Perspectives of Urban Growth Management and Sustainable Development In West Bank, Hebron District as a case Study

The main objective of this PhD research study is to provide a perspective on the urban growth management and sustainable development in Palestine, and more specifically in Hebron district as a case study. Hebron is located 36 km south of Jerusalem, with an overall population size of around 600,000 people living in a total area around1246km2. Hebron is the biggest Palestinian district that has 16 municipalities and 154 localities. The research discusses and analyzes the urban planning system, economical and environmental policies and the solution required to manage and integrate the development elements to develop a sustainable development plan for Hebron. The research provides answers for fundamental questions such as what kind and definition of sustainable development are applicable to the Palestinian case?. What are the sustainability problems there and how the Israeli occupation and unstable political condition affect the sustainable development in Palestine? What are the urban growth management and sustainability policies and actions required from government, public and privets sector in Palestine? The fast urban growth in Palestine is facing many problems and challenges due to the increase in the population size and the resulting impact of this increase including, but not limited to, the demand of new houses, need for more infrastructure services, demands on new industrial, commercial, educational and health projects, which in turn reduces the area of agricultural lands and threatens the natural resources and environment. There are also other associated sustainability problems like the absence of effective plans or regulations that control urban expansion, the absence of sufficient sustainable development plans at the national levels for the district, new job requirements, Israeli restrictions and occupation for more than 60 years, existence of construction factories near residential areas, poor public awareness and poor governmental funds for service projects and development plans. The study consists of nine chapters. Chapter One includes an introduction, study objectives, problems and justifications, while Chapter Two has a theoretical background on sustainability topic and definitions of sustainability. The Palestinian urban planning laws and local government systems are discussed in Chapter Three and the methodology of research is detailed in Chapter Four. As for Chapter Five, it provides a general background on Hebron District including demographical and economical profiles, along with recommendations related to sustainable development for each profile Chapter Six addresses the urban environment, sustainability priorities and policies required. Chapter Seven discusses and analyzes infrastructure services including transportation, water and wastewater. As for Chapter Eight, it addresses the land use, housing and urban expansion beside the cultural heritage, natural heritage with relevant sustainable development polices and recommendations. Finally, Chapter Nine includes a conclusion and comprehensive recommendations integrating all of urban and sustainability event in one map. Hebron has a deep history including a rich cultural heritage aged by thousands of years, with 47% of Hebron district population under 14 years old. Being the biggest Palestinian district, Hebron has thousands of industrial and economical organizations beside a large agricultural sector at Palestine level. This gives Hebron a potential to play major roles in developing a national sustainability plan, as the current urban planning system in Palestine needs urgent reform and development to fulfill the sustainability requirement. The municipalities and ministers should find permanent financial aid for urban planning and development studies so as to face future challenges. The Palestinian government can benefit from available local human resources in development projects; hence Palestinian people have sufficient qualifications in most sectors. The Palestinian people also can invest in the privet sector in Palestine in case businessmen have been encouraged and clear investment laws and plans have been developed. The study provides recommendations associated to the sustainable development in Palestine in general and Hebron, as a case study, in specific. Recommendations include increasing the privet sector as well as the public involvement in urban growth management, and stopping unplanned urban expansion, subjecting granting building permits of new projects to the no-harm environmental impact assessment, increasing the coordination and cooperation between localities and central bodies, protection and renovation of old cites and green areas, increasing the quality and quantity of infrastructure services, establishing district urban planning department to coordinate and organize urban planning and sustainable development activities. Also, among recommendations come dividing Hebron into three planning and administrative areas (north, central and south), and dividing the sustainable development and implementation period (2010 to 2025) into three main phases. Finally, the study strongly recommends benefiting from the same urban development plans in similar districts at national and international levels, also to use new technologies and information systems in urban planning process.

