A survey of perceived training differences between ophthalmology residents in Hong Kong and China.

Background: To study the differences in ophthalmology resident training between China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR).Methods: Training programs were selected from among the largest and best-known teaching hospitals. Ophthalmology residents were sent an anonymous 48-item questionnaire by mail. Work satisfaction, time allocation between training activities and volume of surgery performed were determined.Results: 50/75 residents (66.7 %) from China and 20/26 (76.9 %) from HKSAR completed the survey. Age (28.9 ± 2.5 vs. 30.2 ± 2.9 years, p = 0.15) and number of years in training (3.4 ± 1.6 vs. 2.8 ± 1.5, p = 0.19) were comparable between groups. The number of cataract procedures performed by HKSAR trainees (extra-capsular, median 80.0, quartile range: 30.0, 100.0; phacoemulsification, median: 20.0, quartile range: 0.0, 100.0) exceeded that for Chinese residents (extra-capsular: median = 0, p < 0.0001; phacoemulsification: median = 0, p < 0.0001). Chinese trainees spent more time completing medical charts (>50 % of time on charts: 62.5 % versus 5.3 %, p < 0.0001) and received less supervision (≥90 % of training supervised: 4.4 % versus 65 %, p < 0.0001). Chinese residents were more likely to feel underpaid (96.0 % vs. 31.6 %, p < 0.0001) and hoped their children would not practice medicine (69.4 % vs. 5.0 %, p = 0.0001) compared HKSAR residents.Conclusions: In this study, ophthalmology residents in China report strikingly less surgical experience and supervision, and lower satisfaction than HKSAR residents. The HKSAR model of hands-on resident training might be useful in improving the low cataract surgical rate in China.

Supervisor Continuity or Co-Location: Which Matters in Residency Education? Findings From a Qualitative Study of Remote Supervisor Family Physicians in Australia and Canada

Purpose: Changes to health care systems andworking hours have fragmentedresidents’ clinical experiences withpotentially negative effects ontheir development as professionals.Investigation of off-site supervision,which has been implemented in isolatedrural practice, could reveal importantbut less overt components of residencyeducation. 

Method: Insights from sociocultural learningtheory and work-based learning provideda theoretical framework. In 2011–2012,16 family physicians in Australia andCanada were asked in-depth how theyremotely supervised residents’ workand learning, and for their reflectionson this experience. The verbatiminterview transcripts and researchers’memos formed the data set. Templateanalysis produced a description andinterpretation of remote supervision. 

Results: Thirteen Australian family physiciansfrom five states and one territory, andthree Canadians from one province,participated. The main themes werehow remoteness changed the dynamicsof care and supervision; the importanceof ongoing, holistic, nonhierarchical,supportive supervisory relationships; andthat residents learned “clinical courage”through responsibility for patients’ careover time. Distance required supervisorsto articulate and pass on their expertiseto residents but made monitoringdifficult. Supervisory continuityencouraged residents to build on pastexperiences and confront deficiencies. 

Conclusions: Remote supervision enabled residents todevelop as clinicians and professionals.This questions the supremacy of co-locationas an organizing principle forresidency education. Future specialists maybenefit from programs that give themongoing and increasing responsibilityfor a group of patients and supportive.

Unsupervised Solution Post Identification from Discussion Forums

Discussion forums have evolved into a dependablesource of knowledge to solvecommon problems. However, only a minorityof the posts in discussion forumsare solution posts. Identifying solutionposts from discussion forums, hence, is animportant research problem. In this paper,we present a technique for unsupervisedsolution post identification leveraginga so far unexplored textual feature, thatof lexical correlations between problemsand solutions. We use translation modelsand language models to exploit lexicalcorrelations and solution post characterrespectively. Our technique is designedto not rely much on structural featuressuch as post metadata since suchfeatures are often not uniformly availableacross forums. Our clustering-based iterativesolution identification approach basedon the EM-formulation performs favorablyin an empirical evaluation, beatingthe only unsupervised solution identificationtechnique from literature by a verylarge margin. We also show that our unsupervisedtechnique is competitive againstmethods that require supervision, outperformingone such technique comfortably.

