w over all p-surfaces need not be constant of flow. Even then there exist some special p-surfaces over which the integral is a constant of motion, if the Lie derivative of w satisfies certain conditions. Such surfaces can be utilised for investigating the qualitative properties of a flow in the absence of invariance over all p-surfaces. We have also discussed the conditions for line preservation and surface preservation of vector fields. We see that the surface preservation need not imply the line preservation. We have given some examples which illustrate the above results. The study given in this thesis is a continuation of that started by Vedan et.el. As mentioned earlier, they have used a four dimensional space-time manifold to obtain invariants of flow from variational formulation and application of Noether's theorem. This was from the point of view of hydrodynamic stability studies using Arnold's method. The use of a four dimensional manifold has great significance in the study of knots and links. In the context of hydrodynamics, helicity is a measure of knottedness of vortex lines. We are interested in the use of differential forms in E4 in the study of vortex knots and links. The knowledge of surface invariants given in chapter 4 may also be utilised for the analysis of vortex and magnetic reconnections.

Legal Control of Fishing Industry in Kerala

This work is a study on ‘Legal Control of Fishing Industry in Kerala.Fishery and Fishery-related legislations are sought to be examined in the light of scientific opinion and judicial decisionsThis work is divided into five Part.The thrust of time Study is on the success of legislative measures in attempting to achieve socio-economic justice for the fishermen community.Fishing is more an avocation than an industry. It is basically the avocation of the artisanal or traditional fishermen who depend on it for their livelihood. As an ‘industry’, it is a generator of employment, income and wealth.The modern tendency in national legislations is to integrate legal proivisions relating to EEZ fisheries into the general fisheries legislation.Chartered fishing was introduced by the Central Government during 1977-78 to establish the abundance and distribution of fishery resources in Indian EEZ, for transfer of technology and for related purposes.Going by the provisions of Articles 61 and 62 of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, foreign fishing need be permitted in our EEZ area only if there is any surplus left after meeting our national requirements.Conservation of the renewable fishery resources should start with identification of the species, their habitats, feeding and breeding patterns, their classification and characteristics. Fishing patterns and their impact on different species and areas require to be examined and investigated.the Central Government, that the Kerala Marine Fishing Regulation Act, 1980 was passed.our traditional fishermen that our Governments in power in Kerala resorted to the appointment of Commissions after Commissions to enquire into the problems of resource management and conservation of the resources. The implementation of the recommendations of these Commissions is the need of the times.General infrastructure has increased to a certain extent in the fishery villages; but it is more the result of the development efforts of the State rather than due to increase in earnings from fishing. Fisherwomen ar e still unable to enjoy the status and role expected of them in the society and the family.Around 120 million people around the tuorld are economically dependent on fisheries. In developing countries like India, small-scale fishers are also the primary suppliers of fish, particularly for local consumption. A most important role of the fisheries sector is as a source of domestically produced food. Fish, as a food item, is a nutrient and it has great medicinal value.Consumers in our country face a dramatic rise in fish prices as our ‘fishing industry’ is linked with lucrative markets in industrial countries. Autonomy of States should be attempted to be maintained to the extent possible with the help and co-operation of the Centre. Regional co-operation of the coastal states interse and with the Centre should be attempted to be achieved under the leadership of the Centre in matters of regional concern. At time national level, a ifisheries management policy and plan should be framed in conformity with the national economic policies and plans as also keeping pace with the local and regional needs and priorities. Any such policy, plan and legislation should strive to achieve sustainability of the resources as well as support to the subsistence sector.

Analysis discrete function theory

There is a recent trend to describe physical phenomena without the use of infinitesimals or infinites. This has been accomplished replacing differential calculus by the finite difference theory. Discrete function theory was first introduced in l94l. This theory is concerned with a study of functions defined on a discrete set of points in the complex plane. The theory was extensively developed for functions defined on a Gaussian lattice. In 1972 a very suitable lattice H: {Ci qmxO,I qnyo), X0) 0, X3) 0, O < q < l, m, n 5 Z} was found and discrete analytic function theory was developed. Very recently some work has been done in discrete monodiffric function theory for functions defined on H. The theory of pseudoanalytic functions is a generalisation of the theory of analytic functions. When the generator becomes the identity, ie., (l, i) the theory of pseudoanalytic functions reduces to the theory of analytic functions. Theugh the theory of pseudoanalytic functions plays an important role in analysis, no discrete theory is available in literature. This thesis is an attempt in that direction. A discrete pseudoanalytic theory is derived for functions defined on H.