Matter flows and balances in urban vegetable gardens of Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Many efforts are undertaken for sustaining urban agriculture in African cities. This study therefore investigated nutrient management practices in urban vegetable gardens of Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso (West Africa). Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and carbon (C) fluxes were quantified and nutrient balances calculated for three gardens representing the typical commercial gardening + field crops and livestock system (cGCL) and three gardens representing the commercial gardening + semi-commercial field crop system (cGscC). Nutrient and C balances were similarly positive in both production systems reaching annual averages of 688 kg N ha -1, 251 kg P ha-1 yr-1, 189 kg K ha-1, and 31 t C ha-1. Inputs in all gardens exceeded the amounts recommended by the extension service. Gaseous emissions of N and C represented important pathways of N and C losses. The highest emission rates occurred during the hottest periods of the day and the peaks were observed after fertilizer applications. Management recommendations should be geared towards increasing nutrient use efficiencies by better tailoring nutrient availability to crop demand and adjusted fertilization techniques to mitigate N losses.

High-Speed Semiconductor Lasers based on Low-Dimensional Active Materials for Optical Telecommunication

The scope of this work is the fundamental growth, tailoring and characterization of self-organized indium arsenide quantum dots (QDs) and their exploitation as active region for diode lasers emitting in the 1.55 µm range. This wavelength regime is especially interesting for long-haul telecommunications as optical fibers made from silica glass have the lowest optical absorption. Molecular Beam Epitaxy is utilized as fabrication technique for the quantum dots and laser structures. The results presented in this thesis depict the first experimental work for which this reactor was used at the University of Kassel. Most research in the field of self-organized quantum dots has been conducted in the InAs/GaAs material system. It can be seen as the model system of self-organized quantum dots, but is not suitable for the targeted emission wavelength. Light emission from this system at 1.55 µm is hard to accomplish. To stay as close as possible to existing processing technology, the In(AlGa)As/InP (100) material system is deployed. Depending on the epitaxial growth technique and growth parameters this system has the drawback of producing a wide range of nano species besides quantum dots. Best known are the elongated quantum dashes (QDash). Such structures are preferentially formed, if InAs is deposited on InP. This is related to the low lattice-mismatch of 3.2 %, which is less than half of the value in the InAs/GaAs system. The task of creating round-shaped and uniform QDs is rendered more complex considering exchange effects of arsenic and phosphorus as well as anisotropic effects on the surface that do not need to be dealt with in the InAs/GaAs case. While QDash structures haven been studied fundamentally as well as in laser structures, they do not represent the theoretical ideal case of a zero-dimensional material. Creating round-shaped quantum dots on the InP(100) substrate remains a challenging task. Details of the self-organization process are still unknown and the formation of the QDs is not fully understood yet. In the course of the experimental work a novel growth concept was discovered and analyzed that eases the fabrication of QDs. It is based on different crystal growth and ad-atom diffusion processes under supply of different modifications of the arsenic atmosphere in the MBE reactor. The reactor is equipped with special valved cracking effusion cells for arsenic and phosphorus. It represents an all-solid source configuration that does not rely on toxic gas supply. The cracking effusion cell are able to create different species of arsenic and phosphorus. This constitutes the basis of the growth concept. With this method round-shaped QD ensembles with superior optical properties and record-low photoluminescence linewidth were achieved. By systematically varying the growth parameters and working out a detailed analysis of the experimental data a range of parameter values, for which the formation of QDs is favored, was found. A qualitative explanation of the formation characteristics based on the surface migration of In ad-atoms is developed. Such tailored QDs are finally implemented as active region in a self-designed diode laser structure. A basic characterization of the static and temperature-dependent properties was carried out. The QD lasers exceed a reference quantum well laser in terms of inversion conditions and temperature-dependent characteristics. Pulsed output powers of several hundred milli watt were measured at room temperature. In particular, the lasers feature a high modal gain that even allowed cw-emission at room temperature of a processed ridge wave guide device as short as 340 µm with output powers of 17 mW. Modulation experiments performed at the Israel Institute of Technology (Technion) showed a complex behavior of the QDs in the laser cavity. Despite the fact that the laser structure is not fully optimized for a high-speed device, data transmission capabilities of 15 Gb/s combined with low noise were achieved. To the best of the author`s knowledge, this renders the lasers the fastest QD devices operating at 1.55 µm. The thesis starts with an introductory chapter that pronounces the advantages of optical fiber communication in general. Chapter 2 will introduce the fundamental knowledge that is necessary to understand the importance of the active region`s dimensions for the performance of a diode laser. The novel growth concept and its experimental analysis are presented in chapter 3. Chapter 4 finally contains the work on diode lasers.

