Stand-level patterns of carbon fluxes and partitioning in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation across a gradient of productivity, in Sao Paulo State, Brazil

Wood production represents a large but variable fraction of gross primary production (GPP) in highly productive Eucalyptus plantations. Assessing patterns of carbon (C) partitioning (C flux as a fraction of GPP) between above- and belowground components is essential to understand mechanisms driving the C budget of these plantations. Better knowledge of fluxes and partitioning to woody and non-woody tissues in response to site characteristics and resource availability could provide opportunities to increase forest productivity. Our study aimed at investigating how C allocation varied within one apparently homogeneous 90 ha stand of Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden) in Southeastern Brazil. We assessed annual above-ground net primary production (ANPP: stem, leaf, and branch production) and total belowground C flux (TBCF: the sum of root production and respiration and mycorrhizal production and respiration), GPP (computed as the sum of ANPP, TBCF and estimated aboveground respiration) on 12 plots representing the gradient of productivity found within the stand. The spatial heterogeneity of topography and associated soil attributes across the stand likely explained this fertility gradient. Component fluxes of GPP and C partitioning were found to vary among plots. Stem NPP ranged from 554 g C m(-2) year(-1) on the plot with lowest GPP to 923 g C m(-2) year(-1) on the plot with highest GPP. Total belowground carbon flux ranged from 497 to 1235 g C m(-2) year(-1) and showed no relationship with ANPP or GPP. Carbon partitioning to stem NPP increased from 0.19 to 0.23, showing a positive trend of increase with GPP (R-2 = 0.29, P = 0.07). Variations in stem wood production across the gradient of productivity observed at our experimental site were a result of the variability in C partitioning to different forest system components.

Epidemiology of Brazilian spotted fever in the Atlantic Forest, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil

The tick-borne bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii is the aetiological agent of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF). The present study evaluated tick infestations on wild and domestic animals, and the rickettsial infection in these animals and their ticks in 7 forest areas adjacent to human communities in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). The results were compared to ecological traits of each sampled area. Two main tick species, Amblyomma aureolatum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus, were collected from dogs. The major ticks found on small mammals and birds were Ixodes loricatus and Amblyomma longirostre, respectively. Both anti-R. rickettsii antibodies and R. rickettsii-infected ticks were detected on dogs from only 2 areas in the southern part of the SPMA, which were considered to be endemic for BSF; the remaining 5 areas were considered to be non-endemic. Ecologically, the BSF-endemic areas clearly differed from the non-endemic areas by the presence of significantly more degraded forest patches in the former. The present results corroborate historical observations that have indicated that all human cases of BSF in the SPMA were contracted in the southern part of this metropolitan area. However, not all forest patches in the southern part of the SPMA were shown to be associated with BSF endemism.

Development of a recombinant fusion protein based on the dynein light chain LC8 for non-viral gene delivery

The low efficiency of gene transfer is a recurrent problem in DNA vaccine development and gene therapy studies using non-viral vectors such as plasmid DNA (pDNA). This is mainly due to the fact that during their traffic to the target cell's nuclei, plasmid vectors must overcome a series of physical, enzymatic and diffusional barriers. The main objective of this work is the development of recombinant proteins specifically designed for pDNA delivery, which take advantage of molecular motors like dynein, for the transport of cargos from the periphery to the centrosome of mammalian cells. A DNA binding sequence was fused to the N-terminus of the recombinant human dynein light chain LC8. Expression studies indicated that the fusion protein was correctly expressed in soluble form using E. coli BL21(DE3) strain. As expected, gel permeation assays found the purified protein mainly present as dimers, the functional oligomeric state of LC8. Gel retardation assays and atomic force microscopy proved the ability of the fusion protein to interact and condense pDNA. Zeta potential measurements indicated that LC8 with DNA binding domain (LD4) has an enhanced capacity to interact and condense pDNA, generating positively charged complexes. Transfection of cultured HeLa cells confirmed the ability of the LD4 to facilitate pDNA uptake and indicate the involvement of the retrograde transport in the intracellular trafficking of pDNA: LD4 complexes. Finally, cytotoxicity studies demonstrated a very low toxicity of the fusion protein vector, indicating the potential for in vivo applications. The study presented here is part of an effort to develop new modular shuttle proteins able to take advantage of strategies used by viruses to infect mammalian cells, aiming to provide new tools for gene therapy and DNA vaccination studies. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