Visual outcomes of cataract surgery performed by supervised novice surgeons during training in rural China

To assess the outcomes of cataract surgery performed by novice surgeons during training in a rural programme. Design: Retrospective study. Participants: Three hundred thirty-four patients operated by two trainees under supervision at rural Chinese county hospitals. Methods: Two trainees performed surgeries under supervision. Visual acuity, refraction and examinations were carried out 3 months postoperatively. Main Outcome Measures: Postoperative uncorrected visual acuity, pinhole visual acuity, causes of visual impairment (postoperative uncorrected visual acuity<6/18) Results: Among 518 operated patients, 426 (82.2%) could be contacted and 334 (64.4% of operated patients) completed the examinations. The mean age was 74.1±8.8 years and 62.9% were women. Postoperative uncorrected visual acuity was available in 372 eyes. Among them, uncorrected visual acuity was ≥6/18 in 278 eyes (74.7%) and <6/60 in 60 eyes (16.1%), and 323 eyes (86.8%) had pinhole visual acuity≥6/18 and 38 eyes (10.2%) had pinhole visual acuity<6/60. Main causes of visual impairment were uncorrected refractive error (63.9%) and comorbid eye disease (24.5%). Comorbid eye diseases associated with pinhole visual acuity<6/60 (n=23, 6.2%) included glaucoma, other optic nerve atrophy, vitreous haemorrhage and retinal detachment. Conclusions: The findings suggest that hands-on training remains safe and effective even when not implemented in centralized training centres. Further refinement of the training protocol, providing postoperative refractive services and more accurate preoperative intraocular lens calculations, can help optimize outcomes. © 2012 The Authors Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology © 2012 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists.

Does Basel Compliance Matter for Bank Performance?

The global financial crisis underscored the importance of regulation and supervision to a well-functioning banking system that efficiently channels financial resources into investment. In this paper, we contribute to the ongoing policy debate by assessing whether compliance with international regulatory standards and protocols enhances bank operating efficiency. We focus specifically on the adoption of international capital standards and the Basel Core Principles for Effective Bank Supervision (BCP). The relationship between bank efficiency and regulatory compliance is investigated using the Simar and Wilson (2007. J. Econ. 136 (1), 31) double bootstrapping approach on an international sample of publicly listed banks. Our results indicate that overall BCP compliance, or indeed compliance with any of its individual chapters,has no association with bank efficiency.

Implications of aligning full registration of doctors with medical school graduation:a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives

OBJECTIVES: The Shape of Training report recommended that full registration is aligned with medical school graduation. As part of a General Medical Council-funded study about the preparedness for practice of UK medical graduates, we explored UK stakeholders' views about this proposal using qualitative interviews (30 group and 87 individual interviews) and Framework Analysis.

SETTING: Four UK study sites, one in each country.Save

PARTICIPANTS: 185 individuals from eight stakeholder groups: (1) foundation year 1 (F1) doctors (n=34); (2) fully registered trainee doctors (n=33); (3) clinical educators (n=32); (4) undergraduate/postgraduate Deans, and Foundation Programme Directors (n=30); (5) other healthcare professionals (n=13); (6) employers (n=7); (7) policy and government (n=11); (8) patient and public representatives (n=25).

RESULTS: We identified four main themes: (1) The F1 year as a safety net: patients were protected by close trainee supervision and 'sign off' to prevent errors; trainees were provided with a safe environment for learning on the job; (2) Implications for undergraduate medical education: if the proposal was accepted, a 'radical review' of undergraduate curricula would be needed; undergraduate education might need to be longer; (3) Implications for F1 work practice: steps to protect healthcare team integration and ensure that F1 doctors stay within competency limits would be required; (4) Financial, structural and political implications: there would be cost implications for trainees; clarification of responsibilities between undergraduate and postgraduate medical education would be needed. Typically, each theme comprised arguments for and against the proposal.

CONCLUSIONS: A policy change to align the timing of full registration with graduation would require considerable planning and preliminary work. These findings will inform policymakers' decision-making. Regardless of the decision, medical students should take on greater responsibility for patient care as undergraduates, assessment methods in clinical practice and professionalism domains need development, and good practice in postgraduate supervision and support must be shared.