The Pursuit of Alternatives

Stories of peoples’ struggles across the globe are testaments to their determination to resist exploitation and injustice, and to imagine and construct their own narratives of economic and political difference. These stories of emancipatory moments demonstrate that something radically different in terms of dominant socio-economic relations and mental conceptions of the world may arise out of and beyond capitalism. The Pursuit of Alternatives: Stories of Peoples’ Economic and Political Struggles Around the World presents a fresh and new perspective on how the ‘process of becoming’ alternatives might take place based on peoples’ lived experiences. The chapters here, by labour activists and academics, explore how various forms of peoples’ economic and political initiatives and struggles in six countries – Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Nigeria, the Philippines, and South Korea – might become ‘actually existing’ spaces and moments for the development of critical consciousness and transformative capacities which are both central in challenging the dominant social, economic and political relations. The stories in this book bring to light today’s language of peoples’ struggles; what inspires people to create their own emancipatory moments and spaces for transformative self-change. While this book does not aim to propose an alternative to capitalism per se, it makes a stimulating contribution to the continuing debate on what alternatives to capitalist relations and arrangements might look like by grounding these alternatives in the everyday lives and struggles of workers, women, aboriginal peoples, the unemployed, and the poor.

Kooperationspotenziale 'Grüner Werkstätten' und Beschäftigungspotenziale landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe sowie des branchennahen Handwerks für Menschen mit Behinderung

In den bundesweit rund 670 anerkannten Werkstätten für behinderte Menschen (WfbM) arbeiten aktuell über 290 000 Menschen mit Behinderung. Rund ein Viertel dieser Einrichtungen bieten auch landwirtschaftliche oder gartenbauliche Arbeitsplätze (`Grüne WfbM´). Die UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention fordert u. a. eine inklusive Teilhabe der Menschen mit Behinderung am Arbeitsleben in Form von Zugangsmöglichkeiten zu sozialversicherungspflichtiger Beschäftigung auf dem allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt. Gleichzeitig können arbeitswirtschaftlich immer mehr landwirtschaftliche Betriebe aufgrund wachsender Betriebsgrößen nicht mehr allein durch die Unternehmerfamilie geführt werden. Neben der Zuhilfenahme von Dienstleistungsanbietern ist die Suche nach Fremdarbeitskräften zwangsläufig. Neben dem Bedarf an qualifiziertem Fachpersonal werden auch Arbeitskräfte für einfachere, tägliche Routinearbeiten gesucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit begleitet wissenschaftlich ein vom Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz gefördertes bundesweites Modellvorhaben zur Vernetzung `Grüner WfbM´ mit landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben. Forschungsleitende Fragestellungen sind die betrieblichen Interessen und Voraussetzungen aus Sicht der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe für die Beschäftigung von Menschen mit Behinderung sowie für bilaterale Kooperationen mit diesen Einrichtungen. Anhand von 44 Betriebsinterviews und unter Anwendung einer qualitativen, rechnerbasierten Fallstudienanalyse zeigen die Ergebnisse eine Vielzahl von Möglichkeiten wirtschaftlich tragfähiger Beschäftigung behinderter Menschen auch in Kernproduktionsprozessen. Unabdingbar dafür sind angepasste Sozialtugenden und ausreichende Arbeitsmotivation auf Arbeitnehmerseite sowie eine offen-innovative und sozial geprägte Grundeinstellung auf Betriebsleitungsseite. Betriebe wünschen sich dauerhafte und verlässliche Arbeitsverhältnisse. Praktika oder gar Experimente kommen für sie eher nicht in Frage. Weniger als 10% aller `Grünen WfbM´ kooperieren bilateral mit umliegenden Betrieben. Dort wo keine Kontakte bestehen, sind Vorbehalte seitens der Landwirte hinsichtlich Wettbewerbsverzerrungen durch vermeintliche Sozialsubventionierung bzw. im Wettbewerb um Ressourcen (z.B. Land) gegenüber den Einrichtungen anzutreffen. Kooperationen fördern gegenseitiges Verständnis und sind so auch idealer `Türöffner´ für Beschäftigungsverhältnisse.