NEW NON-SEXUAL SKELETAL ABNORMALITIES IN ACARTIA LILLJEBORGH GIESBRECHT, 1889 (COPEPODA, CALANOIDA)

State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)

Bioassay guided purification of the antimicrobial fraction of a Brazilian propolis from Bahia state

Abstract Background Brazilian propolis type 6 (Atlantic forest, Bahia) is distinct from the other types of propolis especially due to absence of flavonoids and presence of other non-polar, long chain compounds, but presenting good in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity. Several authors have suggested that fatty acids found in this propolis might be responsible for its antimicrobial activity; however, so far no evidence concerning this finding has been reported in the literature. The goals of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the main pure fatty acids in the ethanolic extract and fractions and elucidate the chemical nature of the bioactive compounds isolated from Brazilian propolis type 6. Methods Brazilian propolis type 6 ethanolic extract (EEP), hexane fraction (H-Fr), major fatty acids, and isolated sub-fractions were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (HRGC-FID), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three sub-fractions of H-Fr were obtained through preparative HPLC. Antimicrobial activity of EEP, H-Fr, sub-fractions, and fatty acids were tested against Staphyloccus aureus ATCC 25923 and Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt 1600 using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results EEP and H-Fr inhibited the growth of the microorganisms tested; nevertheless, no antimicrobial activity was found for the major fatty acids. The three sub-fractions (1, 2, and 3) were isolated from H-Fr by preparative HPLC and only sub-fraction 1 showed antimicrobial activity. Conclusion a) The major fatty acids tested were not responsible for the antimicrobial activity of propolis type 6; b) Sub-fraction 1, belonging to the benzophenone class, was responsible for the antimicrobial activity observed in the present study. The identification of the bioactive compound will improve the development of more efficient uses of this natural product.

Trends in aortic aneurysm- and dissection-related mortality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, 1985–2009: multiple-cause-of-death analysis

Background: Aortic aneurysm and dissection are important causes of death in older people. Ruptured aneurysms show catastrophic fatality rates reaching near 80%. Few population-based mortality studies have been published in the world and none in Brazil. The objective of the present study was to use multiple-cause-of-death methodology in the analysis of mortality trends related to aortic aneurysm and dissection in the state of Sao Paulo, between 1985 and 2009. Methods: We analyzed mortality data from the Sao Paulo State Data Analysis System, selecting all death certificates on which aortic aneurysm and dissection were listed as a cause-of-death. The variables sex, age, season of the year, and underlying, associated or total mentions of causes of death were studied using standardized mortality rates, proportions and historical trends. Statistical analyses were performed by chi-square goodness-of-fit and H Kruskal-Wallis tests, and variance analysis. The joinpoint regression model was used to evaluate changes in age-standardized rates trends. A p value less than 0.05 was regarded as significant. Results: Over a 25-year period, there were 42,615 deaths related to aortic aneurysm and dissection, of which 36,088 (84.7%) were identified as underlying cause and 6,527 (15.3%) as an associated cause-of-death. Dissection and ruptured aneurysms were considered as an underlying cause of death in 93% of the deaths. For the entire period, a significant increased trend of age-standardized death rates was observed in men and women, while certain non-significant decreases occurred from 1996/2004 until 2009. Abdominal aortic aneurysms and aortic dissections prevailed among men and aortic dissections and aortic aneurysms of unspecified site among women. In 1985 and 2009 death rates ratios of men to women were respectively 2.86 and 2.19, corresponding to a difference decrease between rates of 23.4%. For aortic dissection, ruptured and non-ruptured aneurysms, the overall mean ages at death were, respectively, 63.2, 68.4 and 71.6 years; while, as the underlying cause, the main associated causes of death were as follows: hemorrhages (in 43.8%/40.5%/13.9%); hypertensive diseases (in 49.2%/22.43%/24.5%) and atherosclerosis (in 14.8%/25.5%/15.3%); and, as associated causes, their principal overall underlying causes of death were diseases of the circulatory (55.7%), and respiratory (13.8%) systems and neoplasms (7.8%). A significant seasonal variation, with highest frequency in winter, occurred in deaths identified as underlying cause for aortic dissection, ruptured and non-ruptured aneurysms. Conclusions: This study introduces the methodology of multiple-causes-of-death to enhance epidemiologic knowledge of aortic aneurysm and dissection in São Paulo, Brazil. The results presented confer light to the importance of mortality statistics and the need for epidemiologic studies to understand unique trends in our own population.

