BioMet®Tools: from modeling and simulation to product design and development

BioMet®Tools is a set of software applications developed for the biometrical characterization of voice in different fields as voice quality evaluation in laryngology, speech therapy and rehabilitation, education of the singing voice, forensic voice analysis in court, emotional detection in voice, secure access to facilities and services, etc. Initially it was conceived as plain research code to estimate the glottal source from voice and obtain the biomechanical parameters of the vocal folds from the spectral density of the estimate. This code grew to what is now the Glottex®Engine package (G®E). Further demands from users in medical and forensic fields instantiated the development of different Graphic User Interfaces (GUI’s) to encapsulate user interaction with the G®E. This required the personalized design of different GUI’s handling the same G®E. In this way development costs and time could be saved. The development model is described in detail leading to commercial production and distribution. Study cases from its application to the field of laryngology and speech therapy are given and discussed.

Runtime variability for dynamic reconfiguration in wireless sensor network product lines

Runtime variability is a key technique for the success of Dynamic Software Product Lines (DSPLs), as certain application demand reconfiguration of system features and execution plans at runtime. In this emerging research work we address the problem of dynamic changes in feature models in sensor networks product families, where nodes of the network demand dynamic reconfiguration at post-deployment time.

Configuration management and product lines to enhance the replication process in software engineering

This research is concerned with the experimental software engineering area, specifically experiment replication. Replication has traditionally been viewed as a complex task in software engineering. This is possibly due to the present immaturity of the experimental paradigm applied to software development. Researchers usually use replication packages to replicate an experiment. However, replication packages are not the solution to all the information management problems that crop up when successive replications of an experiment accumulate. This research borrows ideas from the software configuration management and software product line paradigms to support the replication process. We believe that configuration management can help to manage and administer information from one replication to another: hypotheses, designs, data analysis, etc. The software product line paradigm can help to organize and manage any changes introduced into the experiment by each replication. We expect the union of the two paradigms in replication to improve the planning, design and execution of further replications and their alignment with existing replications. Additionally, this research work will contribute a web support environment for archiving information related to different experiment replications. Additionally, it will provide flexible enough information management support for running replications with different numbers and types of changes. Finally, it will afford massive storage of data from different replications. Experimenters working collaboratively on the same experiment must all have access to the different experiments.

Using configuration management and product line software paradigms to support the experimentation process in software engineering.

There is no empirical evidence whatsoever to support most of the beliefs on which software construction is based. We do not yet know the adequacy, limits, qualities, costs and risks of the technologies used to develop software. Experimentation helps to check and convert beliefs and opinions into facts. This research is concerned with the replication area. Replication is a key component for gathering empirical evidence on software development that can be used in industry to build better software more efficiently. Replication has not been an easy thing to do in software engineering (SE) because the experimental paradigm applied to software development is still immature. Nowadays, a replication is executed mostly using a traditional replication package. But traditional replication packages do not appear, for some reason, to have been as effective as expected for transferring information among researchers in SE experimentation. The trouble spot appears to be the replication setup, caused by version management problems with materials, instruments, documents, etc. This has proved to be an obstacle to obtaining enough details about the experiment to be able to reproduce it as exactly as possible. We address the problem of information exchange among experimenters by developing a schema to characterize replications. We will adapt configuration management and product line ideas to support the experimentation process. This will enable researchers to make systematic decisions based on explicit knowledge rather than assumptions about replications. This research will output a replication support web environment. This environment will not only archive but also manage experimental materials flexibly enough to allow both similar and differentiated replications with massive experimental data storage. The platform should be accessible to several research groups working together on the same families of experiments.

