Linichthys: A new genus of Chinese cyprinid fishes (Teleostei : Cypriniformes)

yLinichthys, new genus, is proposed for Barbodes laticeps Lin and Zhang, 1986. It can be separated from all other genera of Asian Barbinae in having a shallow depression extending along the median portion of the upper lip. Linichthys is superficially very similar to the type species of a monotypic Chinese cyprinid cavefish genus, Typhlobarbus nudiventris, in having an elongate and somewhat compressed body form, a truncate distal margin of the dorsal fin, and a soft and smooth last unbranched dorsal-fin ray, all of them being atypical for most of Asian barbins. The two genera differ in size of the eye and the number of rows of pharyngeal tooth. Although the same body form and/or structure of the dorsal fin are also shared with some species currently placed in other genera of Asian barbins, the recognition of Linichthys is warranted because of their marked differences in other characters. A redescription is also provided for the type species of the monotypic genus, Linichthys laticeps. It is known only from the upper and middle Zhu Jiang basin and the upper Chang Jiang basin in the city of Guiyang, Guizhou Province, South China.

Redescription of Difflugia tuberspinifera Hu, Shen, Gu et Gong, 1997 (Protozoa : Rhizopoda : Arcellinida : Difflugiidae) from China

The freshwater testate amoeba Difflugia tuberspinifera Hu et al. 1997 collected from pond and lake in China, is investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. This little known taxon is redescribed and its morphology, biometry and ecology are supplied. After carefully comparison with other six similar species including Difflugia bartosi Stepanek, D. corona Wallich, D. corona cashi Deflandre, D. corona tuberculata Vucetich, D. muriformis Gauthier-Lievre et Thomas and Netzelia tuberculata (Wallich) Netzal we believe that the sub-spherical to spherical shell, the mulberry-shaped appearance, the 7-10 apertural tooth-like structures, the short collar and the conical spines numbering from 4 to 8 at the upper equatorial region in D. tuberspinifera set it apart from other species. Besides, statistical analysis indicates that D. tuberspinifera is a size-monomorphic species characterized by a main-size class and a small size range and the shell height is significant correlated with other morphometric characters at p < 0.05 excepting the number of aperture tooth-like structures and the number of spines. Moreover, D. tuberspinifera inhabits not only lotic but also lentic environment.

Microorganisms linked to Neoproterozoic microspar carbonate sedimentation in the Jilin-Liaoning area

Molar-tooth carbonate refers to a sort of rock that has ptygmatical folded structure comparable to the ivory. This kind of carbonate exists in a special time range (from Middle to Neoproterozoic). Its origin and the possibility to use it in stratigraphic correlation of the paleocontinent is the key task of the IGCP447, a project on Proterozoic molar tooth carbonates and the evolution of the earth (2001-2005). The importance lies in that the molar-tooth structure is the key to solving problems related to Precambrian biological and global geochemical events. The molar-tooth structure is associated with microorganisms. Development and recession of such carbonates have relations with the evolution process of early lives and abrupt changes in sea carbonate geochemistry. In recent years, based on researches on petrology, geochemistry and Sr isotope of molar-tooth carbonate in the Jilin-Liaoning and Xuzhou-Huaiyang area, the authors hold that it can be used as a marker for stratigraphic sequence and sedimentary facies analyses.

Coupling coefficients of gratings with graded refractive index waveguides

In this paper, the effective coupling coefficient k(eff) and the self-coupling coefficient zeta(1) are introduced to describe the characteristic of gratings in a resonant situation when the effects of radiation and other partial waves coupling are considered. The dependence of these two coupling coefficients on grating tooth shapes and depths and the dimensions of graded refractive index (GRIN) waveguides is numerically analysed. The results show that the gratings with linear GRIN waveguides have the largest \k(eff)\. The possibility of realizing a complex-coupled DFB laser, even a pure gain or loss coupled DFB laser, employing only a real refractive index coupled grating is also discussed.