Efficacy of graded activity versus supervised exercises in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: protocol of a randomised controlled trial

Abstract Background Low back pain is a relevant public health problem, being an important cause of work absenteeism worldwide, as well as affecting the quality of life of sufferers and their individual functional performances. Supervised active physical routines and of cognitive-behavioral therapies are recommended for the treatment of chronic Low back pain, although evidence to support the effectiveness of different techniques is missing. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to contrast the effectiveness of two types of exercises, graded activity or supervised, in decreasing symptoms of chronic low back pain. Methods/design Sample will consist of 66 patients, blindly allocated into one of two groups: 1) Graded activity which, based on an operant approach, will use time-contingent methods aiming to increase participants’ activity levels; 2) Supervised exercise, where participants will be trained for strengthening, stretching, and motor control targeting different muscle groups. Interventions will last one hour, and will happen twice a week for 6 weeks. Outcomes (pain, disability, quality of life, global perceived effect, return to work, physical activity, physical capacity, and kinesiophobia) will be assessed at baseline, at treatment end, and three and six months after treatment end. Data collection will be conducted by an investigator blinded to treatment allocation. Discussion This project describes the randomisation method that will be used to compare the effectiveness of two different treatments for chronic low back pain: graded activity and supervised exercises. Since optimal approach for patients with chronic back pain have yet not been defined based on evidence, good quality studies on the subject are necessary. Trial registration NCT01719276

Reliability of buildings in service limit state for maximum horizontal displacements

Brazilian design code ABNT NBR6118:2003 - Design of Concrete Structures - Procedures - [1] proposes the use of simplified models for the consideration of non-linear material behavior in the evaluation of horizontal displacements in buildings. These models penalize stiffness of columns and beams, representing the effects of concrete cracking and avoiding costly physical non-linear analyses. The objectives of the present paper are to investigate the accuracy and uncertainty of these simplified models, as well as to evaluate the reliabilities of structures designed following ABNT NBR6118:2003[1&] in the service limit state for horizontal displacements. Model error statistics are obtained from 42 representative plane frames. The reliabilities of three typical (4, 8 and 12 floor) buildings are evaluated, using the simplified models and a rigorous, physical and geometrical non-linear analysis. Results show that the 70/70 (column/beam stiffness reduction) model is more accurate and less conservative than the 80/40 model. Results also show that ABNT NBR6118:2003 [1] design criteria for horizontal displacement limit states (masonry damage according to ACI 435.3R-68(1984) [10]) are conservative, and result in reliability indexes which are larger than those recommended in EUROCODE [2] for irreversible service limit states.

Targeting the non-structural protein 1 from dengue virus to a dendritic cell population confers protective immunity to lethal virus challenge

Dengue is the most prevalent arboviral infection, affecting millions of people every year. Attempts to control such infection are being made, and the development of a vaccine is a World Health Organization priority. Among the proteins being tested as vaccine candidates in preclinical settings is the non-structural protein 1 (NS1). In the present study, we tested the immune responses generated by targeting the NS1 protein to two different dendritic cell populations. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important antigen presenting cells, and targeting proteins to maturing DCs has proved to be an efficient means of immunization. Antigen targeting is accomplished by the use of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against a DC cell surface receptor fused to the protein of interest. We used two mAbs (αDEC205 and αDCIR2) to target two distinct DC populations, expressing either DEC205 or DCIR2 endocytic receptors, respectively, in mice. The fusion mAbs were successfully produced, bound to their respective receptors, and were used to immunize BALB/c mice in the presence of polyriboinosinic: polyribocytidylic acid (poly (I:C)), as a DC maturation stimulus. We observed induction of strong anti-NS1 antibody responses and similar antigen binding affinity irrespectively of the DC population targeted. Nevertheless, the IgG1/IgG2a ratios were different between mouse groups immunized with αDEC-NS1 and αDCIR2-NS1 mAbs. When we tested the induction of cellular immune responses, the number of IFN-γ producing cells was higher in αDEC-NS1 immunized animals. In addition, mice immunized with the αDEC-NS1 mAb were significantly protected from a lethal intracranial challenge with the DENV2 NGC strain when compared to mice immunized with αDCIR2-NS1 mAb. Protection was partially mediated by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as depletion of these populations reduced both survival and morbidity signs. We conclude that targeting the NS1 protein to the DEC205(+) DC population with poly (I:C) opens perspectives for dengue vaccine development.