Model-to-Code transformation from product-line architecture models to aspectJ

Software Product Line Engineering has significant advantages in family-based software development. The common and variable structure for all products of a family is defined through a Product-Line Architecture (PLA) that consists of a common set of reusable components and connectors which can be configured to build the different products. The design of PLA requires solutions for capturing such configuration (variability). The Flexible-PLA Model is a solution that supports the specification of external variability of the PLA configuration, as well as internal variability of components. However, a complete support for product-line development requires translating architecture specifications into code. This complex task needs automation to avoid human error. Since Model-Driven Development allows automatic code generation from models, this paper presents a solution to automatically generate AspectJ code from Flexible-PLA models previously configured to derive specific products. This solution is supported by a modeling framework and validated in a software factory.

FPLA: a modeling framework for describing flexible software product line architecture

Nowadays, Software Product Line (SPL) engineering [1] has been widely-adopted in software development due to the significant improvements that has provided, such as reducing cost and time-to-market and providing flexibility to respond to planned changes [2]. SPL takes advantage of common features among the products of a family through the systematic reuse of the core-assets and the effective management of variabilities across the products. SPL features are realized at the architectural level in product-line architecture (PLA) models. Therefore, suitable modeling and specification techniques are required to model variability. In fact, architectural variability modeling has become a challenge for SPLE due to the fact that PLA modeling requires not only modeling variability at the level of the external architecture configuration (see [3,4] literature reviews), but also at the level of internal specification of components [5]. In addition, PLA modeling requires preserving the traceability between features and PLAs. Finally, it is important to take into account that PLA modeling should guide architects in modeling the PLA core assets and variability, and in deriving the customized products. To deal with these needs, we present in this demonstration the FPLA Modeling Framework.

Providing a consensus definition for the term "Smart Product"

The term "Smart Product" has become commonly used in recent years. This is because there has been an increasing interest in these kinds of products as part of the consumer goods industry, impacting everyday life and industry. Nevertheless, the term "Smart Product" is used with different meanings in different contexts and application domains. The use of the term "Smart Product" with different meanings and underlying semantics can create important misunderstandings and dissent. The aim of this paper is to analyze the different definitions of Smart Product available in the literature, and to explore and analyze their commonalities and differences, in order to provide a consensus definition that satisfies, and can therefore be used by, all parties. To embrace the identified definitions, the concept of "Smart Thing" is introduced. The methodology used was a systematic literature review. The definition is expressed as an ontology.

Agile Product Inception: Framework Analysis and Support

In this dissertation, after testing that neither the definition of Agile methodologies, nor the current tools that support them, such as Scrum or XP, gave guidance for stages of software development prior to the definition of the first interaction of development; we proceeded to study the state of the art of Inception techniques, that is, techniques to deal with this early phase of the project, that would help guide its development. From the analysis of these Inception techniques, we defined what we considered as the essential properties of an Inception framework. With that list at hand, it was found that no current Inception framework supported all the features, also, we found that it did not exist, either, any software application on the market that did it. Finally, after checking the above gaps, we defined the Inception framework "Agile Incepti-ON", with all the practices necessary to meet the requirements specified above. In addition to this, a software application was developed to support the practices defined in the Inception framework, called "Agile Dojo".

Análisis de la cadena de valor, canales cortos de comercialización y horticultura multifuncional como opciones de puesta en valor: Caso de la Huerta de Aranjuez