Evaluation of Restorative Dentistry Specialty Registrars’ Clinical Experience of Developmental Disorders: A Survey

Background

Specialty Registrars in Restorative Dentistry (StRs) should be competent in the independent restorative management of patients with developmental disorders including hypodontia and cleft lip/palate upon completion of their specialist training.1 Knowledge and management may be assessed via the Intercollegiate Specialty Fellowship Examination (ISFE) in Restorative Dentistry.2

Objective

The aim of this study was to collate and compare data on the training and experience of StRs in the management of patients with developmental disorders across different training units within the British Isles.

Methods

Questionnaires were distributed to all StRs attending the Annual General Meeting of the Specialty Registrars in Restorative Dentistry Group, Belfast, in October 2015. Participants were asked to rate their confidence and experience of assessing and planning treatment for patients with developmental disorders, construction of appropriate prostheses, and provision of dental implants. Respondents were also asked to record clinical supervision and didactic teaching at their unit, and to rate their confidence of passing a future ISFE station assessing knowledge of developmental disorders.

Results

Responses were obtained from 32 StRs (n=32) training within all five countries of the British Isles. The majority of respondents were based in England (72%) with three in Wales, and two in each of Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland. Approximately one third of respondents (34%) were in the final years of training (years 4-6). Almost half of the StRs reported that they were not confident of independently assessing (44%) new patients with a developmental disorder, with larger numbers (72%) indicating a lack of confidence in treatment planning. Six respondents rated their experience of treating obturator patients as ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’. The majority (56%) rated their experience of implant provision in these cases as ‘good’ or ‘excellent’ with three-quarters (75%) rating clinical supervision at their unit as ‘good’ or ‘excellent’. Less than half (41%) rated the didactic teaching at their unit as ‘good’ or ‘excellent’, and only 8 StRs indicated that they were confident of passing an ISFE station focused on developmental disorders.

Conclusion

Experience and training regarding patients with developmental disorders is inconsistent for StRs across the British Isles with a number of trainees reporting a lack of clinical exposure.

How to promote professional competence and identity in social work students

Background: Field placement experiences are frequently cited in the literature as having most impact on a student social worker’s learning as they emerge into the profession. Placements are integral to the development of practice competence and in acquiring a sense of social work identity. However research on the effectiveness of educational strategies used to deliver learning and assess competence during placement are scarce. Internationally, pressures to meet increasing numbers of student enrolments have raised concerns about the potential impact on the quality of placements and practice teaching provided. These pressures may also impact on the appropriate transfer and application of learning to the student’s practice.
Aim: To identify learning activities rated most useful for developing professional practice competence and professional identity of social work students.
Method: Data were collected from 396 students who successfully completed their first or final placement during 2013-2014 and were registered at one of two Universities in Northern Ireland. Students completed a self-administered questionnaire which covered: placement setting and service user group; type of supervision model; frequency of undertaking specific learning activities; who provided the learning; which activities contributed to their developing professional competence and identity and their overall satisfaction.
Our findings confirmed the centrality of the supervisory relationship as the vehicle to enable quality student learning. Shadowing others, receiving regular supervision and receiving constructive feedback were the tasks that students reported as ‘most useful’ to developing professional identity, competence and readiness to practice. Disturbingly over 50% of students reported that linking practice to the professional codes, practice foci and key roles were not valued as ‘useful’ in terms of readiness to practice, feeling competent and developing professional social work identity. These results offer strong insights into how both the University and the practice placement environment needs to better prepare, assess and support students during practice placements in the field.

Beyond Typologies: Foregrounding Meaning and Motive in Domestic Violence Perpetration

Within the study of domestic violence typological approaches have gained prominence in part as a response to the wider feminist canon that presumes perpetrators are all simply motivated by male power. In this article we use a single case study to query the presumption inherent in the most commonly used typological approaches that offender motivations remain largely static overtime and can be read off easily from self-reports or official records. We conclude by pointing to the need, both for academics and practitioners, to engage interpretively with the specific meanings acts of violence hold for domestic violence perpetrators - informed as they can be by sexist values, perceptions of entitlement and a specific history of conflict, suspicion or grievance – that can change who they are and the way they behave in the aftermath of assaults and breakups, as the foreground of crime is reincorporated into a background narrative.

