Pré-hidrólise enzimática da gordura de efluente da indústria de pescado objetivando o aumento da produção de metano

A aplicação de preparados enzimáticos sólidos (PES) ricos em lipases foi avaliada no tratamento anaeróbio de efluente de indústria de conservas de pescado. O PES foi produzido pelo fungo Penicillium simplicissimum por fermentação em meio sólido (FMS) de resíduo industrial, sendo empregado na hidrólise de gorduras presentes no efluente a fim de viabilizar a utilização de metano como fonte de energia. O efluente contendo 1500 mg O&G.L-1 foi hidrolisado com 0,2, 0,5 e 1,0% (m/v) de PES a 30 °C por até 18 horas. O efeito do pré-tratamento enzimático dos O&G não foi significativo com relação à remoção de DQO, pois, independente das condições adotadas, obtiveram-se valores de 91 a 95%. Por outro lado, a produção específica de metano apresentou valores que variaram com a adição do PES e o tempo de hidrólise. Em experimentos controle (sem adição de PES), a produção específica de metano aumentou com o tempo de incubação, atingindo um máximo com 18 horas (138 mL CH4.g-1 DQOinicial). No entanto, valores mais elevados de produção específica de metano foram obtidos com 0,5 e 1,0% de PES, destacando-se a hidrólise com 0,5% de PES e 8 horas de hidrólise, com 216 mL CH4.g-1 DQOinicial. Quando se compara o experimento controle 0 horas (efluente bruto) com o efluente hidrolisado com 0,5% de PES durante 8 horas, um aumento de 2,7 vezes na produção específica de metano foi observado, indicando que a matéria orgânica foi mais facilmente assimilada pelos microrganismos anaeróbios nesta última condição.

Determinação simultânea de amarelo tartrazina e amarelo crepúsculo em alimentos via espectrofotometria UV-VIS e métodos de calibração multivariada

Os corantes sintéticos são usualmente adicionados a alimentos industrializados para conferir e restaurar a cor obtendo-se a qualidade estética desejada. Em função destes aspectos e do potencial toxicológico que alguns corantes podem apresentar, o controle de qualidade destes compostos é de fundamental importância. Neste trabalho, foi estudado o potencial das metodologias matemáticas como o princípio da aditividade, espectrofotometria derivativa e técnica multivariada (Regressão por Mínimos Quadrados Parciais - PLSR) na determinação simultânea de dois corantes alimentícios: Amarelo Crepúsculo (AC) e Amarelo Tartrazina (AT), extraídos com lã natural. Estas metodologias foram avaliadas e comparadas em função das suas capacidades de previsão, sendo que o modelo PLSR otimizado (faixa espectral de 305 a 645 nm, empregando-se 1ª derivada como transformação dos dados e 2 componentes principais) apresentou o menor valor de Raiz Quadrada da Soma dos Erros de Previsão (RMSEP) (AT = 0,191 e AC = 0,102). A faixa de concentração estudada foi de 1,0 a 16,0 mg.L-1 para AC e de 2,0 a 22,0 mg.L-1 para AT. O conjunto de validação externa apresentou erros relativos médios de 1,97% para AC e 1,39% para AT. A aplicação desta metodologia em amostras reais mostrou que em todas as amostras analisadas as concentrações destes corantes estavam de acordo com os limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira

Reflexos do mecanismo de ação de herbicidas na qualidade fisiológica de sementes e na atividade enzimática em plântulas de arroz

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito residual de herbicidas na qualidade fisiológica e na atividade enzimática em plântulas de arroz. Foram testados quatro herbicidas (clomazone, quinclorac, propanil, byspiribac-sodium) em duas épocas de aplicação e quatro cultivares de arroz (ARRANK, BRS-PELOTA, BR-IRGA 410 e BR-IRGA 417). Para avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram realizados os testes de germinação, de frio e de condutividade elétrica. Quanto à atividade enzimática foram avaliadas as enzimas: esterase, glutamato oxaloacetato transaminase, malato desidrogenase, glutamato desidrogenase, fosfogluco isomerase e a fosfatase ácida. Herbicidas com mecanismos de ação diferentes, podem modificar o desempenho fisiológico de sementes de arroz, ao serem aplicados em pós-emergência. A expressão enzimática varia em função do genótipo e não decorrente do efeito residual do herbicida.