La Vega de Aranjuez ha sido desde hace siglos conocida por la notoriedad de sus jardines y huertas históricas y también, en épocas más recientes, por ser la despensa de Madrid. A mediados del siglo XX, sin embargo, con las transformaciones que el sector agrario ha experimentado no sólo a nivel local, sino a escala global, empezó un proceso de declive que se ha acentuado en los últimos años. Paralelamente, en el año 2001, la Unesco declara el Paisaje Cultural de Aranjuez, como Patrimonio de la Humanidad con un valor universal excepcional. Parte de lo que sustenta este reconocimiento a nivel internacional radica en las peculiaridades del paisaje que conforma la actividad agraria. El cambio de orientación, eminentemente hortofrutícola hacia cultivos extensivos y superficies en barbecho, y la pérdida de importancia del sector, no han pasado desapercibidos para la administración local y han sido varios los intentos de recuperación y dinamización del sector en los últimos años. La investigación de la que es objeto esta Tesis Doctoral surgió por iniciativa del Ayuntamiento de Aranjuez, que en al año 2010 deseó conocer la situación del sector hortícola en el municipio, para lo cual, encargó un estudio a la UPM-ETSIA. Para conocer la realidad desde una perspectiva integral, se planteó abordar el análisis desde la perspectiva de Cadena de Valor. Las implicaciones de este concepto, su evolución y su papel como instrumento de análisis de la cadena alimentaria, han sido revisadas y presentadas en el epígrafe del Marco Conceptual. Por cadena de valor se entiende el conjunto de procesos desde el consumidor, a través de los proveedores que proporcionan productos, servicios e información que añaden valor hacia los clientes (Lambert & Cooper, 2000; Chen, 2004). Para el análisis de la situación del sector hortícola en Aranjuez, se procedió en varios pasos, los cuales constituyeron la primera fase de la investigación y contemplaron lo siguiente: 1. La identificación de los problemas y de las demandas de los actores de la cadena, realizando cortes transversales en el mercado a distintos niveles para conocer los puntos de vista de los operadores de la cadena (Gunasekaran & Patel ,2004; Rojas, 2009; Schiefer, 2007). Para ello se diseñaron cuestionarios y se dirigieron a representantes de cinco eslabones de la cadena presentes en el caso de estudio: Agricultores (15), Mayoristas (11), Detallistas (55), Consumidores (85) y Restaurantes (36), tanto en Aranjuez como en Madrid (un total de 202). 2. Análisis D.A.F.O de cada uno de los eslabones y de la cadena completa, como herramienta para identificar y sintetizar la problemática y las potencialidades del sector. 3. Análisis global de la Cadena de Valor mediante el Método de Organización Sectorial, según Briz, de Felipe y Briz (2010), el cual permite estudiar aspectos de la estructura, la conducta y el funcionamiento de la cadena. 4. Jornada de análisis por parte de un Panel de Expertos en la sede de la Fundación Foro Agrario, en la cual se presentaron las conclusiones del análisis de la cadena de valor y se plantearon estrategias para la dinamización del sector. Con los resultados del análisis en esta primera fase de la investigación, se obtuvo una panorámica de la cadena de valor. Algunos de los aspectos más destacados son los siguientes: • El eslabón productivo en Aranjuez está muy atomizado y trabaja por lo general de forma independiente. Cultiva hasta veinte productos hortícolas diferentes, entre los cuales los frutales están casi en desaparición y hay poca presencia de producto ecológico. Le preocupan los precios poco estables y bajos y por lo general no trabaja con contratos. •El eslabón mayorista prácticamente carece de presencia en Aranjuez y está representado en su mayoría por operadores de Mercamadrid, los cuales demandan mayores volúmenes y mejor normalización de los productos hortícolas procedentes de Aranjuez. • El eslabón detallista consultado es diverso (con representación de comercios minoristas, supermercados e hipermercados) y también demanda mayores volúmenes de producción y mejoras en la normalización. Un 80% conoce los productos de Aranjuez, especialmente el espárrago y la fresa-fresón citados en un 74% y 63% de los casos respectivamente. • En el eslabón de consumidores, el 79% de los encuestados da importancia a la procedencia de los productos hortícolas y un 82% conoce los productos de la Huerta de Aranjuez, siendo los más consumidos el espárrago y el fresón. Un 42% de los encuestados compra producto ecológico por razones de salud, sabor y buscando la ausencia de químicos. • El eslabón de restaurantes es un gran consumidor de hortalizas, la gran mayoría de los productos incluidos en el análisis se oferta en más del 75% de los casos. Las más presentes son tomate y espárrago. La fresa y el fresón (en un 83% de los casos), y el espárrago (72%) seguido de la alcachofa (44%) son los productos de Aranjuez que más se conocen en el conjunto de los restaurantes entrevistados. El 75% de los restaurantes prefiere el producto fresco frente al procesado o congelado. La mayoría de los restaurantes locales (92%) estaría dispuesto a incluir en su carta una diferenciación para los productos de Aranjuez. Sin embargo, en el resto de restaurantes el porcentaje es mucho menor (21%). Entre las conclusiones del análisis se evidenció que un 52% de las ventas de los agricultores se realizaba sin intermediarios y un 69% de los consumidores se manifestaba interesado en adquirir productos de Aranjuez directamente del campo a su casa. Se identificó de esta manera que el acortamiento de la cadena se está utilizando como una forma de crear