An inventory of the marine and transitional Middle/Upper Eocene deposits of the Southeastern Pyrenean Foreland Basin (NE Spain)

In the southeastern Ebro Foreland Basin, the marine deposits of Lutetian and Bartonian age show excellent outcrop conditions, with a great lateral and horizontal continuity of lithostratigraphic units. In addition, the rich fossil record -mainly larger foraminifers-, provides biostratigraphic data of regional relevance for the whole Paleogene Pyrenean Basin, that can be used for the Middle Eocene biocorrelation of the western Tethys. This contribution is a sedimentary and biostratigraphic synthesis of the basic outcrops and sections of the Lutetian andBartonian marine and transitional deposits in the southeastern sector of the Ebro Foreland Basin.

État dans lequel les ingénieurs hydrographes de la Marine ont trouvé les passes et la rade intérieure du bassin d'Arcachon en 1826 ; État dans lequel M. P. Monnier ingénieur hydrographe de la marine a trouvé les passes et la rade intérieure du bassin d'Arcachon dans les mois de juin et juillet 1835

Échelle(s) : [1:50 000], échelle de deux milles marins [= 7,5 cm], échelle de quatre mille mètres [= 8 cm]

Early diagenesis of bone and tooth apatite in fluvial and marine settings: Constraints from combined oxygen isotope, nitrogen and REE analysis

Fossil bones and teeth of Late Pleistocene terrestrial mammals from Rhine River gravels (RS) and the North Sea (NS), that have been exposed to chemically and isotopically distinct diagenetic fluids (fresh water versus seawater), were investigated to study the effects of early diagenesis on biogenic apatite. Changes in phosphate oxygen isotopic composition (delta O-18(PO4)), nitrogen content (wt.% N) and rare earth element (REE) concentrations were measured along profiles within bones that have not been completely fossilized, and in skeletal tissues (bone, dentine, enamel) with different susceptibilities to diagenetic alteration. Early diagenetic changes of elemental and isotopic compositions of apatite in fossil bone are related to the loss of the stabilizing collagen matrix. The REE concentration is negatively correlated with the nitrogen content, and therefore the amount of collagen provides a sensitive proxy for early diagenetic alteration. REE patterns of RS and NS bones indicate initial fossilization in a fresh water fluid with similar REE compositions. Bones from both settings have nearly collagen-free, REE-, U-, F- and Sr-enriched altered outer rims, while the collagen-bearing bone compacta in the central part often display early diagenetic pyrite void-fillings. However, NS bones exposed to Holocene seawater have outer rim delta O-18(PO4) values that are 1.1 to 2.6 parts per thousand higher compared to the central part of the same bones (delta O-18(PO4) = 18.2 +/- 0.9 parts per thousand, n = 19). Surprisingly, even the collagen-rich bone compacta with low REE contents and apatite crystallinity seems altered, as NS tooth enamel (delta O-18(PO4) =15.0 +/- 0.3 parts per thousand, n=4) has about 3%. lower delta O-18(PO4) values, values that are also similar to those of enamel from RS teeth. Therefore, REE concentration, N content and apatite crystallinity are in this case only poor proxies for the alteration of delta O-18(PO4) values. Seawater exposure of a few years up to 8 kyr can change the delta O-18(PO4) values of the bone apatite by > 3 parts per thousand. Therefore, bones fossilized in marine settings must be treated with caution for palaeoclimatic reconstructions. However, enamel seems to preserve pristine delta O-18(PO4) values on this time scale. Using species-specific calibrations for modern mammals, a mean delta O-18(H2O) value can be reconstructed for Late Pleistocene mammalian drinking water of around -9.2 +/- 0.5 parts per thousand, which is similar to that of Late Pleistocene groundwater from central Europe. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Rapid Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring Method for Highly Diverse Benthic Communities: A Case Study of Mediterranean Coralligenous Outcrops

Increasing anthropogenic pressures urge enhanced knowledge and understanding of the current state of marine biodiversity. This baseline information is pivotal to explore present trends, detect future modifications and propose adequate management actions for marine ecosystems. Coralligenous outcrops are a highly diverse and structurally complex deep-water habitat faced with major threats in the Mediterranean Sea. Despite its ecological, aesthetic and economic value, coralligenous biodiversity patterns are still poorly understood. There is currently no single sampling method that has been demonstrated to be sufficiently representative to ensure adequate community assessment and monitoring in this habitat. Therefore, we propose a rapid non-destructive protocol for biodiversity assessment and monitoring of coralligenous outcrops providing good estimates of its structure and species composition, based on photographic sampling and the determination of presence/absence of macrobenthic species. We used an extensive photographic survey, covering several spatial scales (100s of m to 100s of km) within the NW Mediterranean and including 2 different coralligenous assemblages: Paramuricea clavata (PCA) and Corallium rubrum assemblage (CRA). This approach allowed us to determine the minimal sampling area for each assemblage (5000 cm² for PCA and 2500 cm²for CRA). In addition, we conclude that 3 replicates provide an optimal sampling effort in order to maximize the species number and to assess the main biodiversity patterns of studied assemblages in variability studies requiring replicates. We contend that the proposed sampling approach provides a valuable tool for management and conservation planning, monitoring and research programs focused on coralligenous outcrops, potentially also applicable in other benthic ecosystems

Quantitative comparison between simulations of seismic wave propagation in heterogeneous poro-elastic media and equivalent visco-elastic solids for marine-type environments

There is increasing evidence to suggest that the presence of mesoscopic heterogeneities constitutes an important seismic attenuation mechanism in porous rocks. As a consequence, centimetre-scale perturbations of the rock physical properties should be taken into account for seismic modelling whenever detailed and accurate responses of specific target structures are desired, which is, however, computationally prohibitive. A convenient way to circumvent this problem is to use an upscaling procedure to replace each of the heterogeneous porous media composing the geological model by corresponding equivalent visco-elastic solids and to solve the visco-elastic equations of motion for the inferred equivalent model. While the overall qualitative validity of this procedure is well established, there are as of yet no quantitative analyses regarding the equivalence of the seismograms resulting from the original poro-elastic and the corresponding upscaled visco-elastic models. To address this issue, we compare poro-elastic and visco-elastic solutions for a range of marine-type models of increasing complexity. We found that despite the identical dispersion and attenuation behaviour of the heterogeneous poro-elastic and the equivalent visco-elastic media, the seismograms may differ substantially due to diverging boundary conditions, where there exist additional options for the poro-elastic case. In particular, we observe that at the fluid/porous-solid interface, the poro- and visco-elastic seismograms agree for closed-pore boundary conditions, but differ significantly for open-pore boundary conditions. This is an important result which has potentially far-reaching implications for wave-equation-based algorithms in exploration geophysics involving fluid/porous-solid interfaces, such as, for example, wavefield decomposition.