Efeito do molibdênio aplicado via foliar e via sementes sobre o potencial fisiológico e produtividade de sementes de soja

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e a produtividade de sementes de soja produzidas a partir de sementes enriquecidas com molibdênio, via foliar e via sementes, em dois anos consecutivos. No primeiro ano, sementes de três cultivares, CD-206, MSOY-7101 e BRS-183, foram enriquecidas com duas aplicações foliares de 400 g.ha-1 de Mo, nas fases R3 e R5. Avaliou-se a produtividade, peso de mil sementes e teor de molibdênio. A germinação e o vigor por envelhecimento acelerado foram avaliados aos zero e seis meses de armazenamento. No segundo ano, as cultivares CD-206 e BRS-183, produzidas a partir das sementes enriquecidas no ano anterior com Mo foram submetidas à aplicação, via semente, do elemento na dose de 20 g.ha-1. Avaliou-se a produtividade, peso de mil sementes, teor de molibdênio, germinação e vigor por envelhecimento acelerado. A semente produzida mediante a aplicação de molibdênio em altas doses durante as fases de R3 e R5 apresenta altas concentrações do nutriente, porém, não transfere a mesma concentração do nutriente para a semente da próxima geração. Este enriquecimento e a aplicação via semente não afetam a qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas, tampouco a produtividade, nas condições em que o trabalho foi realizado.

Breastfeeding preterm infant from the delivery ward via nicu to home

The aim of this study was to examine how to support breastfeeding of preterm infants immediately after birth in the delivery ward, during their hospital stay in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and at home after hospital discharge. Specifically, the role of early physical contact, maternal breastfeeding attitude, and an internet-based peer support group were investigated. The delivery ward practices concerning the implementation of early physical contact between a mother and her infant admitted to a NICU were examined by a structured survey in two hospitals. An Internet-based, breastfeeding peer-support intervention for the mothers of preterm infants was developed and tested in a randomized controlled design with one year follow-up. The main outcomes were the duration of exclusive and overall breastfeeding, expressing milk, and maternal attitude. In addition, the perceptions of mothers of preterm infants were investigated by analyzing the peer-support group discussions with a qualitative approach. The implementation of early physical contact was different between the two hospitals studied and was based more on hospital routines than the physiological condition of the infant. Preterm infants, who were born before a gestational age (GA) of 32 weeks, were hardly ever allowed to have early contact with their mothers. Both, a higher GA and early physical contact predicted earlier initiation and increased frequency of breastfeeding in the NICU. A maternal breastfeeding-favorable attitude predicted increased frequency of breastfeeding in the NICU and also a longer duration of overall breastfeeding. The actual duration of breastfeeding was, however, shorter than the mothers intended in advance. The internet-based, peer-support intervention had no effect on the duration of breastfeeding, expressing milk, or maternal attitude. The participating mothers enjoyed the possibility of sharing their experiences of preterm infants with other mothers in similar situations. Some of the mothers also experienced being given useful advice for breastfeeding. Based on the mothers’ discussions, a process of breastfeeding preterm infants was created. This included some paradoxical elements in the NICU where, for example, breast milk was emphasized over breastfeeding and support in the hospital varied. Hospital discharge was a critical point, when the mothers faced breastfeeding in reality. Over time, the mothers assimilated their breastfeeding experience into part of being a mother. The care practices related to early physical contact in delivery wards need to be re-evaluated to allow more infants to have a moment with the mother. Maternal attitude could be screened prenatally and attitude-focused interventions developed. Breastfeeding support in the NICU should be standardized. Internet-based breastfeeding peer-support intervention was feasible but additional research is needed.