valor. Para profundizar en este aspecto, se planteó una segunda fase en la investigación. Además de estudiar diversos aspectos de los canales cortos de comercialización, se planteó estudiar el enfoque multifuncional de la horticultura, como estrategia para poner en valor la Huerta ribereña. Para dar una coherencia con la fase anterior, el planteamiento se realizó también desde la perspectiva de la cadena de valor, orientando la consulta hacia el eslabón consumidor. De esta manera, se realizó una consulta mediante cuestionario a 221 consumidores sobre diferentes aspectos relativos a los Canales Cortos de Comercialización (CCC) y la Horticultura Multifuncional (HM)1, lo cual permitió realizar un análisis cuantitativo de diferentes variables. Para completar la visión integral de la cadena corta, se seleccionaron 6 proyectos significativos que son ejemplos de diversas tipologías de canales cortos de comercialización en Aranjuez y Madrid, como representantes del denominado eslabón de “Promotores de CCC” y se consultó también a la Asociación de Productores de la Huerta de Aranjuez, constituida formalmente en el año 2014, como representante del eslabón Productor. Para la obtención de información, la cual tiene un carácter cualitativo en el caso de estos dos eslabones de la cadena, se realizaron cuestionarios y Estudios de Caso de cada proyecto. Los cuestionarios de esta segunda fase de consulta a los eslabones de la cadena corta contuvieron cuestiones relativas a los canales cortos de comercialización, tanto a nivel general (concepto de canal corto, puntos fuertes y ventajas que aportan, dificultades para su desarrollo, factores clave para su éxito) como para el caso concreto de la Huerta de Aranjuez (perfil del consumidor, factores implicados en la compra de verduras, utilización de diversas modalidades de canal corto, relación con las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TICs) y la producción ecológica o la importancia del factor confianza). También aspectos relacionados con la Horticultura Multifuncional, como son, la valoración de diferentes actividades o proyectos de carácter agro-turístico, educativo, social o terapéutico, o la percepción del consumidor de las actividades de huerta como fuente de bienestar y como agente satisfactor de diversas necesidades humanas. Para completar la visión sobre estos dos temas, CCC y HM, se realizó una consulta mediante cuestionario a Expertos en el campo de los canales cortos de comercialización, procedentes del ámbito académico, y a Profesionales en activo trabajando en proyectos de horticultura social y terapéutica. La información aportada, aunque tiene carácter cualitativo, complementa el estudio ofreciendo la perspectiva académica en el caso de los canales cortos y amplía la información sobre la horticultura multifuncional, tratando cuestiones relativas al desempeño profesional o a la formación existente en España en el campo de la horticultura social y terapéutica. Los resultados de esta segunda fase de la investigación, entre otras cuestiones, evidenciaron que: • Los canales cortos de comercialización implican mucho más que la simple reducción de intermediarios y comprenden una gran diversidad de tipologías. • Los casos estudiados, están enfocados en su mayoría al producto ecológico y su funcionamiento está muy fundamentado en el uso de TICs y en el factor confianza. • En relación a la compra de verduras en el ámbito de los canales cortos, son aspectos muy valorados por el consumidor la calidad del producto, la rapidez y frescura con la que llega del campo a la mesa y que el Producto sea recogido en su punto óptimo de maduración. • Las actividades en el ámbito de la horticultura multifuncional son valoradas positivamente por los consumidores, siendo las más puntuadas las de huerto educativo, huerto terapéutico, seguidas de visitas guiadas y degustaciones de productos de huerta en restaurantes. • Por lo general existe una valoración muy alta de la huerta como fuente de bienestar y de satisfacción de necesidades humanas básicas, especialmente las de una alimentación saludable y de conexión con la naturaleza. Para terminar esta síntesis de la investigación realizada, se presentan las principales conclusiones a nivel global de la Tesis, que son las siguientes: 1. La metodología de cadena de valor ha resultado adecuada para conocer la complejidad y el funcionamiento del sector hortícola arancetano desde una perspectiva integral. 2. La Huerta de Aranjuez cuenta con importantes fortalezas, sustentadas en la calidad de sus suelos y en la fama que mantienen sus productos, pero también debilidades. Esto supone poco volumen de producción, que dificulta la relación con mayoristas y grandes detallistas. 3. El acortamiento de la cadena, mediante canales cortos de comercialización se ha identificado como una forma de creación de valor en la cadena. Existen oportunidades de abastecimiento a consumidores de Madrid mediante canales cortos, sin embargo, las modalidades que requieren mayor organización o requisitos de producción ecológica todavía no están desarrolladas. 4. La producción ecológica podría ser una estrategia para crear valor pero todavía es un método de cultivo muy minoritario en la cadena productiva arancetana. 5. Las peculiaridades de la Huerta de Aranjuez propician la puesta en práctica del enfoque multifuncional de la horticultura como vía de desarrollo económico. Los resultados apuntan a una posible demanda de servicios que contemplen actividades de horticultura de carácter educativo, terapéutico y agro-turístico, conducidas por profesionales. Existe una percepción positiva sobre el potencial de la huerta como fuente de bienestar y de satisfacción de necesidades humanas básicas. 