A cross-cultural construct of the ethos of the corporate codes of ethics: Australia, Canada and Sweden

The objective of this paper is to develop and describe a construct of the ethos of the corporate codes of ethics (i.e. an ECCE construct) across three countries, namely Australia, Canada and Sweden. The introduced construct is rather unique as it is based on a cross-cultural sample seldom seen in the literature. While the outcome of statistical analyses indicated a satisfactory factor solution and acceptable estimates of reliability measures, some research limitations have been stressed. They provide a foundation for further research in the field and testing of the ECCE construct in other cultural and corporate settings. We believe that the ECCE construct makes a contribution to theory and practice in the field as it outlines a theoretical construct for the benefit of other researchers. It is also of managerial interest as it provides a grounded framework of areas to be considered in the implementation in organizations of corporate codes of ethics.

A cross cultural comparison of the contents of codes of ethics: USA, Canada and Australia

This paper examines the contents of the codes of ethics of 83 of the top 500 companies operating in the private sector in Australia in an attempt to discover whether there are national characteristics that differentiate the codes used by companies operating in Australia from codes used by companies operating in the American and Canadian systems. The studies that were used as a comparison were Mathews (1987) for the United States of America and Lefebvre and Singh (1992) for Canada. The major conclusion is that, whilst Australian codes do have some characteristics that differentiate them from the other two groups, it appears that companies in all three cultures are driven by the same motives to develop codes.

Navigating the ethics of cross-cultural health promotion research

Health promotion researchers must consider the ethics of their research, and are usually required to abide by a set of ethical requirements stipulated by governing bodies (such as the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council) and human research ethics committees (HRECs). These requirements address both deontological (rule-based) and consequence-based issues. However, at times there can be a disconnect between the requirements of deontological issues and the cultural sensitivity required when research is set in cultural contexts and settings etic to the HREC. This poses a challenge for health promotion researchers who must negotiate between meeting both the requirements of the HREC and the needs of the community with whom the research is being conducted. Drawing on two case studies, this paper discusses examples from cross-cultural health promotion research in Australian and international settings where disconnect arose and negotiation was required to appropriately meet the needs of all parties. The examples relate to issues of participant recruitment and informed consent, participants under the Australian legal age of consent, participant withdrawal when this seemingly occurs in an ad hoc rather than a formal manner and reciprocity. Although these approaches are context specific, they highlight issues for consideration to advance more culturally appropriate practice in research ethics and suggest ways a stronger anthropological lens can be applied to research ethics to overcome these challenges.

Construction of ethics in clinical research - Clinical trials registration

Scientific development that has been achieved through decades finds in clinical research a great possibility of translating findings to human health application. Evidence given by clinical trials allows everyone to have access to the best health services. However, the millionaire world of pharmaceutical industries has stained clinical research with doubt and improbability. Study results (fruits of controlled clinical trials) and scientific publications (selective, manipulated and with wrong conclusions) led to an inappropriate clinical practice, favoring the involved economic aspect. In 2005, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), supported by the World Association of Medical Editors, started demanding as a requisite for publication that all clinical trials be registered at the database ClinicalTrials.gov. In 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) created the International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP), which gathers several registry centers from all over the world, and required that all researchers and pharmaceutical industries register clinical trials. Such obligatory registration has progressed and will extend to all scientific journals indexed in all worldwide databases. Registration of clinical trials means another step of clinical research towards transparency, ethics and impartiality, resulting in real evidence to the forthcoming changes in clinical practice as well as in the health situation.

Repensando o sentido formativo da atividade filosófica à luz do “Trabalho sobre si-mesmo” de Wittgenstein: se filosofar é trabalhar sobre si, o que se trabalha quando se filosofa?