Microorganisms linked to Neoproterozoic microspar carbonate sedimentation in the Jilin-Liaoning area

Molar-tooth carbonate refers to a sort of rock that has ptygmatical folded structure comparable to the ivory. This kind of carbonate exists in a special time range (from Middle to Neoproterozoic). Its origin and the possibility to use it in stratigraphic correlation of the paleocontinent is the key task of the IGCP447, a project on Proterozoic molar tooth carbonates and the evolution of the earth (2001-2005). The importance lies in that the molar-tooth structure is the key to solving problems related to Precambrian biological and global geochemical events. The molar-tooth structure is associated with microorganisms. Development and recession of such carbonates have relations with the evolution process of early lives and abrupt changes in sea carbonate geochemistry. In recent years, based on researches on petrology, geochemistry and Sr isotope of molar-tooth carbonate in the Jilin-Liaoning and Xuzhou-Huaiyang area, the authors hold that it can be used as a marker for stratigraphic sequence and sedimentary facies analyses.

角蟾科（Megophryidae; Anura）蝌蚪的形态多样性和生态适应

角蟾科（Megophryidae）是以角蟾属（Megophrys Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1822）为模式属而建立的，隶于无尾目（Anura），变凹型亚目（Anomocoela）。角蟾科包括2 亚科11 属142 种，分布于东洋界，从巴基斯坦、中国西部向东直到菲律宾和苏达群岛；中国有9 属75 种分布于华中和华南地区。角蟾科被认为是原始的两栖动物之一，其分类学、系统学、生态学、动物地理学的研究均深受中外科学家的瞩目。近年来，通过形态学、古生物学、细胞学、生态学、支序系统学的研究，角蟾科的分类与系统学研究取得了较大进展。与成体形态和分子系统学研究结果相比较，蝌蚪的研究存在更多的问题和挑战，尚需深入研究：（1）角蟾科蝌蚪的形态多样性分析；（2）角蟾科的系统发育关系与蝌蚪的演化，以及口漏斗的起源；（3）角蟾科蝌蚪表型分化与栖息环境和觅食行为的适应演化。针对上述问题，本文对角蟾科9 属30 种蝌蚪的形态特征，包括外部宏观形态和口器外部结构特征、口器内部显微结构、唇齿和角质颌的亚显微结构作了深入细致、多层次的比较研究；通过12s rRNA 和cytochrome b 基因构建最大简约树，采用贝叶斯系统发育进行分析，蝌蚪型的演化采用祖先性状的重建方法分析；得到如下结论：1）初步将角蟾科蝌蚪分为4 种类型；并且建立了2 种新的角蟾科蝌蚪类型。A 型：拟髭蟾型蝌蚪，该型蝌蚪包括拟髭蟾属、髭蟾属、齿蟾属和齿突蟾属的物种；B 型：新类型，掌突蟾型蝌蚪，该型蝌蚪在本文中包括掌突蟾属、小臂蟾属的物种；C 型：新类型，短腿蟾型蝌蚪，一种特化类型，该型蝌蚪在本文中仅包括短腿蟾属的物种；D 型：角蟾型蝌蚪，该型蝌蚪在本文中包括无耳蟾属、小口拟角蟾属和异角蟾属的物种。2）对角蟾科的分类进行了修订：（1）支持角蟾科两个亚科的分类系统；（2）角蟾亚科包括拟角蟾属、异角蟾属、无耳蟾属和短腿蟾属；该亚科形态差异小，系统学关系比较复杂，暂不作族级分类的再划分；（3）拟髭蟾亚科分为2 个族：拟髭蟾族，该族物种具有类型A 的蝌蚪，包括4 个属：拟髭蟾属、髭蟾属、齿蟾属、齿突蟾属；掌突蟾族，该族物种具有类型B 的蝌蚪，包括2 个属：掌突蟾属和小臂蟾属。3）结合分子系统进化关系探讨了4 种蝌蚪类型的演化。（1）角蟾科蝌蚪的最近共同祖先来自于一类具有拟髭蟾型蝌蚪性状的蝌蚪；（2）掌突蟾型蝌蚪和角蟾亚科的蝌蚪是由具有拟髭蟾型蝌蚪性状的祖先蝌蚪分别演化而来；（3）短腿蟾型蝌蚪是角蟾型蝌蚪的一种特化类型；（4）外群蝌蚪具有与拟髭蟾型蝌蚪相似的性状，进一步印证了类拟髭蟾型蝌蚪是角蟾科蝌蚪的最近共同祖先的假说；（5）具有口漏斗的蝌蚪类型是由不具口漏斗的蝌蚪类型演化而来，在角蟾科中口漏斗是一种衍生性状。4）分析了角蟾科四种蝌蚪类型与栖息环境的适应演化。（1）角蟾科蝌蚪的口部和体形的变化反映了该科蝌蚪由缓流向类似静水生境的回水凼的渐变式适应，角蟾科蝌蚪的形态显示了多方面的适应变化；（2）随着蝌蚪类型由A 向D的演化，当水速较大时，拟髭蟾型的蝌蚪营流水攀吸型生活方式；当水速递减时，掌突蟾型蝌蚪营流水附着型生活方式；当水速进一步递减时，具有较小口漏斗的短腿蟾型蝌蚪和具有大漏斗的角蟾型蝌蚪营流水浮泳型生活。角蟾科蝌蚪对于水流递减的适应演化说明蝌蚪的生态学适应是具有进化意义的；（3）蝌蚪口器内部结构的分化揭示了蝌蚪和食性的适应关系，蝌蚪以口部的唇齿与角质颌刮取或吞吸水中的物质，然后，通过口乳突有选择地过滤进入口腔中食物。拟髭蟾亚科蝌蚪的唇齿多而窄，唇齿间距宽，颌鞘粗而稀，反映了其植食性为主的特点；它们的舌前乳突一般为指状，在口腔入口处所占面积小，其机械过滤的作用很多被唇齿和角质颌分担了；而角蟾亚科的蝌蚪，其角质颌弱，其舌前乳突一般为匙状，几乎填满了口腔入口处，因此舌前乳突起了主要的机械过滤作用。