Altinópolis, una utopia brasiliana. Analisi di una esperienza di educazione alla pace e non violenza come pratica alternativa dell'educazione popolare

The present thesis has as its object of study a project called “Education towards Peace and No Violence”, developed in the town of Altinópolis, in the inner part of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Based on the analysis and the studies that were carried out, it was possible to identify the difficulties in the implementation of the project, as well as the positive results evidenced by the reduction of the reports of violence in the town. Through a careful research of the historical facts, it shall be demonstrated the progress of education, particularly in Brazil, throughout the years. In addition, a panoramic view of the studies and programs for peace developed in North America and Occidental Europe will be presented. The education for peace based in the holistic concept of human development appeared as a new educational paradigm that works as a crucial instrument in the construction process towards a peaceful and more human society based in social justice.

Design and synthesis of novel non peptidomimtic beta-secretase inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

The aspartic protease BACE1 (β-amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme, β-secretase) is recognized as one of the most promising targets in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain is a major factor in the pathogenesis of AD. Aβ is formed by initial cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase, therefore BACE1 inhibition represents one of the therapeutic approaches to control progression of AD, by preventing the abnormal generation of Aβ. For this reason, in the last decade, many research efforts have focused at the identification of new BACE1 inhibitors as drug candidates. Generally, BACE1 inhibitors are grouped into two families: substrate-based inhibitors, designed as peptidomimetic inhibitors, and non-peptidomimetic ones. The research on non-peptidomimetic small molecules BACE1 inhibitors remains the most interesting approach, since these compounds hold an improved bioavailability after systemic administration, due to a good blood-brain barrier permeability in comparison to peptidomimetic inhibitors. Very recently, our research group discovered a new promising lead compound for the treatment of AD, named lipocrine, a hybrid derivative between lipoic acid and the AChE inhibitor (AChEI) tacrine, characterized by a tetrahydroacridinic moiety. Lipocrine is one of the first compounds able to inhibit the catalytic activity of AChE and AChE-induced amyloid-β aggregation and to protect against reactive oxygen species. Due to this interesting profile, lipocrine was also evaluated for BACE1 inhibitory activity, resulting in a potent lead compound for BACE1 inhibition. Starting from this interesting profile, a series of tetrahydroacridine analogues were synthesised varying the chain length between the two fragments. Moreover, following the approach of combining in a single molecule two different pharmacophores, we designed and synthesised different compounds bearing the moieties of known AChEIs (rivastigmine and caproctamine) coupled with lipoic acid, since it was shown that dithiolane group is an important structural feature of lipocrine for the optimal inhibition of BACE1. All the tetrahydroacridines, rivastigmine and caproctamine-based compounds, were evaluated for BACE1 inhibitory activity in a FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) enzymatic assay (test A). With the aim to enhancing the biological activity of the lead compound, we applied the molecular simplification approach to design and synthesize novel heterocyclic compounds related to lipocrine, in which the tetrahydroacridine moiety was replaced by 4-amino-quinoline or 4-amino-quinazoline rings. All the synthesized compounds were also evaluated in a modified FRET enzymatic assay (test B), changing the fluorescent substrate for enzymatic BACE1 cleavage. This test method guided deep structure-activity relationships for BACE1 inhibition on the most promising quinazoline-based derivatives. By varying the substituent on the 2-position of the quinazoline ring and by replacing the lipoic acid residue in lateral chain with different moieties (i.e. trans-ferulic acid, a known antioxidant molecule), a series of quinazoline derivatives were obtained. In order to confirm inhibitory activity of the most active compounds, they were evaluated with a third FRET assay (test C) which, surprisingly, did not confirm the previous good activity profiles. An evaluation study of kinetic parameters of the three assays revealed that method C is endowed with the best specificity and enzymatic efficiency. Biological evaluation of the modified 2,4-diamino-quinazoline derivatives measured through the method C, allow to obtain a new lead compound bearing the trans-ferulic acid residue coupled to 2,4-diamino-quinazoline core endowed with a good BACE1 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.8 mM). We reported on the variability of the results in the three different FRET assays that are known to have some disadvantages in term of interference rates that are strongly dependent on compound properties. The observed results variability could be also ascribed to different enzyme origin, varied substrate and different fluorescent groups. The inhibitors should be tested on a parallel screening in order to have a more reliable data prior to be tested into cellular assay. With this aim, preliminary cellular BACE1 inhibition assay carried out on lipocrine confirmed a good cellular activity profile (EC50 = 3.7 mM) strengthening the idea to find a small molecule non-peptidomimetic compound as BACE1 inhibitor. In conclusion, the present study allowed to identify a new lead compound endowed with BACE1 inhibitory activity in submicromolar range. Further lead optimization to the obtained derivative is needed in order to obtain a more potent and a selective BACE1 inhibitor based on 2,4-diamino-quinazoline scaffold. A side project related to the synthesis of novel enzymatic inhibitors of BACE1 in order to explore the pseudopeptidic transition-state isosteres chemistry was carried out during research stage at Università de Montrèal (Canada) in Hanessian's group. The aim of this work has been the synthesis of the δ-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid motif with stereochemically defined substitution to incorporating such a constrained core in potential BACE1 inhibitors. This fragment, endowed with reduced peptidic character, is not known in the context of peptidomimetic design. In particular, we envisioned an alternative route based on an organocatalytic asymmetric conjugate addition of nitroalkanes to cyclohexenone in presence of D-proline and trans-2,5-dimethylpiperazine. The enantioenriched obtained 3-(α-nitroalkyl)-cyclohexanones were further functionalized to give the corresponding δ-nitroalkyl cyclohexane carboxylic acids. These intermediates were elaborated to the target structures 3-(α-aminoalkyl)-1-cyclohexane carboxylic acids in a new readily accessible way.

