Die funktionelle Rolle von LRP1 in der tPA-vermittelten Aktivierung von NMDA-Rezeptoren

Das Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 1 (LRP1) scheint neben seiner ursprünglichen Rolle als Lipoproteinrezeptor auch eine fundamentale Rolle bei der Einleitung von Signaltransduktionskaskaden im sich entwickelnden Gehirn zu spielen. Einer seiner Hauptliganden ist die Serinprotease Tissue-type Plasminogen Aktivator (tPA), welche NMDA-Rezeptor-abhängig MAP Kinasenaktivierung induzieren kann. In dieser Studie sollte daher untersucht werden, ob LRP1 und der NMDA Rezeptor in der tPA-vermittelten Signaltransduktion miteinander kooperieren. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl LRP1 als auch der NMDA Rezeptor an der tPA-induzierten Erk1/2 Phosphorylierung beteiligt sind, da dieser Effekt mit den spezifischen Inhibitoren RAP, MK-801 und DL-AP5 blockiert werden konnte. Eine weitere Bestätigung der LRP1-Spezifität zeigte sich durch shRNA knock-down Experimente. Calcium Imaging Experimente ergaben, dass die Applikation von tPA sowohl in primären, hippokampalen Neuronen als auch in der neuronalen Zelllinie HT22 zu einem robusten Einstrom von Calcium in die Zelle führte, welcher mit dem NMDA Rezeptor Inhibitor MK-801 und dem LRP1 Inhibitor RAP blockiert werden konnte. RNAi Experimente und Überexpressionsstudien bestätigten die Beteiligung von PSD-95 als intrazelluläres Adapterprotein, welches die beiden Rezeptoren miteinander verbindet. Als Bindungsstelle für PSD-95 konnte mit Hilfe von LRP1 knock-in Mausneuronen die distale NPxY(2) Domäne am LRP1 C-Terminus identifiziert werden. Diese Ergebnisse führten zu der Hypothese eines multimeren tPA-LRP1-NMDA Rezeptor Komplexes, der über die primäre Bindung von tPA an LRP1 aktiviert wird und anschließend das Signal an den NMDA Rezeptor weiterleitet. Somit weisen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit auf einen neuen, tPA-vermittelten Mechanismus zur Öffnung von Glutamatrezeptoren hin, der eine funktionelle Kooperation von dem Lipoproteinrezeptor LRP1 mit dem NMDA Rezeptor voraussetzt.

The role of NPxY domains in LRP1 receptor maturation and function

Analyses of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) generated from LRP1 knock-in mice revealed that inefficient maturation and premature proteasomal degradation of immature LRP1 is causing early embryonic lethality in NPxY1 and NPxY1+2 mutant mice. In MEFs, NPxY2 mutant LRP1 showed efficient maturation but, as expected, decreased endocytosis. The single proximal NPxY1 and the double mutant NPxY1+2 were unable to reach the cell surface as an endocytic receptor due to premature degradation. In conclusion, the proximal NPxY1 motif is essential for early sorting steps in the biosynthesis of mature LRP1.rnThe viable NPxY2 mouse was used to provide genetic evidence for LRP1-mediated amyloid-β (Aβ) transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we show that primary mouse brain capillary endothelial cells (pMBCECs) express functionally active LRP1. Moreover, demonstrate that LRP1 mediates [125I]-Aβ1-40 transcytosis across pMBCECs in both directions, whereas no role for LRP1-mediated Aβ degradation was detected. Aβ transport across pMBCECs generated from NPxY2 knock-in mice revealed a reduced Aβ clearance in both directions compared to WT derived pMBCECs. Finally, we conclude that LRP1 is a bona-fide receptor involved in bidirectional transcytosis of Aβ across the BBB.rn