The family Megophryidae is the largest and most diverse families inArchaeobatrachia, and most of its species occur in India, Pakistan, and eastward intoChina, Southeast Asia, Borneo and the Philippines to the Sunda Islands. Currently thefamily includes 142 species have been grouped into two subfamilies, Megophryinaeand Leptobrachiinae. The mountains of central and southern China are rich in speciesof Megophryidae, 75 species belong to 9 genera and two subfamilies.The family was supposed to be ideal materials of studies in many fields of biology,such as taxonomy, evolution, systematics, ecology, and biogeography. Recently, therehave a great development in taxonomy and systematics of megophryids throughstudied by morphology, paleontology, cytology, ecology, and cladistics. However,larvae of megophryids were generally unknown, although the tadpoles might be veryimportant for above studies.In this paper, we examined the evolutionary scenario of the tadpoles’ morphologyin the context of a phylogenetic framework. Our objectives are (1) to evaluate thedivergence of larval body shape and oral discs in the family Megophryidae, (2) toexplore the evolutionary trends of the larvae in megophryidae, and test if thefunnel-shaped oral disc is apomorphic, and (3) to explore the relationship of the larvalstructure, diet and microhabitat.We examined larval morphology of 30 megophryid species, the larval body shape,oral discs, the buccopharyngeal cavity, and jaw sheaths and denticles of the Chinesemegophryid frogs were re-examined. We constructed a phylogeny of the species on thebasis of published mitochondrial cytochrome b and 16S rRNA gene segments usingpartitioned Bayesian analyses. Furthermore, hypothetical changes of larval morphologywere inferred using parsimony principle on the phylogeny. The results showed that:1) Four tadpole types in Megophryidae. The larval morphological charactersseries in Chinese megophryids fall into four general categories according to the bodyshape and oral discs: (A) Leptobrachiini type, species from genera Leptobrachium,Oreolalax, Scutiger and, Vibrissaphora share this type of tadpoles. (B) Leptolalax type,species of genus Leptolalax have this type of tadpoles. (C) Brachytarsophrys type,species of the genus Brachytarsophrys have this type of tadpoles. (D) Megophryinitype, species of the genera Atympanophrys, Ophryophryne, and Xenophrys share this type of tadpoles. Of which B and C are two novel types.2）Taxonomic implications. The present study leads us to reconsider the generalclassification of tribes attributed to members of Megophryidae. More specifically,concerning the phylogenetic relationships and the two novel tadpole types describedherein, we propose a provisional taxonomy for the family but suggest that further taxasampling of other megophryids be performed to confirm this taxonomic change. TheMegophryidae is composed of two subfamilies (Leptobrachiinae and Megophryinae).The Leptobrachiinae was recogonized the two tribes: (1) tribe Leptobrachiini sensuDubois, corresponding to the tadpole of type A, including four genera, i.e.,Leptobrachium, Oreolalax, Scutiger and, Vibrissaphora; (2) tribe Leptolalaxini,corresponding to the tadpole of novel type B, including two genera, i.e., Leptolalaxand Leptobrachella. However, the relationships among the genera of Megophryinaewere largely unresolved, they recognized no monophyletic