Diagnosi non distruttiva del patrimonio storico-architettonico: applicazioni in laboratorio e in sito presso il Duomo di Modena e la Ghirlandina.

Le prove non distruttive che sono state studiate in questa tesi sono il monitoraggio termografico, le prove soniche, la tecnica tomografica sonica e l’indagine tramite georadar. Ogni capitolo di applicazione in sito o in laboratorio è sempre preceduto da un capitolo nel quale sono spiegati i principi fondamentali della tecnica applicata. I primi cinque capitoli riguardano un problema molto diffuso nelle murature, cioè la risalita capillare di umidità o di soluzione salina all’interno delle stesse. Spiegati i principi alla base della risalita capillare in un mezzo poroso e della tecnica termografica, sono state illustrate le tre prove svolte in laboratorio: una prova di risalita (di umidità e di salamoia) su laterizi, una prova di risalita di salamoia su tripletta muraria monitorata da sensori e una prova di risalita di umidità su muretto fessurato monitorata tramite termografia ad infrarossi. Nei capitoli 6 e 7 sono stati illustrati i principi fondamentali delle prove soniche ed è stata presentata un’analisi approfondita di diverse aree del Duomo di Modena in particolare due pareti esterne, un pilastro di muratura e una colonna di pietra. Nelle stesse posizioni sono state effettuate anche prove tramite georadar (Capitoli 11 e 12) per trovare analogie con le prove soniche o aggiungere informazioni che non erano state colte dalle prove soniche. Nei capitoli 9 e 10 sono stati spiegati i principi della tomografia sonica (tecnica di inversione dei tempi di volo e tecnica di inversione delle ampiezze dei segnali), sono stati illustrati i procedimenti di elaborazione delle mappe di velocità e sono state riportate e commentate le mappe ottenute relativamente ad un pilastro di muratura del Duomo di Modena (sezioni a due quote diverse) e ad un pilastro interno di muratura della torre Ghirlandina di Modena.