Genomic and proteomic approaches in pig meat quality research field

Pig meat and carcass quality is a complex concept determined by environmental and genetic factors concurring to the phenotypic variation in qualitative characteristics of meat (fat content, tenderness, juiciness, flavor,etc). This thesis shows the results of different investigations to study and to analyze pig meat and carcass quality focusing mainly on genomic; moreover proteomic approach has been also used. The aim was to analyze data from association studies between genes considered as candidate and meat and carcass quality in different pig breeds. The approach was used to detect new SNP in genes functionally associated to the studied traits and to confirm as candidate other genes already known. Five polymorphisms (one new SNP in Calponin 1 gene and four additional polymorphism already known in other genes) were considered on chromosome 2 (SSC2). Calponin 1 (CNN1) was associated to the studied traits and furthermore the results reported confirmed the data already known for Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), Myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1) e Ubiquitin-like 5 (UBL5), in Italian Large White pigs. Using an in silico search it was possible to detect on SSC2 a new SNP of Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) gene partially overlapping with WD repeat domain 83 (WDR83) gene and significant for the meat pH variation in Italian Large White (ILW) pigs. Perilipin 1 (PLIN1) mapping on chromosome 7 and Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) mapping on chromosome 1 were studied and the results obtained in Duroc breed have shown significant associations with carcass traits. Moreover a study of protein composition of porcine LD muscle, indicated an effect of temperature treatment of carcass, on proteins of the sarcoplasmic fraction and in particular on PGM1 phosphorylation. Future studies on pig meat quality should be based on the integration of different experimental approaches (genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, etc).

Identification and characterisation of Stx5 a novel interactor of VLDL-R affecting its intracellular trafficking and processing

We identified syntaxin 5 (Stx5), a protein involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking, as a novel interaction partner of the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-receptor (VLDL-R), a member of the LDL-receptor family. In addition, we investigated the effect of Stx5 on VLDL-R maturation, trafficking and processing. Here, we demonstrated mutual association of both proteins using several in vitro approaches. Furthermore, we detected a special maturation phenotype of VLDL-R resulting from Stx5 overexpression. We found that Stx5 prevented Golgi-maturation of VLDL-R, but did not cause accumulation of the immature protein in ER to Golgi compartments, the main expression sites of Stx5. Rather more, abundantly present Stx5 was capable of translocating ER-/N-glycosylated VLDL-R to the plasma membrane, and thus was insensitive to BFA treatment and incubation at low temperature. Based on our findings, we postulate that Stx5 can directly bind to the C-terminal domain of VLDL-R, thereby influencing the receptor’s glycosylation, trafficking and processing characteristics. Resulting from that, we further suggest that Stx5, which is highly expressed in neurons along with VLDL-R, might play a role in modulating the receptor’s physiology by participating in a novel/undetermined alternative pathway bypassing the Golgi apparatus.

Die Rolle von LRP1 in der Funktion des NMDA-Rezeptors

Ein funktionelles Zusammenspiel von LRP1, einem Mitglied der LDL-Rezeptorfamilie, mit dem NMDA-Rezeptor, einem Glutamat Rezeptor, wurde durch die Interaktion beider Proteine sowie eine tPa-vermittelte, LRP1-abhängige Signalübertragung durch den NMDA-Rezeptor belegt. Darüber hinaus zeigen Mäuse mit einem konditionellen neuronalen knock-out des Lrp1 Gens Verhaltensänderungen, die mit einer beeinträchtigten Signalübertragung durch NMDA-Rezeptoren assoziiert werden könnten. Die genaue Rolle von LRP1 in der NMDA-Rezeptor-Funktion bleibt allerdings noch unklar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Rolle von LRP1 bei der Expression der NR2B-Untereinheit des NMDA-Rezeptors an der Zelloberfläche primärer kortikaler Neurone untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurde die knock-in Mauslinie LRP1ΔNPxY2, die sich durch eine Alanin Substitution im NPxY2 Motiv des LRP1 auszeichnet, eingesetzt. rnEs konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese knock-in Mutation in einer erhöhten Expression von LRP1 und der NMDA-Rezeptoruntereinheiten NR1 und NR2B an der Zelloberfläche primärer kortikaler Neurone resultiert. Der Effekt konnte durch eine reduzierte Endozytoserate von LRP1 und der NR1-und NR2B-Untereinheiten in primären LRP1ΔNPxY2 Neuronen erklärt werden. Darüber hinaus wurde ein verändertes Phosphorylierungsmuster der Internalisierungssignale der NR2B-Rezeptoruntereinheit Serin S1480 und Tyrosin Y1472 an der Zelloberfläche primärer LRP1ΔNPxY2 Neurone detektiert. Die verantwortlichen Kinasen Fyn und Kasein-Kinase II sind allerdings in LRP1ΔNPxY2 Neuronen im Vergleich zu den Wildtyp-Kontrollen nicht abweichend reguliert. In den Co-Immunopräzipitationsexperimenten wurde gezeigt, dass die Bindung von LRP1 mit NR2B durch die Phosphorylierung reguliert wird und dieser Regulationsmechanismus in LRP1ΔNPxY2 Neuronen beeinträchtigt ist. Dies resultiert in einer stärkeren Bindung von NR2B-Rezeptoruntereinheit an LRP1. Aufgrund reduzierter Internalisierungsraten von LRP1 in LRP1ΔNPxY2 Neuronen führt dieser Umstand zu einer Akkumulation beider Rezeptorproteine an der Zelloberfläche. Schließlich wurden die NMDA-Rezeptor-assoziierten Verhaltensänderungen wie die Hyperaktivität und die Defizite im direkten und umgekehrten räumlichen Lernvermögen in den LRP1ΔNPxY2 Tieren nachgewiesen. Zusammengefasst, demonstrieren diese Ergebnisse, dass LRP1 eine kritische Rolle in der Regulierung der NR2B-Expression an der Zelloberfläche spielt.

