Chemokines, lymphocytes, and HIV

Chemokines are members of a family of more than 30 human cytokines whose best-described activities are as chemotactic factors for leukocytes and that are presumed to be important in leukocyte recruitment and trafficking. While many chemokines can act on lymphocytes, the roles of chemokines and their receptors in lymphocyte biology are poorly understood. The recent discoveries that chemokines can suppress infection by HIV-1 and that chemokine receptors serve, along with CD4, as obligate co-receptors for HIV-1 entry have lent urgency to studies on the relationships between chemokines and lymphocytes. My laboratory has characterized Mig and Crg-2/IP-10, chemokines that are induced by IFN-<FONT FACE="Symbol">g</font> and that specifically target lymphocytes, particularly activated T cells. We have demonstrated that the genes for these chemokines are widely expressed during experimental infections in mice with protozoan and viral pathogens, but that the patterns of mig and crg-2 expression differed, suggesting non-redundant roles in vivo. Our related studies to identify new chemokine receptors from activated lymphocytes resulted in the cloning of STRL22 and STRL33. We and others have shown that STRL22 is a receptor for the CC chemokine MIP-3<FONT FACE="Symbol">a</font>, and STRL22 has been re-named CCR6. Although STRL33 remains an orphan receptor, we have shown that it can function as a co-receptor for HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, and that it is active with a broader range of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins than the major co-receptors described to date. The ability of STRL33 to function with a wide variety of envelope glycoproteins may become particularly important if therapies are instituted to block other specific co-receptors. We presume that investigations into the roles of chemokines and their receptors in lymphocyte biology will provide information important for understanding the pathogenesis of AIDS and for manipulating immune and inflammatory responses for clinical benefit

Carte de l'Asie projette��e ste��reographiquement, tire��e des re��lations et observations, contenues dans les voyages modernes, de me��me que dans les monumens des anciens, corrige��e de tout ce qui sent la fable, et divise��e en ses IX parties me��thodiques = Asia secundum legitimas projectionis stereographicae regulas et juxta recentissimas observationes, et relationes explosis aliorum fabulosis designationibus et narrationibus, adhibitis quoque veterum monumentis et recentiorum itinerariis descripta, et in partes suas methodicas IX divisa

Nimeke- ja tekija��tiedot nimio��nkehyksissa��

L'Asie divise��e en ses principales re��gions, et ou se peuvent voir l'estendue des empires, monarchies, royaumes et estats qui partagent pre��sentement l'Asie

Nimeke- ja tekija��tiedot nimio��nkehyksissa��

L'Asie divise��e en toutes ses grandes re��gions royaumes et e��tats subdivisez en leurs principaux gouvernements

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskio��ldin kokoelmaan

Enhanced mucosal re-epithelialization induced by short chain fatty acids in experimental colitis

The short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the best nutrients for the colonocytes. Glucose is poorly used as a fuel but may be transformed into SCFA by colonic bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SCFA or glucose on experimental colitis. Colitis was induced in 30 Wistar rats by colonic instillation of 4% acetic acid. Five days later they were randomized to receive twice a day colonic lavage containing saline (controls, N = 10), 10% hypertonic glucose (N = 10) or SCFA (N = 10) until day 8 when they were killed. At autopsy, the colon was removed and weighed and the mucosa was evaluated macro- and microscopically and stripped out for DNA assay. Data are reported as mean �� SD or median &#091;range&#093; as appropriate. All animals lost weight but there was no difference between groups. Colon weight was significantly lower in the SCFA group (3.8 �� 0.5 g) than in the control (5.3 �� 2.1 g) and glucose (5.2 �� 1.3 g) groups (P&lt;0.05). Macroscopically, the severity of inflammation was less in SCFA (grade 2 &#091;1-5&#093;) than in control (grade 9 &#091;4-10&#093;) and glucose-treated (grade 9 &#091;2-10&#093;) animals (P&lt;0.01). Microscopically, ulceration of the mucosa was more severe in the glucose and control groups than in the SCFA group. The DNA content of the mucosa of SCFA-treated animals (8.2 &#091;5.0-20.2&#093; mg/g of tissue) was higher than in glucose-treated (5.1 &#091;4.2-8.5&#093; mg/g of tissue; P&lt;0.01) and control (6.2 &#091;4.5-8.9&#093; mg/g of tissue; P&lt;0.05) animals. We conclude that SCFA may enhance mucosal re-epithelialization in experimental colitis, whereas hypertonic glucose is of no benefit.

Carte ge��ne��rale de l'univers d'une sphe��re ovale avec le tour du monde du lieut. Cook & toutes les de��couverts nouvelles

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskio��ldin kokoelmaan

L' he��misphe��re me��ridional pour voir plus distinctement les terres australes ou�� se voyent les nouvelles de��couvertes faites en 1739 au sud du Cap de Bonne Esperance = waar in aangetoont werd de nieuwe ontdekkingen gedaam in t'jaar 1739 bezuiden de Caap de Goede Hoop

Lisa��kartta: Plan et vue des terres du Cap de la Circoncision situe�� a�� 54 degre��es de lat. me��ridiole et environ a�� 28 deg. 30 min. de longitude = Plan et gezigt van de landen van de Caap der Besnydenis gelegen op 54 gr. zuider br. en omtrent op 28 gr. 30 min. - Etela��isen pallonpuoliskon halkaisija 44,6 cm

Gothebourg : ville forte port de mer sur l'oce��an de la province de Westro-Gotland au nord du destroit appelle�� l[a] Sond, situe��e sur la rivie��re d[e] Trollhette

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskio��ldin kokoelmaan

[L'Oce��an Occidentale, de la 1e��re moitie�� du XVII sie��cle]

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskio��ldin kokoelmaan

Erdumrisskarte in fla��chentreuer Planispha��re

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskio��ldin kokoelmaan

Carte des re��gions polaires arctiques

Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskio��ldin kokoelmaan

Entry Modes for Finnish Firms into the Zambian Renewable Energy Industry

The renewable energy industry in Zambia is poised for growth and offers many possibilities for Finnish firms willing to enter the market. The Zambian government���s deliberate policy measures aim at attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) into this sector. This study rationalises that this could be the pull factor for Finnish firms. The thesis gives an overview of the industry and investigates an appropriate mode of entry, basing its arguments on the comparison analysis of the two economies with the use of the world forum���s stages of economic development as a framework. The theoretical part of the study examines internationalisation theories, entry mode choice and factors influencing the choice. The multiple case study approach is implored, analysing four case companies from Finland with the use of extant literature on internationalisation relevant to the study. The research design involves the use of documentation, secondary data, interviews and observation. The results of the case analyses show that the Finnish firm���s most preferred entry mode initially is exporting because it is considered to be less risky. Additionally, the findings also reveal that the selection of a suitable mode of entry is dependent on the firms��� size, orientation and international experience and could therefore be considered to be subjective. Paramount is the act of gaining market knowledge. The study shows that only hydro-electrical, solar energies and biomass are by far the most used and known forms of renewable energy in Zambia, while other alternative sources still remain un-exploited thus highlighting a growth potential. However, policy formulation and the regulatory framework in the renewable energy sector were found to be wanting.