Modelli non lineari statici e dinamici su dati microeconomici: analisi delle condizioni finanziarie delle famiglie italiane

The thesis studies the economic and financial conditions of Italian households, by using microeconomic data of the Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) over the period 1998-2006. It develops along two lines of enquiry. First it studies the determinants of households holdings of assets and liabilities and estimates their correlation degree. After a review of the literature, it estimates two non-linear multivariate models on the interactions between assets and liabilities with repeated cross-sections. Second, it analyses households financial difficulties. It defines a quantitative measure of financial distress and tests, by means of non-linear dynamic probit models, whether the probability of experiencing financial difficulties is persistent over time. Chapter 1 provides a critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature on the estimation of assets and liabilities holdings, on their interactions and on households net wealth. The review stresses the fact that a large part of the literature explain households debt holdings as a function, among others, of net wealth, an assumption that runs into possible endogeneity problems. Chapter 2 defines two non-linear multivariate models to study the interactions between assets and liabilities held by Italian households. Estimation refers to a pooling of cross-sections of SHIW. The first model is a bivariate tobit that estimates factors affecting assets and liabilities and their degree of correlation with results coherent with theoretical expectations. To tackle the presence of non normality and heteroskedasticity in the error term, generating non consistent tobit estimators, semi-parametric estimates are provided that confirm the results of the tobit model. The second model is a quadrivariate probit on three different assets (safe, risky and real) and total liabilities; the results show the expected patterns of interdependence suggested by theoretical considerations. Chapter 3 reviews the methodologies for estimating non-linear dynamic panel data models, drawing attention to the problems to be dealt with to obtain consistent estimators. Specific attention is given to the initial condition problem raised by the inclusion of the lagged dependent variable in the set of explanatory variables. The advantage of using dynamic panel data models lies in the fact that they allow to simultaneously account for true state dependence, via the lagged variable, and unobserved heterogeneity via individual effects specification. Chapter 4 applies the models reviewed in Chapter 3 to analyse financial difficulties of Italian households, by using information on net wealth as provided in the panel component of the SHIW. The aim is to test whether households persistently experience financial difficulties over time. A thorough discussion is provided of the alternative approaches proposed by the literature (subjective/qualitative indicators versus quantitative indexes) to identify households in financial distress. Households in financial difficulties are identified as those holding amounts of net wealth lower than the value corresponding to the first quartile of net wealth distribution. Estimation is conducted via four different methods: the pooled probit model, the random effects probit model with exogenous initial conditions, the Heckman model and the recently developed Wooldridge model. Results obtained from all estimators accept the null hypothesis of true state dependence and show that, according with the literature, less sophisticated models, namely the pooled and exogenous models, over-estimate such persistence.

Diagnosi non distruttiva del patrimonio architettonico: esempi applicativi di radar e termografia attiva