A proteome signature for intrauterine growth restriction derived from multifactorial analysis of mass spectrometry-based cord blood serum profiling

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is defined as a condition in which the fetus does not reach its genetically given growth potential, resulting in low birth weight. IUGR is an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, thus contributing substantially to medically indicated preterm birth in order to prevent fetal death. We subjected umbilical cord blood serum samples either belonging to the IUGR group (n = 15) or to the control group (n = 15) to fractionation by affinity chromatography using a bead system with hydrophobic interaction capabilities. So prepared protein mixtures were analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric profiling. The six best differentiating ion signals at m/z 8205, m/z 8766, m/z 13 945, m/z 15 129, m/z 15 308, and m/z 16 001 were collectively assigned as IUGR proteome signature. Separation confidence of our IUGR proteome signature reached a sensitivity of 0.87 and a specificity of 0.93. Assignment of ion signals in the mass spectra to specific proteins was substantiated by SDS-PAGE in conjunction with peptide mass fingerprint analysis of cord blood serum proteins. One constituent of this proteome signature, apolipoprotein C-III(0) , a derivative lacking glycosylation, has been found more abundant in the IUGR cord blood serum samples, irrespective of gestational age. Hence, we suggest apolipoprotein C-III(0) as potential key-marker of the here proposed IUGR proteome signature, as it is a very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) member and as such involved in triglyceride metabolism that itself is discussed as being of importance in IUGR pathogenesis. Our results indicate that subtle alterations in protein glycosylation need to be considered for improving our understanding of the pathomechanisms in IUGR.

Bacterial profile and burden of periodontal infection in subjects with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis has been identified as a potential risk factor in cardiovascular diseases. It is possible that the stimulation of host responses to oral infections may result in vascular damage and the inducement of blood clotting. The aim of this study was to assess the role of periodontal infection and bacterial burden as an explanatory variable to the activation of the inflammatory process leading to acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: A total of 161 consecutive surviving cases admitted with a diagnosis of ACS and 161 control subjects, matched with cases according to their gender, socioeconomic level, and smoking status, were studied. Serum white blood cell (WBC) counts, high- and low-density lipoprotein (HDL/LDL) levels, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsC-rp) levels, and clinical periodontal routine parameters were studied. The subgingival pathogens were assayed by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method. RESULTS: Total oral bacterial load was higher in the subjects with ACS (mean difference: 17.4x10(5); SD: 10.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.2 to 17.4; P<0.001), and significant for 26 of 40 species including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, and Treponema denticola. Serum WBC counts, hsC-rp levels, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus sanguis, were explanatory factors to acute coronary syndrome status (Nagelkerke r2=0.49). CONCLUSION: The oral bacterial load of S. intermedius, S. sanguis, Streptococcus anginosus, T. forsythensis, T. denticola, and P. gingivalis may be concomitant risk factors in the development of ACS.

A coronary heart disease risk model for predicting the effect of potent antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected men

BACKGROUND: Many HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) experience metabolic complications including dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, which may increase their coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. We developed a prognostic model for CHD tailored to the changes in risk factors observed in patients starting HAART. METHODS: Data from five cohort studies (British Regional Heart Study, Caerphilly and Speedwell Studies, Framingham Offspring Study, Whitehall II) on 13,100 men aged 40-70 and 114,443 years of follow up were used. CHD was defined as myocardial infarction or death from CHD. Model fit was assessed using the Akaike Information Criterion; generalizability across cohorts was examined using internal-external cross-validation. RESULTS: A parametric model based on the Gompertz distribution generalized best. Variables included in the model were systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, diabetes mellitus, body mass index and smoking status. Compared with patients not on HAART, the estimated CHD hazard ratio (HR) for patients on HAART was 1.46 (95% CI 1.15-1.86) for moderate and 2.48 (95% CI 1.76-3.51) for severe metabolic complications. CONCLUSIONS: The change in the risk of CHD in HIV-infected men starting HAART can be estimated based on typical changes in risk factors, assuming that HRs estimated using data from non-infected men are applicable to HIV-infected men. Based on this model the risk of CHD is likely to increase, but increases may often be modest, and could be offset by lifestyle changes.