Experiencing Youth Justice and Penality

Much of the recent literature on youth justice has focused on administrative aspects of the system and the socio-political contexts that have led to the ‘production’ of the youthful offender as a subject and locus of intervention. This has largely been driven by the extent to which youth justice has been crafted as a distinct penal sphere, evident in its unyoking from universal children’s services (Muncie and Goldson, 2013) and the establishment of separate agencies to administer and govern this ‘system’ (Souhami, 2014). Driven by policy hyperactivity and a plethora of legislation expanding the reach of the system, for much of the 1990s and 2000s increasing numbers of young people were brought under its gaze.

Particular attention has been paid to the impact of neo-liberal governance on the discourses, rationales and philosophies underpinning contemporary youth justice policy and practice. Writing specifically in the English and Welsh context, several authors have identified that the resulting ‘system’ embodies multiple, contradictory and competing discourses (Muncie, 2006; Fergusson, 2007; Gray, 2013). Within this ‘melting pot’ Fergusson (2007) notes the disjuncture between policy rhetoric, implementation and lived experience and Phoenix (2015) argues that systems-based analyses, much in favour amongst academics, foreclose a wider consideration of questions of what ‘justice’ actually means.

Recent attention towards the perspectives of practitioners working in this sphere has pointed to greater nuances than broader penal narratives suggest (see: Field, 2007; Briggs, 2013; Gray, 2013; Kelly and Armitage, 2015). Yet similar attention has not been given to experiences of youth justice (for an exception see – Phoenix and Kelly, 2013). However, it is precisely young people’s experiences, which would add significantly to current knowledge and potentially bridge the gap between discussions about penal philosophies, how youth justice policies are framed, how they are enacted and how they are experienced.

This chapter provides an overview of recent developments in the field of youth justice and penality in the United Kingdom. The chapter argues that a theoretical focus on macro-level trends (Hannah-Moffat and Lynch, 2012), alongside a narrowly defined research agenda, have largely excluded young people’s experiences of justice and punishment from contemporary analysis. Drawing on young people experiences of different aspects of youth justice in Northern Ireland and beyond, the chapter illuminates what a close understanding of lived experience can add to knowledge. In particular it demonstrates that the effects of interventions can be different to their aims and intentions; and that re-instating the youth experience can add support to calls for greater attention to wider issues of social justice.

Estilos de liderança em contexto de sala de aula:implicações na supervisão e orientação pedagógica

Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação/Supervisão e Orientação Pedagógica. Orientador: Professor Doutor António Mesquita Guimarães

Intervenção especializada de enfermagem em indivíduos adictos ao álcool

O alcoolismo é uma doença com um potencial de infligir sofrimento enorme, interferindo com todas as dimensões do indivíduo, assim como em todos os quadrantes da sociedade. Este relatório expressa a preocupação com a problemática, e descreve o trabalho desenvolvido ao longo de um ano na área da saúde mental e psiquiátrica por um enfermeiro. Através da criação de uma consulta de enfermagem, desenvolveram-se um conjunto de intervenções de enfermagem com o intuito de diminuir factores de risco e potenciar factores de protecção nos indivíduos com comportamentos aditivos face ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. A intencionalidade terapêutica incidiu sobre a reconstrução ou reorganização da vida nomeadamente nos seguintes aspectos: restabelecimento das capacidades relacionais com o seu meio, e estabilização num novo estilo de vida de abstinência alcoólica. Após intervenção observaram-se ganhos de saúde para um quinto dos utentes atendidos. Esta avaliação contudo está comprometida pela qualidade dos registos disponíveis. Concluindo-se que o projecto não se esgotou, pois este relatório permitiu uma identificação de algumas fragilidades a corrigir, nomeadamente a sistematização de registos clínicos, uma abordagem inicial que permita maior ancoragem (taxas de abandono superiores a 50%) e a introdução de um sistema de acompanhamento remoto no pós alta; ABSTRACT: Alcoholism is a disease with an enormous potential to inflict pain, interfering with all individual dimensions, and also with all sections of society. This work expresses the concern with this problematic and describes the work developed along a year in the area of mental and psychiatric health by a nurse. Through the creation of a nursing appointment, a set of nursing interventions were developed in order to reduce the factors of risk and potentiate factors of protection in the individual with addicted behaviours to alcoholic beverages consumption. Therapeutic intentionality focused on the reconstruction or reorganization of life on the following aspects: reestablishment of connecting abilities with their social environment, and consolidation of a new alcoholic abstinent life style. After the intervention we could observe some improvement on the health of a fifth of the users who were attended. However, this evaluation is compromised by the quality of the available records. We can conclude that the project is not exhausted since this work allowed the identification of some fragilities that could be corrected, namely the systematization of clinic records, a more anchoring initial approach (dropout rates exceeding 50%) and the introduction of a remote aftercare supervision system.