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in small ruminants and their senstivity to treatments with ethnobotanical remedies in Cholistan, Pakistan

Livestock production contributes substantially to the livelihoods of poor rural farmers in Pakistan; strengthening pastoral communities plays an imperative role in the country’s thrive for poverty alleviation. Intestinal helminths constitute a major threat for pastoral livestock keepers in the whole country because chronic infestation leads to distinct losses in livestock productivity, particularly the growth of young animals. Synthetic anthelmintics have long been considered the only effective way of controlling this problem but high prices, side effects and chemical residues/toxicity problems, or development of resistance, lead to their very limited use in many pastoral systems. Additionally, poor pastoralists in remote areas of Pakistan hardly have access to appropriate anthelmintic drugs, which are also relatively expensive due to the long routes of transportation. The search for new and more sustainable ways of supporting livestock keepers in remote areas has given rise to studies of ethno-botanicals or traditional plant-based remedies to be used in livestock health care. Plant-based remedies are cheap or free of cost, environmentally safe and generally create no problem of drug resistance; they thus might substitute allopathic drugs. Furthermore, these remedies are easily available in remote areas and simple to prepare and/or administer. Cholistan desert is a quite poor region of Pakistan and the majority of its inhabitants are practicing a nomadic life. The region’s total livestock population (1.29 million heads) is almost twice that of the human population. Livestock husbandry is the primordial occupation of the communities and traditionally wealth assessment was based on the number of animals, especially goats and sheep, owned by an individual. Fortunately, about 60% of this desert region is richly endowed with highly adapted grasses, shrubs and trees. This natural flora has a rich heritage of scientifically unexplored botanical pharmacopoeia. Against this background, the present research project that was conducted under the umbrella of the International Center for Development and Decent Work at Kassel University, focused on a development aspect: in the Cholistan desert region it was firstly examined how pastoralists manage their livestock, which major health problems they face for the different animal species, and which of the naturally occurring plants they use for the treatment of animal diseases (Chapter 2). For this purpose, a baseline survey was carried out across five locations in Cholistan, using a structured questionnaire to collect data from 100 livestock farmers (LF) and 20 local healers (LH). Most of LF and LH were illiterate (66%; 70%). On average, LH had larger herds (109 animals) than LF (85 animals) and were more experienced in livestock husbandry and management. On average LF spent about 163 Euro per year on the treatment of their livestock, with a huge variability in expenditures. Eighty-six traditional remedies based on 64 plants belonging to 43 families were used. Capparaceae was the botanical family with the largest number of species used (4), followed by Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae and Zygophyllaceae (3). The plants Capparis decidua (n=55 mentions), Salsola foetida (n=52), Suaeda fruticosa (n=46), Haloxylon salicornicum (n=42) and Haloxylon recurvum (n=39) were said to be most effective against the infestations with gastrointestinal parasites. Aerial parts (43%), leaves (26%), fruits (9%), seeds and seed oils (9%) were the plant parts frequently used for preparation