Threading dislocation lines in two-sided flux-array decorations

Two-sided flux decoration experiments indicate that threading dislocation lines (TDLs), which cross the entire film, are sometimes trapped in metastable states. We calculate the elastic energy associated with the meanderings of a TDL. The TDL behaves as an anisotropic and dispersive string with thermal fluctuations largely along its Burgers vector. These fluctuations also modify the structure factor of the vortex solid. Both effects can, in principle, be used to estimate the elastic moduli of the material.

‘Sudden Stratospheric Warming and its Influence on the Tropical Atmosphere'

The stratospheric warming events are categorized into major and minor warming depending on the temperature increase in the polar stratosphere. The warming is called a ‘major’, when the polar temperature increases poleward from 60 degree latitude and followed by a reversal in the zonal wind at 10 hPa (~32 Km). Usually major warming events are associated with the displacement of polar vortex from high to mid latitudes or the splitting of vortices in to two. The warming is called a "Minor", when the polar temperature increases more than 25 degree in a period of a week or less, at any stratospheric level with less intensified easterly wind anomalies. The stratospheric warmings generated during the transition period of winter to spring are called final warmings. The warming events observed in the early winter period (November to early December) over Canadian region are called Canadian warmings. There is strong interaction between stratosphere and troposphere during SSW period over high and low latitudes regions. The thesis consists of 7 chapters

Meteorological aspects of an abnormal cooling event over Iran in April 2009

During the period from 12 to 15 April, 2009 nearly the entire Iran, apart from the southern border, experienced an advective cooling event. While winter freezing concerns are typical, the nature of this freezing event was unusual with respect to its date of occurrence and accompanying synoptic meteorological situation. To analyze the freezing event, the relevant meteorological data at multiple levels of the atmosphere were examined from the NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis dataset. The results showed that a polar vortex was responsible for the freezing event over the country extending southward extraordinarily in such a way that its ridge influenced most parts of Iran. This was recognized as an abnormal extension of a polar vortex in the recent years. The sea-level pressure fields indicated that a ridge of large-scale anticyclone centered over Black Sea extended southward and prevailed over most parts of Iran. This resulted in the formation of a severe cold air advection from high latitudes (Polar region) over Iran. During the study period, moisture pumping was observed from the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf. The winds at 1000 hPa level blew with a magnitude of 10 m s-1 toward south in the region of convergence (between -2 9 10-6 s-1 and -12 9 10-6 s-1). The vertical profilesof temperature and humidity also indicated that the ICE structural icing occurred at multiple levels of the atmosphere, i.e, from 800 hPa through 400 hPa levels. In addition to the carburetor (or induction), icing occurred between 900 and 700 hPa levels in the selected radiosonde stations during the study period. In addition, the HYSPLIT backward trajectory model outputs were in quite good agreement with the observed synoptic features

Studies on a syntax based approach for translation between structurally different languages and the development of a prototype for Malayalam to English translation

This thesis summarizes the results on the studies on a syntax based approach for translation between Malayalam, one of Dravidian languages and English and also on the development of the major modules in building a prototype machine translation system from Malayalam to English. The development of the system is a pioneering effort in Malayalam language unattempted by previous researchers. The computational models chosen for the system is first of its kind for Malayalam language. An in depth study has been carried out in the design of the computational models and data structures needed for different modules: morphological analyzer , a parser, a syntactic structure transfer module and target language sentence generator required for the prototype system. The generation of list of part of speech tags, chunk tags and the hierarchical dependencies among the chunks required for the translation process also has been done. In the development process, the major goals are: (a) accuracy of translation (b) speed and (c) space. Accuracy-wise, smart tools for handling transfer grammar and translation standards including equivalent words, expressions, phrases and styles in the target language are to be developed. The grammar should be optimized with a view to obtaining a single correct parse and hence a single translated output. Speed-wise, innovative use of corpus analysis, efficient parsing algorithm, design of efficient Data Structure and run-time frequency-based rearrangement of the grammar which substantially reduces the parsing and generation time are required. The space requirement also has to be minimised

A new fast stream cipher: MAJE4

A new fast stream cipher, MAJE4 is designed and developed with a variable key size of 128-bit or 256-bit. The randomness property of the stream cipher is analysed by using the statistical tests. The performance evaluation of the stream cipher is done in comparison with another fast stream cipher called JEROBOAM. The focus is to generate a long unpredictable key stream with better performance, which can be used for cryptographic applications.