Os alunos de risco no 2º ciclo da Escola Básica 2, 3 Ana de Castro Osório, no ano lectivo 2004/2005: um estudo de caso

O presente estudo aborda a problemática dos alunos de risco no 2° Ciclo da E.B. 2,3 Ana de Castro Osório, no ano letivo 2004/2005. Na dimensão teórica são referenciadas algumas questões de Organização Escolar (escola reflexiva, autonomia de escola, gestores intermédios e supervisão escolar, o papel do Diretor de Turma, o Projeto Curricular de Escola, algumas linhas orientadoras da política educativa portuguesa, no período em que decorre a elaboração desta investigação) e abordados alguns aspetos gerais dos pré-adolescentes, diversos conceitos de risco, a ação de diversas entidades com competência na área da infância e juventude, o papel da família e a relação desta com a escola. Foi utilizada a metodologia do “Estudo Caso”, no decurso da qual foram analisados documentos internos da escola e elaborados instrumentos de recolha de dados (questionários aplicados aos Alunos e aos seus Diretores de Turma). No tratamento das informações de natureza quantitativa, utilizou-se o programa informático Excel, enquanto nas questões abertas procedeu-se à análise de conteúdo. Em síntese, concluiu-se que: a) um terço dos alunos que frequentava o 2° Ciclo do Ensino Básico, foi sinalizado como “aluno de risco”. Cerca de 75% era do 5° Ano de Escolaridade. Os fatores de risco que mais se destacam são: assiduidade irregular, desmotivação/desinteresse/apatia, défice de atenção e concentração, indisciplina e retenções sucessivas no seu percurso escolar. A família é pouco participativa. b) a resposta curricular dá-se essencialmente dentro da sala de aula; c) a resposta organizacional assenta essencialmente nalgumas medidas previstas nos documentos legislativos. Na última parte do trabalho deixamos expressas as conclusões do estudo mais pormenorizadas, bem como algumas recomendações/sugestões que eventualmente, poderão orientar posteriores investigações. /ABSTRACT - The risk students on a 2nd Cycle of classroom of the E.B. 2, 3 Ana de Castro Osório, during academic year of 2004/2005: A Case study The present study attempts to assess risk students on a 2nd Cycle (Sth and 6th grades) classroom of the “E.B. 2, 3 Ana de Castro Osório” Public School during the academic year of 2004/2005. On a theoretical scale, are assessed some questions about the Classroom Organization (reflexive school, school autonomy, intermediate directors and school supervision, the role of the Class Tutor, the School Curricular Project, some guidelines about the Portuguese education policy during the period when this study took place), and was also assessed some general aspects of preadolescents, risk concepts, and actions taken by various organizations specialized in the areas of childhood and youth, the role of the family and the interrelation between the family and the school. It was used a “Case Study” methodology during which was assessed school documents of this particularly school, and data collecting instruments (Student-applied and Class Tutor-applied questionnaires). On dealing with quantitative data, it was used the Excel application, while for the open questions was assessed by its contents. In brief, it was concluded that: a) a third of students that attended the 2nd Cycle Basic Education schools revealed to be “risk students”. Around 75% of them were 5th grade students. Among the most important risk factors are: irregular attendance, unmotivated/aloofness /apathy, lack of attention and concentration, indiscipline and successive retentions during their education pathway. The family is scarcely participative. b) The curricular response is normally given within the classroom; c) the organizational response lies mostly on some measures included in government documents. On the last part of the paper, we focus on more detailed conclusions, as well as give recommendations/suggestions which may eventually be of guidance to future studies.