of remedies, while flowers, roots, bulbs and pods were less frequently used (<5%). Common preparations were decoction, jaggery and ball drench; oral drug administration was very common. There was some variation in the doses used for different animal species depending on age, size and physical condition of the animal and severity of the disease. In a second step the regionally most prevalent gastrointestinal parasites of sheep and goats were determined (Chapter 3) in 500 animals per species randomly chosen from pastoral herds across the previously studied five localities. Standard parasitological techniques were applied to identify the parasites in faecal samples manually collected at the rectum. Overall helminth prevalence was 78.1% across the 1000 animals; pure nematode infestations were most prevalent (37.5%), followed by pure trematode (7.9%), pure cestode (2.6%) and pure protozoa infestations (0.8%). Mixed infestations with nematodes and trematodes occurred in 6.4% of all animals, mixed nematode-cestode infestations in 3.8%, and all three groups were found in 19.1% of the sheep and goats. In goats more males (81.1%) than females (77.0%) were infested, the opposite was found in sheep (73.6% males, 79.5% females). Parasites were especially prevalent in suckling goats (85.2%) and sheep (88.5%) and to a lesser extent in young (goats 80.6%, sheep 79.3%) and adult animals (goats 72.8%, sheep 73.8%). Haemonchus contortus, Trichuris ovis and Paramphistomum cervi were the most prevalent helminths. In a third step the in vitro anthelmintic activity of C. decidua, S. foetida, S. fruticosa, H. salicornicum and H. recurvum (Chapter 2) was investigated against adult worms of H. contortus, T. ovis and P. cervi (Chapter 3) via adult motility assay (Chapter 4). Various concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 500 mg dry matter/ml of three types of extracts of each plant, i.e. aqueous, methanol, and aqueous-methanol (30:70), were used at different time intervals to access their anthelmintic activity. Levamisol (0.55 mg/ml) and oxyclozanide (30 mg/ml) served as positive and phosphate-buffered saline as negative control. All extracts exhibited minimum and maximum activity at 2 h and 12 h after parasite exposure; the 500 mg/ml extract concentrations were most effective. Plant species (P<0.05), extract type (P<0.01), parasite species (P<0.01), extract concentration (P<0.01), time of exposure (P<0.01) and their interactions (P<0.01) had significant effects on the number of immobile/dead helminths. From the comparison of LC50 values it appeared that the aqueous extract of C. decidua was more potent against H. contortus and T. ovis, while the aqueous extract of S. foetida was effective against P. cervi. The methanol extracts of H. recurvum were most potent against all three types of parasites, and its aqueous-methanol extract was also very effective against T. ovis and P. cervi. Based on these result it is concluded that the aqueous extract of C. decidua, as well as the methanol and aqueous-methanol extract of H. recurvum have the potential to be developed into plant-based drugs for treatment against H. contortus, T. ovis and P. cervi infestations. Further studies are now needed to investigate the in vivo anthelmintic activity of these plants and plant extracts, respectively, in order to develop effective, cheap and locally available anthelmintics for pastoralists in Cholistan and neighboring desert regions. This will allow developing tangible recommendations for plant-based anthelminthic treatment of sheep and goat herds, and by this enable pastoralists to maintain healthy and productive flocks at low costs and probably even manufacture herbal drugs for marketing on a regional scale.