6. La puesta en marcha de proyectos empresariales en el ámbito de la horticultura social es una apuesta interesante para crear valor en la huerta que ha sido valorada positivamente por los eslabones de la cadena corta consultados. 7. El campo de la Horticultura Multifuncional que contempla aspectos educativos, sociales y terapéuticos conforma una disciplina con posibilidades de desarrollo que en la investigación se perciben como limitadas por la falta de profesionales y su acceso a una formación adecuada en España. El estudio de los Canales Cortos de Comercialización y de la Horticultura Multifuncional como vías de puesta en valor en el caso de la Huerta de Aranjuez ha tenido un carácter exploratorio y en gran parte cualitativo en esta Tesis Doctoral. Ambos conceptos han desvelado cierta complejidad y requieren de un mayor conocimiento en diversos aspectos para su puesta en práctica con éxito. Se abre, por tanto, un campo para futuras investigaciones que profundicen en estos ámbitos. ABSTRACT La Vega de Aranjuez has been known for centuries for the reputation of its orchards and historic gardens and, more recently, as the pantry of Madrid. However, in the mid-twentieth century, with the transformations in agriculture, not only locally, but globally, began a process of decline that has been accentuated in recent years. Meanwhile, in 2001, Unesco declared Aranjuez Cultural Landscape, as a World Heritage Site with outstanding universal value. Part of what underpins this international recognition lies in the peculiarities of the landscape created by farming. The shift, from an eminently horticultural vocation to extensive field crops and fallow surfaces, and the loss of importance of the sector, have not gone unnoticed for local authorities and have been several attempts at recovery and revitalization of the sector in recent years. The beginning of this research came at the initiative of the municipality of Aranjuez, which in 2010 wanted to know the situation of the horticultural sector, for which he commissioned a study by the UPM-ETSIA. To know reality from an integral perspective, it was proposed to approach the analysis from the perspective of value chain. The implications of this concept, its evolution and its role as an instrument of analysis of the food chain, have been reviewed and presented in Chapter 3.2. The value chain concept refers to all the processes from the consumer, through suppliers who provide products, services and information that add value to customers (Lambert & Cooper, 2000; Chen, 2004). For the analysis of the situation of the horticultural sector in Aranjuez, which constituted the first phase of research, it proceeded in several steps: 1. Identifying the problems and demands of the actors in the chain, making transverse cuts in the market at different levels to meet the views of the chain operators (Gunasekaran & Patel , 2004; Rojas, 2009; Schiefer, 2007). Questionnaires were designed for it and went to representatives of the five links in the chain: Farmers (15), Wholesalers (11), Retailers (55), Consumers (85) and Restaurants (36), both in Aranjuez and Madrid (a total of 202). 2. SWOT analysis of each chain actor and of the whole supply chain, as a tool to identify and synthesize the problems and potential of the sector. 3. Analysis of the whole supply chain by Industrial Organization Method according to Briz et al. (2010), which allows to study aspects of the structure, conduct and performance of the chain. 4. Analysis by a Panel of Experts at Foro Agrario Foundation headquarters, where the conclusions of the analysis were presented and strategies for the revitalization of the sector were raised. The results of the analysis in this first phase of the research, presented an overview of the value chain. Some of the highlights are: - The productive sector in Aranjuez is very fragmented and usually works independently. With a wide variety of horticultural products (up to 20), fruit crops almost disappearing and little presence of organic product. Is concerned about the unstable and low prices and usually does not work with contracts. - The wholesale sector with virtually no presence in Aranjuez is represented mostly by Mercamadrid operators, who demand higher volumes and better standardization of horticultural products from Aranjuez. - The retailer sector is diversified (with representation from retailers, supermarkets and hypermarkets) and also demand higher production volumes and improved standardization. 80% know the products of Aranjuez, especially asparagus and strawberry-strawberry cited by 74% and 63% of cases respectively. - Among the consumers, 79% give importance to the origin of horticultural products and 82% know the products from Aranjuez, the most consumed asparagus and strawberries. 42% buy organic products for health, taste and absence of chemicals. - Restaurants are big consumers of vegetables, most of the products included in the analysis is offered in over 75% of cases. The most: tomato and asparagus. Strawberry (83% of cases), and asparagus (72%) followed by the artichoke (44%) are the products of Aranjuez more known in all the surveyed restaurants. 