groups above the generalevel. A more thorough sampling will likely foster a better taxonomic solution.3) The larval evolutionary scenario in Megophryidae.Type A is characteristicof normal-mouthed with multiple tooth rows, representing the tadpole type of theMRCA of Chinese megophryids. Type B is characteristic of normal-mouthed withreduced tooth rows, prolonging labium, and integumetary glands. Type C ischaracteristic of no labial teeth and smaller umbeliform oral disc. Type D ischaracteristic of no labial teeth, enlarged umbeliform oral disc, representing the tadpoleof the MRCA of subfamily Megophryinae. A previous hypothesis, referring tofunnel-shaped oral discs as an apomorphy, is supported.4) The larval adaptation to habitats in Megophryidae. Tadpoles generallyadhere to substrates using their mouths, and the microhabitat that the tadpoles occupyreflects the degree of adhesion and oral complexity. The morphological changes inmegophryid tadpoles virtually allow a progressive adaptation to a changing habitatfrom faster water to slower water. Within the tadpoles of Type A to type D, the TOTbecomes smaller and smaller, and the oral disc orientates from anteroventral toumbelliform upturned, and eye position orientates from dorsal to lateral, and the trunkis more and more depressed and tail becomes relatively longer and slender. Within therunning water, the normal-mouthed with multiple tooth rows of Leptobrachiini tadpoles are correlated with lotic-suctorial, benthic feeders with anteroventral oraldisc and the largest body. With the water’s velocity decreasing, the lotic-adherentfeeders of Leptolalax tadpoles have tube-shaped labium with reduced tooth rows andintegumetary glands. And then, the smaller umbeliform in Brachytarsophrys tadpolesand the enlarged umbeliform oral disc in the Megophryini tadpoles are inhabitmicrohabitats of non-flowing backwaters of rivers, indicative of adaptive traits oflotic-neustonic surface feeders. The scheme of megophryid tadpoles andmicrohabitats provided the first clear evidence which congruent with the hypothesis ofAltig and Johnston (1989). The ecological divergence plays a general role in thedivergence and evolution of megophrid larvae. There is a definite correlation amongthe buccopharyngeal cavity, diet and feeding mechanisms, the tadpole graze orswallow the food particles, then through papillae which like a sieve and sort out foodparticles to the oesophagus. The tadpole of Leptobrachiinae possess multiple toothrows, wide intertooth distance as well as thick and sparse jaw sheath, these tadpolesinhabit bottom of the streams and graze on epiphyton or major detritus of organicmatter on the substrates, their prelingual papillae like single finger, the mechanicalpurpose of papillae served share in by tooth and jaw. The tadpoles of Megophryinaeoccur near the water surface of small streams and are the filter feeder, their dietincludes plankton and organic debris floating on the water surface, those tadpolepossess weak jaw, their prelingual papillae like spoon, the mechanical purpose ofpapillae served mostly for sieve.