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

Die Praktische Philosophie in der Praxis und ihre Perspektiven für die Didaktik der Philosophie und Ethik

Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich zum Ziel, die gesellschaftliche Relevanz der Praktischen Philosophie vor allem für die beiden Strömungen der Philosophischen Praxis als Beratung und der Fachdidaktik der Philosophie und Ethik aufzuzeigen.rnDabei sollen die umfassenden Themenfelder der philosophischen Praxis in einen systematischen Zusammenhang gebracht und auf die Grundfragen der Praktischen Philosophie und ihre Methoden zurückgeführt werden.rnZentraler Bestandteil dieser Fundierung lebensrelevanter Bereiche philosophischer Praxis sind neben den methodischen Perspektiven der Praktischen Philosophie (Phänomenologie, Hermeneutik, Dialektik) vor allem anthropologische und allgemein ethische Fragestellungen. In Form einer integralen Philosophie und Ethik können diese philosophischen Kompetenzen dazu beitragen, sowohl in beratenden Berufen als auch in Berufen des Bildungssektors Hilfestellungen zu leisten. rnEin Anliegen der Philosophischen Praxis besteht dabei darin, das Selbstverständnis und Weltverständnis des Menschen in seiner Entwicklung zu fördern. Innerhalb dieses Bildungsprozesses der menschlichen Orientierungsfähigkeit in der Gesellschaft leisten gerade kulturanthropologische Untersuchungen zu kulturellen Phänomenen wertvolle Beiträge und sind daher für eine Deutung von Menschenbildern und kulturellen Ausprägungen fruchtbar zu machen. Das fachliche Selbstverständnis dieser Disziplin ist an der Schnittstelle verschiedener Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften angesiedelt und liefert aufgrund seiner Alltags- und Lebensnähe eine wissenschaftliche Haltung im Sinne der Philosophischen Praxis, die sowohl den individuellen Menschen als auch seine wissenschaftliche Erforschung und Deutung im Blick hat.rnDies ist vor allem für fachdidaktische Überlegungen im Rahmen eines schulischen Philosophie- und Ethikunterrichts relevant, denen an sowohl fachwissenschaftlichen Diskursen als auch an Problemfragen der jeweils persönlich betroffenen Lerngruppe gelegen ist.rnDie Perspektiven der Philosophischen Praxis als Strömung der Praktischen Philosophie bestehen darin, für die Didaktik der Philosophie ein Instrumentarium in Form von Methoden, Problemfragen und Inhalten zusammenzustellen, das auch der Philosophie als Universitäts- und Unterrichtsfach neue Wege eröffnen kann.rnDaher soll die vorliegende Arbeit deutlich machen, dass die bisher in der akademischen Philosophie kaum oder wenig beachtete Form der Philosophischen Praxis als wichtiger Teil der Didaktik der Philosophie und Ethik erkannt werden kann. Die Philosophische Praxis in der hier zusammengestellten Form kann daher wichtige Impulse für eine sich entwickelnde Didaktik der Philosophie und Ethik liefern. rnDie Philosophie leistet dabei einen wichtigen Beitrag für einen integralen Bildungsbegriff. Die untersuchten Autoren und philosophischen Strömungen lassen erkennen, dass die Tradition der Philosophischen Praxis und Selbstsorge seit der Antike eine bedeutende Strömung der Philosophie darstellt, deren Wiederaufnahme von gesellschaftlicher Relevanz sein kann, da sie sich gerade zu Fragen der „Selbstfindung“, „Selbstverwirklichung“ und „Glückssuche“, wie sie in der Gegenwart virulent sind, philosophisch fundiert zu äußern vermag. Vor allem philosophiedidaktische Überlegungen sollten die an dieser Stelle bedeutsamen Konvergenzen akademischer Philosophie und alltäglicher Problemfragen, wie sie im schulischen Kontext zu stellen sind, berücksichtigen. Die im zweiten Teil der Arbeit durchgeführte kritische Untersuchung und Gegenüberstellung philosophiedidaktischer Positionen konnte zeigen, inwiefern verschiedene didaktische Konzepte Bezüge zu Themenfeldern der Philosophischen Praxis aufweisen. Dadurch konnte die Arbeit zeigen, inwiefern die zwei Bereiche der beratenden und schulischen Praxis der Philosophie im Zusammenhang stehen.rn

[Ethics, empiricism and uncertainty]

Accidents can lead to difficult boundary situations. Such situations often take place in the emergency units. The medical team thus often and inevitably faces professional uncertainty in their decision-making. It is essential to communicate these uncertainties within the medical team, instead of downplaying or overriding existential hurdles in decision-making. Acknowledging uncertainties might lead to alert and prudent decisions. Thus uncertainty can have ethical value in treatment or withdrawal of treatment. It does not need to be covered in evidence-based arguments, especially as some singular situations of individual tragedies cannot be grasped in terms of evidence-based medicine.