75% of the restaurants prefer fresh product against processed or frozen. Most local restaurants (92%) would be willing to include in their menu a differentiation for products of Aranjuez. However, for those restaurants from Madrid the percentage is much lower (21%). Among the conclusions of the analysis it showed that 52% of sales were realized from farmers without intermediaries and 69% of consumers expressed interest in acquiring products directly from field to table. It has been identified that the shortening of the chain is being used as a way to create value. To deepen this aspect, a second phase investigation arose. Besides studying various aspects of the short supply chains, it was also proposed to study the functional approach of horticulture as a strategy to add value. To provide consistency with the previous phase, the focus was also conducted from the perspective of the value chain, directing the query to consumers. Thus, again it was used the questionnaire as a methodological tool, and 221 consumers were asked about different aspects of the Short Suppy Chains (SSC) and Multifunctional Horticulture (MH)2, which allowed a quantitative analysis of several variables. To complete the comprehensive view of the short chain, 6 significant projects were selected as examples of different types of short supply chains in Aranjuez and Madrid, representing "SSC Promoters" and also the “Asociación de Productores de la Huerta de Aranjuez”, formally constituted in 2014, was asked representing the productive sector. The Study Case and again the questionnaire were elected as methodological tools in a qualitative analysis. The questionnaires of this second phase of research contained short supply chain issues, as a general topic (short supply chain concept, strengths and advantages they bring difficulties for its development, key factors success) and also refered to the case of Aranjuez (consumer profile, factors involved in the purchase of vegetables, use of several types of short supply chains, relation with information and communication technologies (ICTs) and organic production or the importance of trust in short supply chains). It also contemplated aspects of multifunctional horticulture, such as the valuation of different activities (agro-tourism, educational, social or therapeutic horticulture) and consumer perception about horticultural activities as a source of welfare and satisfactor of human needs. To complete the vision of these two issues, SSC and MH, experts in the field of short supply chains and professionals working in the field of social and therapeutic horticulture were asked. The qualitative information provided, complements the study offering a new perspective in the value chain analysis, such as those relating to job performance, the difficulties encountered or training existing in our country in the field of social and therapeutic horticulture. The results of this second phase of research showed that: Short supply chains involve much more than simply reducing intermediaries and cover a wide range of types. The cases studied are mostly focused on ecological product and its operation is heavily based on the use of ICTs and the trust factor. In connection with the purchase of vegetables in the field of short supply chains, product quality, speed and freshness with which comes from the field to the table and products picked at its peak maturation, are aspects highly valued by the consumer. Activities in the field of multifunctional horticulture are positively valued by consumers, the most scored: the educational garden, therapeutic garden, followed by guided tours and tastings of vegetables from Aranjuez in restaurants. Horticultural activities were highly valuated as a source of welfare and satisfaction of human needs, especially those of healthy eating and connection with nature. To complete this summary, the main conclusions of the research are presented as follows: 1. The value chain approach has been adequate to meet the complexity and operation of the horticultural sector in Aranjuez from a holistic perspective. 2. La Huerta de Aranjuez has important strengths, underpinned by the quality of its soils and fame that keep their products, but also weaknesses. This implies low volume of production, which makes difficult the link with wholesalers and large retailers. 3. The shortening of the chain by short supply chains has been identified as a way of creating value in the chain. Opportunities exist to supply consumers from Madrid by short supply chains, however, methods that require greater organization or requirements of organic production are not yet developed. 4. Organic production could be a strategy to create value but is not generally being implemented in the production chain. 5. The peculiarity of the Huerta de Aranjuez favours the implementation of the multifunctional approach as a means of economic development. The results point to a possible demand for multifunctional horticulture that include educational, therapeutic and agro-tourism activities. There is a positive perception of the potential of horticultural activities as a source of welfare and satisfaction of basic human needs. 6. The implementation of business projects in the field of social horticulture are an interesting way to create value that has been highly valued in the short supply chain. 7. The field of Multifunctional Horticulture which includes educational, social and therapeutic aspects, forms a discipline with possibilities of development, which in research are seen as limited by the lack of professionals and access to adequate training in our country. The study of Short Supply Chains and Multifunctional Horticulture as strategies to create value in the case of the Huerta de Aranjuez has an exploratory character and largely qualitative in this research. Both concepts have revealed some complexity and require greater knowledge in various aspects for successful implementation. It opens therefore a field for future research to deepen in these areas.