Biologically Inspired Features for Scene Classification in Video Surveillance

Inspired by human visual cognition mechanism, this paper first presents a scene classification method based on an improved standard model feature. Compared with state-of-the-art efforts in scene classification, the newly proposed method is more robust, more selective, and of lower complexity. These advantages are demonstrated by two sets of experiments on both our own database and standard public ones. Furthermore, occlusion and disorder problems in scene classification in video surveillance are also first studied in this paper.

The experimental research of R-phycoerythrin subunits on cancer treatment: A new photosensitizer in PDT

The mouse tumor cell 5180 and human liver carcinoma cell SMC 7721 cells were first treated with R-PE and its subunits (alpha, beta, gamma subunits), then irradiated with Argon laser (496 nm, 28.8 J/cm(2)). Survival rate was measured by MTT method. In order to compare the phototoxicity in normal cells, the mouse marrow cells were treated with photofrin II and beta-subunit, irradiated with 45 J/cm(2) of light; survival rate was also measured by MTT method. The result showed that R-PE subunits had better PDT effect on s180 cells than R-PE and lower phototoxicity in marrow cells than photofrin II Flow cytometric analysis showed that PDT results in a growth inhibition and a G(0)-G(1) cell cycle arrest in SMC 7721 cells. The tumor cells inhibited by PDT in vivo were morphologically observed by TEM, the tumor cell death was daze to the occlusion of tumor blood vessels and inducement of cell programmed death in nuclei. Therefore, with the advantage in special fluorescence activity, loth molecular weight, good light absorbent character and weak phototoxicity, R-PE subunit is art attractive option for improving the selectivity of PDT.

FIRST RECORD OF THE GEBIIDEAN GENUS AXIANASSA SCHMITT, 1924 (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: GEBIIDEA: AXIANASSIDAE) IN THE WEST PACIFIC, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

A new species, Axianassa sinica, from the Beibu Gulf (Gulf of Tonkin), northern South China Sea, is described and illustrated. The new species is readily distinguished from A. australis Rodrigues & Shimizu, 1992, by its acute rostrum, merus of pereopod 1 with a tooth distally on lower margin and an elongated telson.

目标局部或全部遮挡条件下跟踪方法研究

运动目标跟踪技术是计算机视觉领域的核心课题之一，具有十分重要的意义和广泛的实用价值。它融合了图像处理、模式识别、人工智能、自动控制以及计算机应用等相关领域的先进技术和研究成果。运动目标跟踪的实质是一种从图像信号中实时自动识别目标，提取目标的位置信息，自动跟踪目标的技术。它的难点在于图像信号采集过程中的信息损失和复杂的应用环境。特别是跟踪过程中的遮挡问题越来越成为限制跟踪算法实用性的关键因素。如何解决运动目标跟踪过程中的遮挡问题是本文的研究重点。 针对运动目标的遮挡问题，本文提出了一种将基于灰度特征的多子区域相关跟踪算法与二维目标运动估计理论相结合的跟踪策略。在目标未被遮挡或仅被部分遮挡时，采用多子区域相关跟踪算法，利用目标剩余的特征对目标进行定位。当遮挡比较严重，目标剩余特征不足以准确定位目标位置或目标已被完全遮挡时，多子区域相关跟踪算法已经不能识别目标，这时根据目标运动的历史信息，运用二维目标运动估计理论预测出目标的位置。经过大量仿真试验，结果表明：该算法已经达到了良好的抗遮挡效果，在遮挡和半遮挡情况下，跟踪结果达到了较高的精度。 为了验证算法在实际工程中的效果，笔者模拟某红外观瞄指示装置，为算法搭建了一个基于虚拟现实技术的硬件验证平台，并在该平台上验证了部分算法。