Socio-economic characterization of integrated cropping systems in urban and peri-urban agriculture of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Faisalabad city is surrounded by agricultural lands, where farmers are growing vegetables, grain crops, and fodder for auto-consumption and local marketing. To study the socioeconomic impact and resource use in these urban and peri-urban agricultural production (UPA) systems, a baseline survey was conducted during 2009–2010. A total of 140 households were selected using a stratified sampling method and interviewed with a structured questionnaire. The results revealed that 96 % of the households rely on agriculture as their main occupation. Thirty percent of the households were owners of the land and the rest cultivated either rented or sharecropped land. Most of the families (70 %) were headed by a member with primary education, and only 10 % of the household head had a secondary school certificate. Irrigationwater was obtained from waste water (37 %), canals (27 %), and mixed alternative sources (36 %). A total of 35 species were cultivated in the UPA systems of which were 65% vegetables, 15% grain and fodder crops, and 5% medicinal plants. Fifty-nine percent of the households cultivated wheat, mostly for auto-consumption. The 51 % of the respondents grew cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) and gourds (Cucurbitaceae) in the winter and summer seasons, respectively. Group marketing was uncommon and most of the farmers sold their produce at the farm gate (45 %) and on local markets (43 %). Seeds and fertilizers were available from commission agents and dealers on a credit basis with the obligation to pay by harvested produce. A major problem reported by the UPA farmers of Faisalabad was the scarcity of high quality irrigation water, especially during the hot dry summer months, in addition to lacking adequate quantities of mineral fertilizers and other inputs during sowing time. Half of the respondents estimated their daily income to be less than 1.25 US$ and spent almost half of it on food. Monthly average household income and expenses were 334 and 237 US$, respectively.

Technical and scale efficiency of cassava production system in Delta State, Nigeria: an application of Two-Stage DEA approach

The present study examines the level of pure technical and scale efficiencies of cassava production system including its sub-processes (that is production and processing stages) of 278 cassava farmers/processors from three regions of Delta State, Nigeria by applying Two-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. Results reveal that pure technical efficiency (PTE) is significantly lower at the production stage 0.41 vs 0.55 for the processing stage, but scale efficiency (SE) is high at both stages (0.84 and 0.87), implying that productivity can be improved substantially by reallocation of resources and adjusting operation size. The socio-economic determinants exert differential impacts on PTE and SE at each stage. Overall, education, experience and main occupation as farmer significantly improve SE while subsistence pressure reduces it. Extension contact significantly improves SE at the processing stage but reduces PTE and SE overall. Inverse size-PTE and size-SE relationships exist in cassava production system. In other words, large/medium farms are technically and scale inefficient. Gender gap exists in performance. Male farmers are technically efficient at processing stage but scale inefficient overall. Farmers in northern region are technically efficient. Investments in education, extension services and infrastructure are suggested as policy options to improve the cassava sector in Nigeria.

SIGUA: SIG libre para la gestión del suelo de la Universidad de Alicante

In 1997 beginning a project (SIGUA) to know and to manage the patrimony of the University of Alicante (UA). It required to know the use the space and its occupation. In his almost 10 years on watch, SIGUA has happened to be a SIG designed with commercial tools to an Integral System of Management of the Space, totally customized, graft and integrated of natural form in the functional structure of the UA. (...)

Efectos socioeconómicos del aumento del nivel del mar, como consecuencia del cambio climático, en la Isla de San Andrés : un desafío para la gestión urbana del riesgo

Se realiza un análisis de riesgo prospectivo para determinar los posibles efectos socioeconómicos (población, vivienda, infraestructura económica y vial principal y el producto interno bruto) del aumento del nivel del mar en la cabecera urbana de la Isla de San Andrés, Colombia. Como alternativa a los resultados críticos, se plantean tres modelos de ocupación del territorio que podrían reducir la vulnerabilidad del asentamiento humano.

Evaluación de medidas antropométricas (Mano) como factor de riesgo individual para sìndrome de tùnel del carpo en pacientes de ARP Bolívar - Bogotá - 2010