Specific association of the gene product of PKD2 with the TRPC1 channel

The function(s) of the genes (PKD1 and PKD2) responsible for the majority of cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is unknown. While PKD1 encodes a large integral membrane protein containing several structural motifs found in known proteins involved in cell–cell or cell–matrix interactions, PKD2 has homology to PKD1 and the major subunit of the voltage-activated Ca2+ channels. We now describe sequence homology between PKD2 and various members of the mammalian transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) proteins, thought to be activated by G protein-coupled receptor activation and/or depletion of internal Ca2+ stores. We show that PKD2 can directly associate with TRPC1 but not TRPC3 in transfected cells and in vitro. This association is mediated by two distinct domains in PKD2. One domain involves a minimal region of 73 amino acids in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of PKD2 shown previously to constitute an interacting domain with PKD1. However, distinct residues within this region mediate specific interactions with TRPC1 or PKD1. The C-terminal domain is sufficient but not necessary for the PKD2–TRPC1 association. A more N-terminal domain located within transmembrane segments S2 and S5, including a putative pore helical region between S5 and S6, is also responsible for the association. Given the ability of the TRPC to form functional homo- and heteromultimeric complexes, these data provide evidence that PKD2 may be functionally related to TRPC proteins and suggest a possible role of PKD2 in modulating Ca2+ entry in response to G protein-coupled receptor activation and/or store depletion.