La necessità di conservazione e recupero di murature, di qualsiasi interesse storico/architettonico, ha evidenziato la necessità di conoscere il più dettagliatamente possibile le caratteristiche strutturali delle opere interessate: un intervento risulterà tanto più efficace e adatto agli scopi prefissi quanto maggiore sarà la conoscenza dell’opera, della sua evoluzione, dei materiali utilizzati per la realizzazione, della tecnica costruttiva e della struttura portante. Spesso è necessario eseguire interventi di adeguamento sismico di comuni edifici su cui poter intervenire più o meno indiscriminatamente, mentre, per opere di interesse storico è necessario ridurre al minimo l’invasività degli interventi: in tutti e due i casi, una buona riuscita dell’intervento dipende dalla conoscenza dell’organismo strutturale sul quale si deve operare. Come spesso accade, anche per opere di recente costruzione, risulta difficile poter recuperare i dati progettuali (disegni e calcoli) e spesso le tecniche e le tipologie utilizzate per le costruzioni si differenziavano da zona a zona, così come diversi erano i materiali da costruzione; risulta quindi evidente che per progettare una serie di interventi di recupero è necessario poter ottenere il maggior numero di informazioni al riguardo. Diverse sono le esperienze maturate in questo campo in tutta Europa e queste hanno mostrato come non è sufficiente intervenire con tecniche innovative per adeguare agli standard attuali di sicurezza opere del passato: infatti, in molti casi, l’applicazione sbagliata di queste tecniche o gli interventi progettati in modo non adeguato non hanno svolto il loro compito e in alcuni casi hanno peggiorato la situazione esistente. Dalle esperienze maturate è stato possibile osservare che anche le migliore tecniche di recupero non possono risultare efficaci senza un’adeguata conoscenza dello stato di degrado degli edifici, del loro assetto strutturale e delle possibili carenze. La diagnostica strutturale si vuole inserire proprio in questo livello potendo fornire ad un progettista tutte le informazioni necessarie per effettuare al meglio ed in maniera efficace gli interventi di recupero e restauro necessari. Oltre questi aspetti, le analisi diagnostiche possono essere utilizzate anche per verificare l’efficacia degli interventi effettuati. Diversi sono gli aspetti che si possono analizzare in un’indagine di diagnostica ed in base alle esigenze e alle necessità del rilievo da effettuare sono varie le tecniche a disposizione, ognuna con le sue peculiarità e potenzialità. Nella realizzazione di questa tesi sono state affrontate diverse problematiche che hanno previsto sia l’analisi di situazioni reali in cantiere, sia lo studio in laboratorio. La prima parte del presente elaborato prevede lo studio delle attività svolte a Palazzo Malvezzi, attuale sede della Provincia di Bologna. L’edificio, di interesse storico, ha subito diverse trasformazioni durate la sua vita ed in alcuni casi, queste, eseguite con tecnologie e materiali inadatti, hanno provocato variazioni nell’assetto statico della struttura; inoltre, il palazzo, è soggetto a movimenti a livello di fondazione in quanto è presente una faglia di subsidenza che attraversa l’edificio. Tutte queste problematiche hanno creato movimenti differenziali alla struttura in elevazione che si sono evidenziati con crepe distribuite in tutto l’edificio. Il primo aspetto analizzato (capitoli 4 e 5) è lo studio della profondità delle fessure presenti nel solaio della sala Rossa, sede dei comunicati stampa e delle conferenze della Provincia. Senza dubbio antiestetiche, le crepe presenti in una struttura, se sottovalutate, possono compromettere notevolmente le funzioni statiche dell’elemento in cui si sviluppano: la funzione di protezione fornita dal solaio o da qualsiasi altro elemento strutturale alle armature in questo immerse, viene meno, offrendo vie preferenziali a possibili situazioni di degrado, specialmente se in condizioni ambientali aggressive. E' facile intuire, quindi, che un aspetto all’apparenza banale come quello delle fessure non può essere sottovalutato. L’analisi è stata condotta utilizzando prove soniche ed impact-echo, tecniche che sfruttano lo stresso principio, la propagazione delle onde elastiche nel mezzo, ma che si differenziano per procedure di prova e frequenze generate nel test. Nel primo caso, la presenza del martello strumentato consente di valutare anche la velocità di propagazione delle onde elastiche, fenomeno utilizzato per ottenere indicazioni sulla compattezza del mezzo, mentre nel secondo non è possibile ricavare queste informazioni in quanto la tecnica si basa solamente sullo studio in frequenza del segnale. L’utilizzo dell’impact-echo è stato necessario in quanto la ristilatura effettuata sulle fessure scelte per l’analisi, non ha permesso di ottenere risultati utili tramite prove soniche ; infatti, le frequenze generate risultano troppo basse per poter apprezzare queste piccole discontinuità materiali. La fase di studio successiva ha previsto l’analisi della conformazione dei solai. Nel capitolo 6, tale studio, viene condotto sul solaio della sala Rossa con lo scopo di individuarne la conformazione e la presenza di eventuali elementi di rinforzo inseriti nelle ristrutturazioni avvenute nel corso della vita del palazzo: precedenti indagini eseguite con endoscopio, infatti, hanno mostrato una camera d’aria