A conquista da felicidade via filosofia: o exemplo de Boécio

A análise visa a uma reflexão sobre ética e educação na obra De consolatione philosophiae, de Boécio. A partir da posição e atitude filosófica e de uma breve exposição geral do trabalho, procura-se compreender o processo boeciano de busca da felicidade, exposto no Livro III. No diálogo entre a Filosofia e Boécio, é retomada a ideia de que todos os homens desejam alcançar o bem final identificado como felicidade. Perdidos na multiplicidade fragmentada dos bens exteriores das paixões, os homens devem procurar, pelo caminho da filosofia e sem apelo à religião, o bem único e verdadeiro: Deus. A reflexão mostra o itinerário da vida humana e a necessidade de cada pessoa em "aprender a viver" uma vida ética, libertando-se das paixões do corpo que adoecem a alma.

Co-creating Value For Smart Phone Operating Systems Via Virtual Discussion Forums

In the traditional way, value is created by manufacturer or producer of a product without engaging the customers. So, traditionally value creation is a monopoly in the part of a manufacturer. After gathering all the raw materials the manufacturers are inserting value to a product. And the inserted value is recognized in the time of consuming the product. In the modern time though there is traditional way of value creation but with the increase of more educated, smart, and technically sound customers the idea of value creation has changed. Now, customers are also contributing in value creation as value co-creator even before the product is consumed. This scenario has been encountered in the thesis with the main purpose of how value is cocreated in smart phone operating systems. The purpose is further divided into the following supobjectives: o What is value co-creation in smart phone operating systems? o Who participates in value co-creation in smart phone operating systems? o What are the procedures that are involved in value co-creation in smart phone operating systems? The research was conducted as a qualitative desk study by observing two of the leading smart phone operating system providers. Data has been collected from the official discussion forum of both the operating system providers. Other general concepts relating to the purpose of the study has been encountered through literature review. The research findings reveal that customers and companies both together co-create value of anticipated level when they communicate and interact with each other. However, most of the time customer to customer interactions, dialogues and discussions that come out in the core conversation help the value co-creation. The value co-creation framework sets up the customer at the main focus of value creation theory. By nullifying the inherited notion that companies only create value within its boundary and provide it to their customers in exchange of currencies. Rationally, it has been commenced that the firms are merely compromising value propositions to its customers. But the value has been co-created in a point where offerings are combined and interacted with customers’ capabilities, knowledge, resources and perceptions. This new perspective has radically altered the prospect of firms towards its customers. Typically customers are now taking part in value cocreation as a crucial member.

Catalogus librorum qui prostant Parisiis in officina Martiniana, via Jacobaea, sub aureo Sole, & Abelis sacrificio

[Catalogue de libraire. Paris. Martin, Veuve d'EdmeII1677]

A minor theory of the transit of materiality into discourse, Via Campesina.

In this thesis I explore how the material properties of plant seed enter the political discourses of the international peasant coalition the Via Campesina and coalition member the National Fanners Union of Canada (NFU), querying how this process might be employed as a resource for a transformative eco-social politics. I employ several post-structural theoretical constructs, configuring them together as a "minor theory". This minor theory provides the basis for a "minor" reading of three sets of Via Campesina and NFU texts. The aim of these readings is to track the movement of seed from a local agricultural concern to a transitive political one, across both the material and discursive registers. In surfacing the presence of the seed's physical properties in the three texts, I highlight the distinctions between the constraining seed of corporate industrial agriculture, and the social and agroecological opportunities resulting from what I call a "Seed Event".

Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 CpcB lyase null mutations alter phycocyanin chromophore function and, consequently, affect the redistribution of excitation energy via the light state transition /

Phycobilisomes are the major light harvesting complexes for cyanobacteria and phycocyanin is the primary phycobiliprotein of the phycobilisome rod. The phycocyanobilin lyases responsible for chromophorylating the phycocyanin p subunit (CpcB) have been recently identified in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Surprisingly, mutants missing the CpcB lyases were nevertheless capable of producing pigmented phycocyanin. 10K absorbance measurements revealed that the energy states of the p phycocyanin chromophores were only subtly shifted; however, 77K steady state fluorescence emission spectroscopy showed excitation energy transfer involving the targeted chromophores to be highly disrupted. Such evidence suggests that phycobilin orientation within the binding domain is specifically modified. We hypothesized that alternate, less specific lyases are able to act on the p binding sites. A phycocyanin linker-polypeptide deficient mutant was similarly characterized. The light state transition, a short term adaptation of the photosynthetic light harvesting apparatus resulting in the redistribution of excitation energy among the photo systems, was shown to be dominated by the reallocation of phycocyanin-absorbed excitation energy. Treatment with a high M phosphate buffer effectively prevented the redistribution of both chlorophyll a- and phycobilisome- absorbed excitation energy, suggesting that the two effects are not strictly independent. The mutant strains required a larger redistribution of excitation energy between light states, perhaps to compensate for their loss in phycobilisome antenna function.

The nucleophillic substitution of various chloroanthraquinones of their possible rearrangement via aryne intermediates

The work in this thesis deals mainly with nucleophilic substitution of chloroanthraquinones as a route to various starting materials which might rearrange, via aryne intermediates to afford fused-ring heterocy1ic carboxylic acids. 1-Amino-5-chloroanthraquinone was successfully prepared by reacting 1,5-dichloroanthraquinone with sodium aZide in ref1uxing dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). It could also be prepared from the same starting material by reaction with ammonia (gas) in DMSO in the presence of potassium fluoride. Treatment of l-amino-5-chloroanthraquinone with potassium amide in liquid ammonia or with potassium t-butoxide in t-butylbenzene returned mainly starting material, although in the latter case some 1-amino-5-hydroxyanthraquinone was also isolated. 1-Hydroxy-5-chloroanthraquinone was ultimately prepared by diazotization of the amino-analog. It was recovered almost quantitatively after treatmenu'with potassium amide in liquid ammonia. The reaction with potassium t-butoxide in t-buty1benzene was anomalous and gave 1-hydroxyanthraquinone as the only iso1able product. Acridines were successfully prepared by the action of 70% sulfuric acid on 1,5-bis(p-toluidino)-anthraquinone and 1-p-toluidino-5- ch10roanthraquinone, and in the latter case, cleavage to give an acridinecarboxylate was attempted. Substituted anthraquinones reacted with sodium azide in sulfuric acid to give azepindiones by -NH insertion. Methods for separating and identifying isomeric mixtures of these compounds were examined. Attempted decarbonylation of selected azepindiones to give acridones gave mainly what were thought to be amino-benzophenone derivatives. Chloroanthraquinones were found to react with hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) to give mixtures of the dimethylamino- and methylaminoderivatives. Under the same conditions halogeno-nitrobenzenes and nitrophenols were substituted to give the appropriate dimethyl aminobenzenes, except in two cases. 3-Chloronitrobenzene reacted anomalously to give a small amount of 3,3'-dichloroazobenzene and a trace of 4-dimethylamino-nitrobenzene. Pentachlorophenol reacted to give a pentachlorophenylphosphorodiamidate in good yield.

Asymmetric cyclopropanation via catalysts incorporating the 1,4-diol ligands and the newly designed dioxaborolane /

The development of new methodology for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral organic compounds is a major focus in modem organic chemistry. The use of chiral catalysts is replacing chiral auxiliaries as a new tool for synthetic chemists. An efficient chiral catalyst allows for large quantities of optically active product to be obtained on use of relatively small amount of enantiopure material, without the need for the removal and recovery of a chiral auxiliary. Furthermore, the most practical catalytic methods utilize an inexpensive and readily available chiral ligand that can provide high and predictable enantioselectivity across a wide range of substrates. In our project, two type of versatile, upgraded chiral ligands have been designed and synthesized. Their application in Simmons-Smith type cyclopropanation is investigated, and the pleasing results suggest that they are the potential catalytic enantioselective candidates to build C-C bonds.