gamma-tocopherol traps mutagenic electrophiles such as NO(X) and complements alpha-tocopherol: physiological implications

Peroxynitrite, a powerful mutagenic oxidant and nitrating species, is formed by the near diffusion-limited reaction of .NO and O2.- during activation of phagocytes. Chronic inflammation induced by phagocytes is a major contributor to cancer and other degenerative diseases. We examined how gamma-tocopherol (gammaT), the principal form of vitamin E in the United States diet, and alpha-tocopherol (alphaT), the major form in supplements, protect against peroxynitrite-induced lipid oxidation. Lipid hydroperoxide formation in liposomes (but not isolated low-density lipoprotein) exposed to peroxynitrite or the .NO and O2.- generator SIN-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine) was inhibited more effectively by gammaT than alphaT. More importantly, nitration of gammaT at the nucleophilic 5-position, which proceeded in both liposomes and human low density lipoprotein at yields of approximately 50% and approximately 75%, respectively, was not affected by the presence of alphaT. These results suggest that despite alphaT's action as an antioxidant gammaT is required to effectively remove the peroxynitrite-derived nitrating species. We postulate that gammaT acts in vivo as a trap for membrane-soluble electrophilic nitrogen oxides and other electrophilic mutagens, forming stable carbon-centered adducts through the nucleophilic 5-position, which is blocked in alphaT. Because large doses of dietary alphaT displace gammaT in plasma and other tissues, the current wisdom of vitamin E supplementation with primarily alphaT should be reconsidered.

Post-challenge glucose predicts coronary atherosclerotic progression in non-diabetic, post-menopausal women

AIMS: We sought to determine whether fasting or post-challenge glucose were associated with progression of coronary atherosclerosis in non-diabetic women. METHODS: We performed a post-hoc analysis of 132 non-diabetic women who underwent 75-g oral glucose tolerance testing. The primary outcome of interest was progression of atherosclerosis determined by baseline and follow-up coronary angiography, a mean of 3.1 +/- 0.9 years apart. We analysed the association of change in minimal vessel diameter (DeltaMD) by quartile of fasting and post-challenge glucose using mixed models that included adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure, total : high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, current smoking, lipid-lowering and anti-hypertensive medication use and other covariates. RESULTS: At baseline, participants had a mean age of 65.7 +/- 6.7 years and a mean body mass index of 27.9 +/- 8.5 kg/m(2). Although there were no significant differences in atherosclerotic progression by fasting glucose category (P for trend across quartiles = 0.99), there was a significant inverse association between post-challenge glucose and DeltaMD (in mm) (Q1 : 0.01 +/- 0.03; Q2 : 0.08 +/- 0.03; Q3 : 0.13 +/- 0.03; Q4 : 0.11 +/- 0.03; P for trend = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In post-menopausal women without diabetes, post-challenge glucose predicts angiographic disease progression. These findings suggest that even modest post-challenge hyperglycaemia influences the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic progression.

Caveolin-1 sensitizes vascular smooth muscle cells to mildly oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced apoptosis of vascular cells may participate to plaque instability and rupture. Caveolin-1 has emerged as an important regulator of several signal transduction pathways and processes that play a role in atherosclerosis. In this study we examined the potential role of caveolin-1 in the regulation of oxLDL-induced Ca(2+) signaling and apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Cells expressing caveolin-1 were more susceptible to oxLDL-induced apoptosis, and this was correlated with enhanced Ca(2+) entry and pro-apoptotic events. Moreover, caveolin-1 silencing by small interfering RNA decreased the level of apoptotic cells after oxLDL treatment. These findings provide new insights about the potential role of caveolin-1 in the regulation of oxLDL-induced apoptosis in vascular cells and its contribution to the instability of the plaque.