Elliptic Object Detection Based on Shape Preserving and Active Contour

本文通过形状约束方程(组)与一般主动轮廓模型结合,将目标形状与主动轮廓模型融合到统一能量泛函模型中,提出了一种形状保持主动轮廓模型即曲线在演化过程中保持为某一类特定形状。模型通过参数化水平集函数的零水平集控制演化曲线形状,不仅达到了分割即目标的目的,而且能够给出特定目标的定量描述。根据形状保持主动轮廓模型,建立了一个用于椭圆状目标检测的统一能量泛函模型,导出了相应的Euler-Lagrange常微分方程并用水平集方法实现了椭圆状目标检测。此模型可以应用于眼底乳头分割,虹膜检测及相机标定。实验结果表明,此模型不仅能够准确的检测出给定图像中的椭圆状目标,而且有很强的抗噪、抗变形及遮挡性能。

基于形状保持主动轮廓模型长直条的检测

通过形状约束方程(组)与一般主动轮廓模型结合,将目标形状与主动轮廓模型融合到统一能量泛函模型中,提出一种形状保持主动轮廓模型。模型通过参数化水平集函数的零水平集表示某一类特定形状,不仅达到了分割即目标的目的,而且能够给出特定目标的定量描述。根据形状保持主动轮廓模型,建立一个用于长直条状目标检测的统一能量泛函模型,导出相应的Euler-Lagrange常微分方程并用水平集方法实现了长直条状区域的检测。此形状保持模型的一种特殊情况可以用于直线状地平(海天)线提取。实验结果表明,该模型不仅能够准确地检测出给定图像中的长直条状区域而且有很强的抗噪、抗变形及遮挡性能。

基于外极线分区的动态立体匹配算法

基于区域的立体匹配算法仅针对支撑窗内的灰度信息定义匹配代价函数,导致在弱(无)纹理区域采用WTA优化出现歧义性。该文在外极线分区的基础上,改用区域作为匹配基元,针对歧义性区域,在代价函数中引入遮挡项和平滑项,并按照区域优先级的高低,动态匹配相应区域,获得可靠的视差信息。实验证明,该算法在保持实时性的同时对弱纹理区域处理具有有效性。

碳、氧稳定同位素分析在古环境研究中的应用

A number of proxy records of paleoenvironment using stable isotopes could show the history of past environmental changes. These archives include peat and lake sediments, loess-paleosot sequence, fossil mammals and stalagmite, and so on. The stable isotopic composition of carbonate and organic matter and frequency magnetic susceptibility from Tianshuigou and Yuanlei loess-palesol sequence can be used to give estimates of the paleoenvironmental history of Dali, and even of the whole Chinese Loess Plateau during the last 250ka. Features of the High Temperature and Large Precipitation Event in the Tibet Plateau and its adjacent area during 40~30kaBP had been studied by Professor Shi Y. In this dissertation, its impact on Chinese Loess Plateau has been discussed again. Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios, magnetic susceptibility and frequency magnetic susceptibility in Tianshuigou and Yuanlei profiles show that the Event in this area is not so stronger as the Tibet Plateau. The carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in Tianshuigou, Yuanlei, dingcun and Jingcun loess-palesol sequences are indicative of major changes in the paleovagetation between terrace and plain of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Water is one of the most important factors adjusting the relative biomass of C4 plant in terrestrial ecosystems. Stable carbon isotope ratio of vertebrate tooth enamel is used increasingly to reconstruct environmental and ecological information modern and ancient ecosystems. The SI3C value of tooth enamel bioapatites can distinguish between browsers and grazers. Data from typical grassland of Inter Mongolia, the Alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Yaluzangbu Great Canyon indicate that diets of mammals could record the relative biomass of C4 plant only in the C4 dominated ecosystem. In a C3 dominated ecosystem, diet of mammals would include more C3 plants than vegetation. According to Professor Cerling, proxy records from North and South America, Africa and Pakistan show that at the end of the Miocene (between 8Ma to 6 Ma) there was a global expansion of CA biomass, probably when atmospheric CO2 levels declined. Thus, "C4 world" and "CO2 starvation" are put forward. In this dissertation, carbon isotopes of fossil tooth such as Equus sanmeniensis and Hipparion chiai from Linxia, China reveal that there is a C3 dominated ecosystem in the late Miocene. Diets of ancient mammals in Linxia are not evidence of global expansion of C4 biomass.