En este estudio el objetivo fue evaluar variables antropométricas de la mano: Largo palma, índice de forma, perímetro de muñeca, perímetro a 1 cm distal del perímetro de la muñeca, índice de muñeca y ajustarlas por género, edad, ocupación, tiempo en el oficio, como factores de riesgo independiente para Síndrome de Túnel del Carpo. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles con 63 casos con diagnóstico electrofisiológico, de los cuales 58 eran mujeres, 5 hombres contra 63 controles asintomáticos, de los cuales 52 mujeres y 11 hombres. La evaluación de las variables se realizó mediante un análisis bivariado y un análisis multivariado (Regresión Logística) a lo cual se le aplicó una prueba de bondad de ajuste (Análisis de varianza ANOVA). La estratificación de cada una de las variables por género, no fue posible realizarla por el número reducido de hombres. El análisis bivariado mostro la edad mayor de 40 años, largo palma menor de 105.5 mm tiene un efecto significativo de riesgo; que el índice de forma, el perímetro de muñeca, el índice de muñeca, el índice de masa corporal, el perímetro a 1 cm distal del perímetro de muñeca fueron significativamente mayores en el grupo de casos que en el grupo control. En el análisis de regresión logística mostró que la edad mayor de 40 años, I.M.C mayor de 24.9 kg/m2, tiempo en el oficio de 5 a 10 años, el largo palma menor de 105.5 mm, tienen un efecto significativo de riesgo para Síndrome de Túnel del Carpo. En la prueba de bondad de ajuste del modelo de regresión logística (Análisis de varianza ANOVA) Las variables que presentan un efecto significativo para riesgo son: Ocupación 1-Trabajo Operativo Manual, Tiempo en el oficio de 5 a 10 años, Edad mayor de 40 años, I.M.C. mayor de 24.9 Kg/m2 y largo palma menor de 105.5 mm. En conclusión, de las medidas antropométricas evaluadas, la única que presentó una asociación significativa con síndrome de túnel del carpo fue el largo palma menor de 105.5 mm. De las variables individuales y relacionadas con la ocupación presentaron un efecto significativo para riesgo, las ocupaciones que implican trabajos operativos manuales, tiempo en el oficio de 5 a 10 años, edad mayor de 40 años, Índice de masa corporal dentro de los rangos de sobrepeso y obesidad.

Archivo de la educación y la pedagogía del Caribe Colombiano.

La organización del Archivo de la Educación y la Pedagogía del Caribe colombiano (AEPC) surge de los trabajos y prácticas sistematizadas por parte del Grupo de investigación en 'Educación, Pedagogía y Cultura en el Caribe colombiano', el cual viene desarrollando el Proyecto de investigación: Historia de Escuelas y Maestros del Caribe colombiano: Hacia la configuración y organización del Archivo de la Educación y la Pedagogía del Caribe colombiano', lo que hemos llamado inicialmente, el problema del contexto. Todos los que participamos de las actividades del quehacer docente debemos estar dedicados a investigar este quehacer socialmente situado. Desde el Grupo mencionado nos preocupan las limitaciones convencionales de los distintos modos de abordar el estudio de la actividad de lo educativo-formativo. Sobre todo, queremos explorar algunos interrogantes acerca del mundo socialmente constituido de la educación y la pedagogía en el Caribe colombiano.

Identificación de barreras administrativas de acceso en el servicio de gineco-obstetricia en cuatro instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud en Bogotá

El estudio realizado se basó en la aplicación de la metodología de investigación científica y el análisis exploratorio, cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal, utilizando análisis de relaciones de datos obtenidos en cada una de las IPS y relaciones de perfiles entre de la población atendida. El análisis de la información mostró que las barreras administrativas de acceso a los servicios de Gineco-Obstetricia existen en las IPS estudiadas, caracterizando fundamentalmente aspectos relacionados con la falta de registro de información en las historias clínicas de los pacientes, la falta de registro de la no asistencia de un paciente a una cita, la inexistencia de acciones registradas frente a la identificación e inscripción de la población objeto de control prenatal con clasificación del riesgo, el régimen de afiliación, la ocupación, las acciones correctivas por fallas en los servicios de salud, el registro de fallas en los servicios de salud y el nivel educativo. Es valiosa la información que es registrada en las historias clínicas, sin embargo las IPS que participaron en el presente estudio no le dan la importancia necesaria a las evidencias obtenidas, en especial frente a acciones correctivas. Las relaciones entre las variables como el número de embarazos, el número de controles prenatales, el número de abortos, las IPS, los perfiles de la población de pacientes, la falta de registro de la no asistencia de un paciente a una cita, la clasificación del riesgo, el número de partos, el estado civil, los grupos de edad, el nivel educativo, el registro de fallas, el registro de las acciones correctivas y la ocupación, permiten identificar barreras de acceso administrativas. Se realizó una entrevista a los líderes de los procesos de calidad o directores generales de las IPS que participaron en el presente estudio y se encontró que los parámetros de calidad son claros y que la información existe en diferentes proporciones y protocolos institucionales. No obstante, las IPS no aplican en su totalidad el modelo de los canones establecidos. Es necesario que las instituciones apliquen las normas de calidad en su totalidad lo que seguramente las llevará a lograr mejores resultados.