The Art of Aidagara: Ethics, Aesthetics, and the Quest for an Ontology of Social Existence in Watsuji Tetsurō’s Rinrigaku

This paper provides an analysis of the key term aidagara (“betweenness”) in the philosophical ethics of Watsuji Tetsurō (1889-1960), in response to and in light of the recent movement in Japanese Buddhist studies known as “Critical Buddhism.” The Critical Buddhist call for a turn away from “topical” or intuitionist thinking and towards (properly Buddhist) “critical” thinking, while problematic in its bipolarity, raises the important issue of the place of “reason” versus “intuition” in Japanese Buddhist ethics. In this paper, a comparison of Watsuji’s “ontological quest” with that of Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), Watsuji’s primary Western source and foil, is followed by an evaluation of a corresponding search for an “ontology of social existence” undertaken by Tanabe Hajime (1885-1962). Ultimately, the philosophico-religious writings of Watsuji Tetsurō allow for the “return” of aesthesis as a modality of social being that is truly dimensionalized, and thus falls prey neither to the verticality of topicalism nor the limiting objectivity of criticalism.

ARISTOTLE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF VIRTUE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POLITICS AND THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS AND ITS RELATION TO TODAY

While much of Aristotle's works are preserved in various volumes, two of his famous works are the Nichmachean Ethics and the Politics, both of which contain a rich compilation of ethical and political thought. In the Ethics, Aristotle describes a thorough understanding of ethical and intellectual virtue. By pursuing these virtues, Aristotle argues that a person can achieve a life of fulfilling happiness. The ideal polis as described in the Politics serves as a place where the virtuous life is attained in the best manner.Citizens who pursue virtue make the polis better, and the rulers that guide the polis ensure that the citizens have every opportunity to pursue the virtuous life. In this thesis, I see how relevant Aristotle's theory is by laying out the basic principles of the Ethics and the Politics and the connections between the two works. Indoing so, I found that Aristotle's ideal theory points out a significant flaw in our political system: the fact that we do not share a common moral conception such as the one concerned with the virtuous life as Aristotle proposes. This does not suggest thatAristotle's view was actualized during his time period, but that Aristotle conceives of an ideal life and an ideal polis that could be realized. Certainly there are issues with Aristotle's thesis concerning the inferiority of slaves and women. But what is morepoignant is the impracticality of instituting a shared common conception when today's political system permits various ideas about ethics and morality.

Publication and non-publication of clinical trials: longitudinal study of applications submitted to a research ethics committee

BACKGROUND: Not all clinical trials are published, which may distort the evidence that is available in the literature. We studied the publication rate of a cohort of clinical trials and identified factors associated with publication and nonpublication of results. METHODS: We analysed the protocols of randomized clinical trials of drug interventions submitted to the research ethics committee of University Hospital (Inselspital) Bern, Switzerland from 1988 to 1998. We identified full articles published up to 2006 by searching the Cochrane CENTRAL database (issue 02/2006) and by contacting investigators. We analyzed factors associated with the publication of trials using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. RESULTS: 451 study protocols and 375 corresponding articles were analyzed. 233 protocols resulted in at least one publication, a publication rate of 52%. A total of 366 (81%) trials were commercially funded, 47 (10%) had non-commercial funding. 346 trials (77%) were multi-centre studies and 272 of these (79%) were international collaborations. In the adjusted logistic regression model non-commercial funding (Odds Ratio [OR] 2.42, 95% CI 1.14-5.17), multi-centre status (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.03-4.24), international collaboration (OR 1.87, 95% CI 0.99-3.55) and a sample size above the median of 236 participants (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.23-3.39) were associated with full publication. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of applications to an ethics committee in Switzerland, only about half of clinical drug trials were published. Large multi-centre trials with non-commercial funding were more likely to be published than other trials, but most trials were funded by industry.