Drivers for and against municipal wastewater recycling: a review

The reclamation, treatment and reuse of municipal wastewater can provide important environmental benefits. In this paper, 25 studies on this topic were reviewed and it was found that there are many (\textgreater150) different drivers acting for and against wastewater recycling. To deal with the challenge of comparing studies which entailed different research designs, a framework was developed which allowed the literature to be organized into comparable study contexts. Studies were categorized according to the level of analysis (wastewater recycling scheme, city, water utility, state, country, global) and outcome investigated (development/investment in new schemes, program implementation, percentage of wastewater recycled, percentage of water demand covered by recycled water, multiple outcomes). Findings across comparable case studies were then grouped according to the type (for or against recycling) and category of driver (social, natural, technical, economic, policy or business). The utility of the framework is demonstrated by summarizing the findings from four Australian studies at the city level. The framework offers a unique approach for disentangling the broad range of potential drivers for and against water recycling and to focus on those that seem relevant in specific study contexts. It may offer a valuable starting point for building hypotheses in future work.

Bivalirudin for Alternative Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) offers therapeutic options in refractory respiratory and/or cardiac failure. Systemic anticoagulation with heparin is routinely administered. However, in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or heparin resistance, the direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin is a valid option and has been increasingly used for ECMO anticoagulation. We aimed at evaluating its safety and its optimal dosing for ECMO. METHODS Systematic web-based literature search of PubMed and EMBASE performed via National Health Service Library Evidence and manually, updated until January 30, 2016. RESULTS The search revealed 8 publications relevant to the topic (5 case reports). In total, 58 patients (24 pediatrics) were reported (18 received heparin as control groups). Bivalirudin was used with or without loading dose, followed by infusion at different ranges (lowest 0.1-0.2 mg/kg/h without loading dose; highest 0.5 mg/kg/h after loading dose). The strategies for monitoring anticoagulation and optimal targets were dissimilar (activated partial thromboplastin time 45-60 seconds to 42-88 seconds; activated clotting time 180-200 seconds to 200-220 seconds; thromboelastography in 1 study). CONCLUSION Bivalirudin loading dose was not always used; infusion range and anticoagulation targets were different. In this systematic review, we discuss the reasons for this variability. Larger studies are needed to establish the optimal approach with the use of bivalirudin for ECMO.

Pedestrian safety programs - a review of the literature and operational experience. Final report.

Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research, Washington, D.C.

Toxicity of pulp and paper mill effluent : a literature review /

Mode of access: Internet.

Treatment of petroleum refinery, petrochemical, and combined industrial-municipal wastewaters with activated carbon : literature review /

Mode of access: Internet.

Recovery of by-products from animal wastes : a literature review /

Mode of access: Internet.

Metal bioaccumulation in fishes and aquatic invertebrates : a literature review /

Mode of access: Internet.

Adsorption of energy-related organic pollutants : a literature review /

Mode of access: Internet.

Review of legal literature--published between July 1974 and July 1978. Pertaining to alcohol and drug involvement in highway safety.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Driver and Pedestrian Safety, Washington, D.C.

Radiobiological review articles : a literature search /

"January 1962."

Industrial reuse and recycle of wastewaters : literature review /

Mode of access: Internet.

Floating debris control : a literature review /

"June 1987."

Human factors aspects of using head up displays in automobiles: a review of the literature.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Bioaccumulation of toxic substances associated with dredging and dredged material disposal : a literature review /

Mode of access: Internet.