Novos saberes básicos dos alunos, novas competências dos professores : um estudo no âmbito da supervisão da formação de professores do 1º ciclo do ensino básico na Universidade de Aveiro

As mudanças sociais que, na actualidade, pressionam e desafiam a Escola, nomeadamente quanto aos papéis, funções e desempenho dos professores, implicam a necessidade de repensar a sua formação para que possam responder mais adequadamente aos desafios emergentes. Estes têm particularmente a ver com os novos saberes que essas condições exigem a todos os cidadãos e que são entendidos, do ponto de vista epistemológico, como saberes para agir responsavelmente. Assim, o principal objectivo deste estudo consiste em aprofundar o conhecimento acerca das ambiências e culturas de formação inicial de professores do 1. º Ciclo do Ensino Básico na Universidade de Aveiro, nomeadamente dos processos de supervisão ao nível da disciplina de Prática Pedagógica, tendo em consideração que as características de monodocência dos profissionais deste ciclo de ensino pressupõem um perfil de competência específico. A investigação, de natureza qualitativa, desenvolveu-se de acordo com as abordagens próprias da complexidade e da sistémica, das quais relevamos os princípios da totalidade em que os fenómenos são percebidos como sistemas globais e dinâmicos e da recursividade ao admitirmos a possibilidade de uma relação dialéctica entre os diversos subsistemas considerados. Do ponto de vista metodológico, no sentido de construir uma visão integrada do objecto em estudo, foi utilizado um conjunto de procedimentos específicos (mixed-methods), nomeadamente análise documental, inquirição por questionário e por entrevista semi-estruturada. O questionário foi aplicado à totalidade de licenciados em Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico pela Universidade de Aveiro, compreendendo o período de 1998 até 2005. A entrevista foi realizada junto de supervisores (cooperantes e institucionais) que vêm acompanhando os núcleos de Prática Pedagógica, no decurso e ao longo do 4.º ano da referida Licenciatura. Quanto aos resultados do estudo, estes podem ser lidos em função de três eixos. Relativamente ao primeiro, que genericamente se refere à evolução dos saberes básicos dos alunos, os contributos parecem sugerir a necessidade de alicerçar os processos de ensino/aprendizagem não apenas nas literacias ler, escrever e contar, como também no desenvolvimento de saberes básicos de natureza geral e transversal, percebidos como competências, tais como aprender a pensar, aprender a aprender, aprender a comunicar e a resolver problemas, numa perspectiva de aprender a ser. O segundo eixo de leitura tem a ver com as competências requeridas aos professores para o desenvolvimento desses saberes estruturantes. De acordo com os dados recolhidos na fase extensiva do estudo, estes parecem coerentes com a revisão de literatura realizada, bem como com os normativos legais que, em Portugal, enquadram o perfil de desempenho dos professores do 1.º Ciclo. Porém, sugerem a necessidade de interligar as dimensões saber, saber-fazer e saber ser, com ênfase nesta última. À semelhança dos resultados referidos no ponto anterior, também o referencial de competências proposto para os professores integra as dimensões saber, saber fazer e saber ser, no qual são valorizadas as competências de reflexão crítica, de aprender a aprender e, de igual forma, o conhecimento profissional nas suas múltiplas dimensões. O terceiro eixo relaciona-se com a qualidade das ambiências e culturas de formação e supervisão. De forma geral, os dados apontam que ambientes que possibilitem uma dimensão de prática curricular alargada em contextos diversificados, que valorizem os princípios da pessoalidade e respeito pelo Outro e que estimulem a reflexão crítica, a auto-implicação dos formandos, o desenvolvimento de competências pessoais e de desenvolvimento profissional (destacando-se as competências para aprender a aprender, a comunicar, a investigar e reflectir), parecem adequar se melhor ao desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional destes professores, no contexto das sociedades contemporâneas. Assim, é possível verificar que os eixos considerados remetem para um conjunto recursivo de saberes e competências que, em diferentes níveis, implicam um compromisso com a acção, numa visão de mundo comprometida com as ideias de bem comum, ou seja, de cidadania universal.

Construção da profissionalidade na formação inicial de professores do 1º CEB: o caso de um grupo de professores estagiários da ESEC