ed elementi metallici posizionati al di sotto della volta a padiglione costituente il solaio stesso. Le indagini svolte in questa tesi, hanno previsto l’utilizzo della strumentazione radar GPR: con questa tecnica, basata sulla propagazione delle onde elettromagnetiche all’interno di un mezzo, è possibile variare rapidamente la profondità d’ispezione ed il dettaglio ottenibile nelle analisi cambiando le antenne che trasmettono e ricevono il segnale, caratteristiche fondamentali in questo tipo di studio. I risultati ottenuti hanno confermato quanto emerso nelle precedenti indagini mostrando anche altri dettagli descritti nel capitolo. Altro solaio oggetto d’indagine è quello della sala dell’Ovale (capitoli 7 e 8): costruito per dividere l’antica sala da ballo in due volumi, tale elemento è provvisto al suo centro di un caratteristico foro ovale, da cui ne deriva il nome. La forma del solaio lascia supporre la presenza di una particolare struttura di sostegno che le precedenti analisi condotte tramite endoscopio, non sono riuscite a cogliere pienamente. Anche in questo caso le indagini sono state eseguite tramite tecnica radar GPR, ma a differenza dei dati raccolti nella sala Rossa, in questo caso è stato possibile creare un modello tridimensionale del mezzo investigato; inoltre, lo studio è stato ripetuto utilizzando un’antenna ad elevata risoluzione che ha consentito di individuare dettagli in precedenza non visibili. Un ulteriore studio condotto a palazzo Malvezzi riguarda l’analisi della risalita capillare all’interno degli elementi strutturali presenti nel piano interrato (capitolo 9): questo fenomeno, presente nella maggior parte delle opere civili, e causa di degrado delle stesse nelle zone colpite, viene indagato utilizzando il radar GPR. In questo caso, oltre che individuare i livelli di risalita osservabili nelle sezioni radar, viene eseguita anche un’analisi sulle velocità di propagazione del segnale e sulle caratteristiche dielettriche del mezzo, variabili in base al contenuto d’acqua. Lo scopo è quello di individuare i livelli massimi di risalita per poterli confrontare con successive analisi. Nella fase successiva di questo elaborato vengono presentate le analisi svolte in laboratorio. Nella prima parte, capitolo 10, viene ancora esaminato il fenomeno della risalita capillare: volendo studiare in dettaglio questo problema, sono stati realizzati dei muretti in laterizio (a 2 o 3 teste) e per ognuno di essi sono state simulate diverse condizioni di risalita capillare con varie tipologie di sale disciolto in acqua (cloruro di sodio e solfato di sodio). Lo scopo è di valutare i livelli di risalita osservabili per diverse tipologie di sale e per diverse concentrazioni dello stesso. Ancora una volta è stata utilizzata la tecnica radar GPR che permette non solo di valutare tali livelli, ma anche la distribuzione dell’umidità all’interno dei provini, riuscendo a distinguere tra zone completamente sature e zone parzialmente umide. Nello studio è stata valutata anche l’influenza delle concentrazioni saline sulla propagazione del segnale elettromagnetico. Un difetto delle tecniche di diagnostica è quello di essere strumenti qualitativi, ma non quantitativi: nel capitolo 11 viene affrontato questo problema cercando di valutare la precisione dei risultati ottenuti da indagini condotte con strumentazione radar GPR. Studiando gli stessi provini analizzati nel capitolo precedente, la tecnica radar è stata utilizzata per individuare e posizionare i difetti (muretti a 3 teste) e le pietre (muretti a 2 teste) inserite in questi elementi: i risultati ottenuti nella prova sono stati confrontati, infine, con la reale geometria. Nell’ultima parte (capitolo 12), viene esaminato il problema dell’individuazione dei vuoti all’interno di laterizi: per questo scopo sono state create artificialmente delle cavità di diversa forma e a diverse profondità all’interno di laterizi pieni che, dopo un trattamento in cella climatica per aumentarne la temperatura, sono stati sottoposti a riprese termografiche nella fase di raffreddamento. Lo scopo di queste prove è quello di valutare quale sia la massima differenza di temperatura superficiale causata dai diversi difetti e per quale intervallo di temperature questa si verifica.

Conservare il non finito: il Magazzino Darsena e il comparto del sale di Cervia

L’oggetto del nostro studio è il Magazzino del sale detto “Darsena” di Cervia. Durante l’elaborazione della tesi sono state affrontate diverse tematiche. La nostra attenzione è stata concentrata inizialmente sullo studio della Città Vecchia e sulla fondazione della Nuova, in rapporto alla nascita del comparto dei magazzini del sale, di cui il Darsena fa parte, e sulle trasformazioni che il manufatto ha subito nel tempo per effetto di questi cambiamenti. Siamo giunte fino all’ultimo, e più rilevante, intervento ad opera dell’Architetto Giancarlo De Carlo, che ha cambiato profondamente la spazialità interna dell’edificio. Questa premessa ha indirizzato lo studio della consistenza dell’edificio e del suo stato di conservazione, riflettendo sulla diversità e convivenza di nuovo e antico. Ci siamo proposte in seguito di intervenire sul manufatto con un progetto di restauro conservativo, accompagnato da una nuova destinazione d’uso che permetta all’edificio il suo riuso. Questa proposta si espande all’esterno dell’edificio, verso un progetto per il comparto del sale.