Reptilian chemistry: Characterization of dianeackerone, a secretory product from a crocodile

The major volatile component in the paracloacal glandular secretion of the adult African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis) was isolated and characterized as a 19-carbon aromatic ketone, dianeackerone (3,7-diethyl-9-phenyl-2-nonanone). This ketone is absent from the secretion of immatures. Careful examination of dianeackerone samples isolated from individual adults revealed that this ketone occurs as both the (3S, 7S) and (3S, 7R) stereoisomers, with different individuals presenting strikingly different ratios of the isomeric forms. Our initial suspicion that the stereoisomeric dianeackerones might be indicators of gender proved untenable, leaving the role of these glandular constituents a challenge for future study.

Crystal structure of a multifunctional 2-Cys peroxiredoxin heme-binding protein 23 kDa/proliferation-associated gene product

Heme-binding protein 23 kDa (HBP23), a rat isoform of human proliferation-associated gene product (PAG), is a member of the peroxiredoxin family of peroxidases, having two conserved cysteine residues. Recent biochemical studies have shown that HBP23/PAG is an oxidative stress-induced and proliferation-coupled multifunctional protein that exhibits specific bindings to c-Abl protein tyrosine kinase and heme, as well as a peroxidase activity. A 2.6-Å resolution crystal structure of rat HBP23 in oxidized form revealed an unusual dimer structure in which the active residue Cys-52 forms a disulfide bond with conserved Cys-173 from another subunit by C-terminal tail swapping. The active site is largely hydrophobic with partially exposed Cys-173, suggesting a reduction mechanism of oxidized HBP23 by thioredoxin. Thus, the unusual cysteine disulfide bond is involved in peroxidation catalysis by using thioredoxin as the source of reducing equivalents. The structure also provides a clue to possible interaction surfaces for c-Abl and heme. Several significant structural differences have been found from a 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, ORF6, which lacks the C-terminal conserved cysteine corresponding to Cys-173 of HBP23.

The product of a thyroid hormone-responsive gene interacts with thyroid hormone receptors

Thyroid hormone is a critical mediator of central nervous system (CNS) development, acting through nuclear receptors to modulate the expression of specific genes. Transcription of the rat hairless (hr) gene is highly up-regulated by thyroid hormone in the developing CNS; we show here that hr is directly induced by thyroid hormone. By identifying proteins that interact with the hr gene product (Hr), we find that Hr interacts directly and specifically with thyroid hormone receptor (TR)—the same protein that regulates its expression. Unlike previously described receptor-interacting factors, Hr associates with TR and not with retinoic acid receptors (RAR, RXR). Hr can act as a transcriptional repressor, suggesting that its interaction with TR is part of a novel autoregulatory mechanism.

Chymase cleavage of stem cell factor yields a bioactive, soluble product

Stem cell factor (SCF) is produced by stromal cells as a membrane-bound molecule, which may be proteolytically cleaved at a site close to the membrane to produce a soluble bioactive form. The proteases producing this cleavage are unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that human mast cell chymase, a chymotrypsin-like protease, cleaves SCF at a novel site. Cleavage is at the peptide bond between Phe-158 and Met-159, which are encoded by exon 6 of the SCF gene. This cleavage results in a soluble bioactive product that is 7 amino acids shorter at the C terminus than previously identified soluble SCF. This research shows the identification of a physiologically relevant enzyme that specifically cleaves SCF. Because mast cells express the KIT protein, the receptor for SCF, and respond to SCF by proliferation and degranulation, this observation identifies a possible feedback loop in which chymase released from mast cell secretory granules may solubilize SCF bound to the membrane of surrounding stromal cells. The liberated soluble SCF may in turn stimulate mast cell proliferation and differentiated functions; this loop could contribute to abnormal accumulations of mast cells in the skin and hyperpigmentation at sites of chronic cutaneous inflammation.