Análisis de 6 objetivos de desarrollo del milenio a través de las encuestas nacionales de demografía y salud 1990-2010

Introducción: Descripción de tendencias de indicadores seleccionados de Encuestas Nacionales de Demografía y Salud (ENDS) considerados de importancia para medición del alcance de los primeros 6 objetivos de desarrollo del milenio (ODM). Metodología: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, análisis de 18 indicadores de salud, por disponibilidad de datos de ENDS 1990 - 2010. Análisis con estadística descriptiva datos disponibles y modelo matemático de crecimiento exponencial para determinar proyección al 2015. Resultados: ODM1, quintil de riqueza “más bajo” en el 18.4% de la población y la proyección 2015 es 19.6%, la desnutrición global ha disminuido; ODM2, porcentaje de asistencia escolar ha incrementado (2010, 94%); ODM3, ocupación mujeres en agricultura ha disminuido en últimos 20 años (2010, 4,6%) y ha incrementado actividades de mayor preparación; se mantienen los diferentes tipos de violencia contra la mujer; ODM4, desde 1995 ha disminuido la mortalidad en la niñez y aumento de cobertura en vacunación desde 2000; ODM5, atención “profesional” del parto con incremento hasta 92.7% en 2010, incremento en conocimiento de métodos anticonceptivos; ODM6 mayor uso del condón y mayores conocimientos de métodos para evitar VIH. Discusión: Avances en los ODM 2, 3, 4 y 5, que van de la mano con estrategias planteadas para el cumplimiento de los ODM, con gran impacto en disminución de la desnutrición y de la mortalidad en menores de 5 años, mejoría en la atención pre/postnatal. Algunos objetivos según las tendencias no serán alcanzados como el ODM1 cuyo indicador muestra que el número de personas en situación de pobreza podría aumentar.

Prevalencia de burnout en docentes de colegio bilingüe de Bogotá

Determinar la prevalencia de burnout en maestros que laboran en un Colegio Bilingüe de la ciudad de Bogotá Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal, mediante la aplicación de la escala Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (versión validada en español) y datos sociodemográficos como edad, sexo, estado civil, personas a cargo, número de hijos, tipo de vivienda, estrato, escolaridad, ocupación, cargo, años laborados, incapacidades y patología psiquiátrica; a 75 docentes de un colegio privado de la ciudad de Bogotá. Resultados: El análisis final detectó escasos casos de agotamiento emocional, ningún caso de despersonalización y alto nivel de realización personal en todos los docentes. Se realizó la prueba U de Mann Withney utilizando los puntajes obtenidos en la dimensión agotamiento emocional para comparar entre edades menor y mayor de 40 años, estado civil, hijos y personas a cargo, en ninguno de los casos la distribución de los puntajes mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos. Conclusiones: No se evidenciaron casos en los que hubiese presencia de burnout en la población de docentes estudiada. Se considera necesario ampliar la muestra poblacional con otras instituciones y realizar un estudio comparativo con el fin de obtener resultados que puedan alcanzar mayor significancia estadística