The success rate of immediate implant placement of mandibular molars: A clinical and radiographic retrospective evaluation between 2 and 8 years

Background: Dental implants, indicated for re-establishing both mastigatory and aesthetic functions, can be placed in the sockets immediately after tooth extraction. Most studies investigate the anterior and upper regions of the dental arch, whereas few examine longitudinal appraisal of immediate implant installation in the mandibular molar region. Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the success rate of immediate dental implants placement in mandibular molars within a follow-up period as long as 8 years. Materials and methods: Seventy-four mandibular molar implants after non-traumatic tooth extraction between 2002 and 2008 were examined in the study. All implants were evaluated radiographically immediately after prosthesis placement, 1 year after implantation, and by the end of the experimental period, in 2010. Clinical evaluation was done according to [Albrektsson et al. (1986) The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 1, 11-25] success criteria for marginal bone loss. The mean bone losses, calculated as the difference between the final evaluation measures and those taken by the end of the first year of implant, were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test with a significance level of 5%. Results: All implants presented clinical and radiographic stable conditions, that is, 100% success rate. Significant bone loss was not found between final evaluation and that of the first functional year (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Immediate implant placement of mandibular molars proved to be a viable surgical treatment given the high success rate up to 8 years after implantation. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Platelet-Rich Plasma And Chronic Wounds: Remaining Fibronectin May Influence Matrix Remodeling And Regeneration Success

Background: Platelet-rich plasma has been largely used as a therapeutic option for the treatment of chronic wounds of different etiologies. The enhanced regeneration observed after the use of platelet-rich plasma has been systematically attributed to the growth factors that are present inside platelets' granules. Aim: We hypothesize that the remaining plasma and platelet-bound fibronectin may act as a further bioactive protein in platelet-rich plasma preparations. Methods: Recent reports were analyzed and presented as direct evidences of this hypotheses. Results: Fibronectin may directly influence the extracellular matrix remodeling during wound repair. This effect is probably through matrix metalloproteinase expression, thus exerting an extra effect on chronic wound regeneration. Conclusions: Physicians should be well aware of the possible fibronectin-induced effects in their future endeavors with PRP in chronic wound treatment. © 2013 International Society for Cellular Therapy.

A indústria de defesa brasileira: o setor de carros de combate e a Engesa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Incorporation of special and differential treatment in international trade agreements and the implications for Caribbean economies

Includes bibliography

Progress made in the implementation of the CARICOM single market and economy

Includes bibliography

Renewable energy sources in Latin America and the Caribbean: situation and policy proposals

Includes bibliography

Module for the Analysis of Growth of International Commerce (MAGIC PLUS)

On 12 September 2006, on the occasion of the launching of the report Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy, 2005-2006, the Executive Secretary of ECLAC, José Luis Machinea, presented a new version of the software program Module for the Analysis of Growth of International Commerce (MAGIC).  The first version of MAGIC was created by ECLAC Subregional Headquarters in Mexico , to conduct ex post analysis of the competitiveness of countries' exports to the United States market. The new application architecture was made possible thanks to financial support from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the Division of Production, Productivity and Management of ECLAC headquarters in Santiago , Chile .  This issue of the FAL Bulletin reviews the progress of MAGIC in the ten years it has been functioning, and the evolution which has made it one of ECLAC's most popular, versatile, and technologically advanced applications.  

Determinants of ownership concentration in the Chilean stock market

Includes bibliography.

The employment situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Crisis, stabilization and reactivation: performance of the labour market in 2009