Este trabalho põe em evidência o valor formativo da prática profissional supervisionada e da escrita reflexiva com feedback co-construtivo sobre a praxis enquanto eixos estruturantes da construção de competências profissionais na formação inicial de professores do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico. Integrada no paradigma da complexidade e assumindo, do ponto de vista teórico-epistemológico, o diálogo entre o paradigma construtivista da complexidade (Lerbet 1986, 2004; Morin, 1994, s.d.; Le Moigne, 2002, 2003a), o paradigma da complexificação e da epistemologia da escuta/controvérsia (Correia, 2001), o experiencialismo crítico (Alarcão, 2001b) e o construtivismo/socioconstrutivismo (Piaget, 1975; Perret-Clermont, 1978; Morgado, 1988), a investigação que desenvolvemos teve como objectivo central saber como e em que condições, num contexto de formação reflexiva (Schön, 1983, 1992; Zeichner, 1993; Alarcão, 1996b, 2001c; Marcelo, 1999; Sá-Chaves, 2002; Alarcão e Tavares, 2003; Perrenoud, 2004) e, simultaneamente, de investigação (Moreira e Alarcão, 1997; Elliot, 1997; Alarcão, 2001a, 2001b; Moreira, 2001; Esteves, 2002; Estrela, 2003), se opera a construção da profissionalidade e da identidade social docente (Perrenoud, 1995, 2001b; Le Boterf, 1999; DeSeCo, 2002), ou seja, compreender a forma como se estabelecem e evoluem as dimensões que caracterizam o conhecimento profissional e os factores (activadores e inibidores) de desenvolvimento nele envolvidos. Para atingir este objectivo, propusemo-nos desenhar e realizar uma investigação centrada numa metodologia de formação – investigação-acção (Bataille, 1981; Pourtois, 1981; Morin, 1985; Moreira, 2001), de orientação reflexiva, focada no desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional dos alunos do 4.º ano do curso de formação de professores do 1.º CEB, da Escola Superior de Educação de Coimbra. Adoptou-se, por isso, uma dupla modelização para a investigação: o estudo de caso (para a investigação) e a investigação-acção (para a formação). O pólo técnico da investigação (Bruyne, Herman e Schoutheete, 1991) configurou, assim, como modo de investigação, o estudo de caso (multicaso) e as entrevistas, os interrogatórios clínicos (realizados no âmbito da pós-observação da componente de formação Estágio), a escrita regular de narrativas autobiográficas centrada nas trajectórias de formação (de processo e de síntese), a observação de aulas, entre outros, como instrumentos de recolha de dados que pareceram adequados à metodologia essencialmente qualitativa que elegemos. Os mesmos instrumentos, articulada e conjuntamente com outros adoptados no âmbito do desenvolvimento da unidade curricular Observação e Intervenção Educativa IV - Seminário de Análise e Reflexão Práticas, assumiram também funções formativas, ou seja, constituíram, pela análise dos dados que possibilitaram, ferramentas importantes de auto, hetero e co-formação e, concomitantemente, de investigação. A triangulação dos dados provenientes destas múltiplas fontes de informação assegurou o contraditório na gestão dos dados garantindo, deste modo, a validade das conclusões da investigação. Os dados da observação/supervisão das práticas pedagógicas e respectiva análise permitiu-nos: 1) identificar o estabelecimento e a evolução de configurações de relação entre a aprendizagem de competências básicas para o desempenho docente no 1.º CEB e certos aspectos explícitos do contexto de formação inicial tais como a iniciação à prática profissional supervisionada e a escrita reflexiva com feedback co-construtivo; 2) perspectivar, no contexto da iniciação à prática profissional supervisionada, a existência de um espaço de intervenção comum co-concebido, co-planificado, co-desenvolvido e coavaliado pelas instituições formadora e cooperantes em torno de um projecto de formação onde o diálogo prática-teoria-prática emerge como central na construção da complexa rede de competências profissionais que hoje se reclamam na formação inicial de professores; 3) conceber o professor como um profissional crítico-reflexivo e a reflexão e a investigação partilhada como dispositivos centrais de auto-avaliação e auto-regulação do desempenho profissional e do desenvolvimento ao longo da vida; 4) percepcionar a formação inicial do professor de 1.º CEB como o início do processo de vinculação/socialização à profissão. Estas conclusões podem, a nosso ver, contribuir, no quadro de uma colaboração interinstitucional co-formadora, que do ponto de vista das políticas de formação de professores se impõe redefinir, para o reconhecimento e valorização da importância dos contextos de prática supervisionada e da escrita autobiográfica com feedback co-construtivo no desenvolvimento profissional e identitário na formação inicial de educadores/professores e, simultaneamente, sustentar, ancorada numa nova ética de investigação, a teoria da formação na perspectiva da epistemologia do sujeito aprendente.