Haematologic data, iron parameters and molecular findings in two new cases of iron-refractory iron deficiency anaemia

Matriptase-2 (Tmprss6), a type II transmembrane serine protease, has an essential role in iron homoeostasis as a hepcidin regulator. Recently, patients with TMPRSS6 mutations and suffering from iron-refractory iron deficiency anaemia (IRIDA) have been reported. We describe two new cases of IRIDA, one patient of Swiss origin and the second of Italian origin. The first case results from a large deletion of 1054 nucleotides corresponding to an in frame deletion of 30 amino acid residues in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-1/-2 (LDLR-1/-2) domains and from a missense mutation in CUB1 (S304L). In the second case, a homozygous G-->C mutation in the last nucleotide of exon 15 and which modified the consensus sequence of the 5' splice donor site of intron 15 (AGgt-->ACgt) was identified. Both patients had a high hepcidin level and low serum iron and transferrin saturation compared to age-matched controls. Continuous perfusion of i.v. iron 4 h/d x 5 d in the first case resulted in a significant rise in haemoglobin. These new cases of IRIDA illustrate the importance of LDLR-1/-2 and CUB1 domains in matriptase-2 function as well as the role of matriptase-2 in hepcidin regulation. Furthermore a deletional form of TMPRSS6 (in LDLR-1/-2 domains) resulting in IRIDA is described for the first time. These cases reinforce the belief that patients suffering from IRIDA have no specific geographical or ethnic distribution and are sporadic secondary to different mutations of the matriptase-2 gene.

Contribution of genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms and antiretroviral therapy to dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals: a longitudinal study

BACKGROUND: HIV-infected individuals have an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is regarded as a major determinant of dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals. Previous genetic studies have been limited by the validity of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) interrogated and by cross-sectional design. Recent genome-wide association studies have reliably associated common SNPs to dyslipidemia in the general population. METHODS AND RESULTS: We validated the contribution of 42 SNPs (33 identified in genome-wide association studies and 9 previously reported SNPs not included in genome-wide association study chips) and of longitudinally measured key nongenetic variables (ART, underlying conditions, sex, age, ethnicity, and HIV disease parameters) to dyslipidemia in 745 HIV-infected study participants (n=34 565 lipid measurements; median follow-up, 7.6 years). The relative impact of SNPs and ART to lipid variation in the study population and their cumulative influence on sustained dyslipidemia at the level of the individual were calculated. SNPs were associated with lipid changes consistent with genome-wide association study estimates. SNPs explained up to 7.6% (non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), 6.2% (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and 6.8% (triglycerides) of lipid variation; ART explained 3.9% (non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), 1.5% (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and 6.2% (triglycerides). An individual with the most dyslipidemic antiretroviral and genetic background had an approximately 3- to 5-fold increased risk of sustained dyslipidemia compared with an individual with the least dyslipidemic therapy and genetic background. CONCLUSIONS: In the HIV-infected population treated with ART, the weight of the contribution of common SNPs and ART to dyslipidemia was similar. When selecting an ART regimen, genetic information should be considered in addition to the dyslipidemic effects of ART agents.

Effect of IGF-I therapy on VLDL apolipoprotein B100 metabolism in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Abnormal lipid metabolism may be related to the increased cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes. Secretion and clearance rates of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) apolipoprotein B100 (apoB) determine plasma lipid concentrations. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by increased growth hormone (GH) secretion and decreased insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I concentrations. High-dose IGF-I therapy improves the lipid profile in type 1 diabetes. This study examined the effect of low-dose (40 microg.kg(-1).day(-1)) IGF-I therapy on VLDL apoB metabolism, VLDL composition, and the GH-IGF-I axis during euglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Using a stable isotope technique, VLDL apoB kinetics were estimated before and after 1 wk of IGF-I therapy in 12 patients with type 1 diabetes in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fasting plasma triglyceride (P < 0.03), VLDL-triglyceride concentrations (P < 0.05), and the VLDL-triglyceride-to-VLDL apoB ratio (P < 0.002) significantly decreased after IGF-I therapy, whereas VLDL apoB kinetics were not significantly affected by IGF-I therapy. IGF-I therapy resulted in a significant increase in IGF-I and a significant reduction in GH concentrations. The mean overnight insulin concentrations during euglycemia decreased by 25% after IGF-I therapy. These results indicate that low-dose IGF-I therapy restores the GH-IGF-I axis in type 1 diabetes. IGF-I therapy changes fasting triglyceride concentrations and VLDL composition probably because of an increase in insulin sensitivity.

The use of stable isotopes to unravel the hyperlipidemia of adult growth hormone deficiency

Using stable isotope techniques to establish turnover rates for very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), a group of eight adult patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) exhibited an increased VLDL apoprotein B (apo B) secretion and decreased VLDL apoB metabolic clearance rate compared to controls. Such increased secretion is seen in some dyslipidemic states, including GHD, which are associated with atherosclerosis. The study of VLDL metabolism may provide a clue to the lipid metabolism disorder associated with GHD.