Following a five-year period during which economic and social performance in Latin America and the Caribbean surpassed anything seen in recent decades, the global economic and financial crisis not only hurt macroeconomic variables but also impacted heavily on labour markets in the region’s countries. Between 2003 and 2008 employment rates had risen considerably, especially in the formal sector, but the crisis spelled a reversal of this trend. Nevertheless, the region was better prepared than it had been in previous crises, since it had achieved a sound fiscal footing, a good level of international reserves and low rates of inflation. This meant that the authorities had the space to implement countercyclical policies on both fiscal and monetary levels. Be this as it may, faced with the worst global crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s, these measures could only attenuate the impact on the region’s economies —they could not prevent it altogether. Furthermore, the crisis struck with notable differences among subregions and countries depending on the nature of their trade integration, and not all the countries had the fiscal space to implement vigorous countercyclical policies. As discussed in this third ECLAC/ILO bulletin, the crisis did less damage to the region’s labour markets than had been feared at the beginning of last year, thanks to the implementation of public policies geared towards employment, as reviewed in the two previous bulletins. This bulletin offers an additional analysis from the perspective of gender equality. Moreover, some countries in the region, notably Brazil, managed to rapidly stabilize and revive economic growth, with positive effects on labour variables. The fact remains, however, that millions in Latin America and the Caribbean lost their jobs or were obliged to accept more poorly paid employment in more precarious conditions. The macroeconomic data indicate that recovery is under way and is stronger and occurring more rapidly than foreseen one year ago. In fact, regional growth in 2010 may well exceed the 4.1% forecast at the end of 2009. Consequently, although the unemployment rate may be expected to record a modest drop, it may not return to pre-crisis levels. The upturn is taking many different forms in the countries of the region. In some, especially in South America, recovery has benefited from the buoyancy of the Asian economies, whose demand for natural resources has driven large increases in exports, in terms of both volume and price. Countries whose economies are closely tied to the United States economy are benefiting from the recovery there, albeit more slowly and with a certain lag. Conversely, some countries are still suffering from major disequilibria, which are hampering their economic reactivation. Lastly, Chile and Haiti were both victims of devastating earthquakes early in the year and are therefore facing additional challenges associated with reconstruction, on top of their efforts to sustain an economic upturn. Despite the relatively favourable outlook for regional growth in 2010, great uncertainty still surrounds the global economy’s recovery, which affects the region’s economic prospects over the longer term. The weakness of the recovery in some regions and the doubts about its sustainability in others, as well as shocks that have occurred in international financial markets, are warning signs which authorities need to monitor continuously because of the region’s close integration with the global economy. In addition, a return to growth does not directly or automatically mean higher employment rates —still less decent working conditions. Although some labour indicators have performed reasonably favourably since the end of last year, the countries still face daunting challenges in improving the labour market integration of millions in Latin America and the Caribbean who are not seeing the fruits of renewed growth. This is why it is important to learn the lessons arising from the policies implemented during the crisis to offset its impact on labour markets. With this third joint bulletin, ECLAC and ILO continue to pursue their objective of affording the region the information and analyses needed to face these challenges, as regards both trends in the region’s labour markets and the corresponding policy options.

The employment situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Crisis and the labour market

Since the financial and economic crisis began to affect the real economy and spread throughout the world, the region’s economies have been faced with a situation where data on employment and labour reflect the real stories of millions of women and men for whom the future has become uncertain. When these problems began to appear, the International Labour Organization (ILO) warned that the world faced a global employment crisis whose consequences could lead to a social recession. As the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has pointed out, the outbreak of the crisis put an end to a five-year period of sustained growth and falling unemployment. As early as the second half of 2008, the figures began to reflect slowing economic growth, while a downward slide began in the labour market. This initial bulletin, produced jointly by ECLAC and ILO, seeks to review the ways in which the crisis is affecting the region’s labour markets. Amidst a situation characterized by shocks and uncertainty, governments and social partners must have the inputs needed for designing public policies to increase the population’s levels of employment and well-being. It is planned to produce two further bulletins by January 2010, in order to measure the impact of the crisis on employment and provide an input to the process of defining the best public policies to reverse its consequences. The bulletin reviews the most recent available indicators and analyses them in order to establish trends and detect variations. It provides statistics for the first quarter, estimates for the rest of 2009, and a review of policies announced by the Governments. In 2008, the last year of the growth cycle, the region’s urban unemployment stood at 7.5%. According to economic growth forecasts for 2009, the average annual urban unemployment rate for the region will increase to between 8.7% and 9.1%; in other words, between 2.8 million and 3.9 million additional people will swell the ranks of the unemployed. Data for the first quarter of 2009 already confirm that the crisis is hitting employment in the region. Compared with the first quarter of 2008, the urban unemployment rate was up by 0.6 percentage points, representing over a million people.Work will continue until September 2009 on the preparation of a new report on the employment situation, using data updated to the first half of 2009. This will provide a picture of the region’s employment situation, so that growth and employment projections can be adjusted for 2009 as a whole. Strategies for dealing with the crisis must have jobs and income protection as their central goals. Policies are moving in that direction in Latin America and the Caribbean and, if they are effective, an even greater worsening of the situation may be avoided. Labour produces wealth, generates consumption, keeps economies functioning and is a key factor in seeking out the way to more sustainable and equitable growth once the crisis is past.

Results of the International Comparison Program (ICP) 2011 for Latin America and the Caribbean

The International Comparison Programme (ICP) is a worldwide statistical project whose purpose is to collect comparative price data from a broad list or basket of products and to compile detailed values for spending-side gross domestic product (GDP) in order to calculate purchasing power parities (PPPs). Using PPPs, rather than market exchange rates, to convert macroeconomic aggregates aids comparison of production across economies and of the well-being of populations in real terms, insofar as they are compared on the basis of the purchasing power of each of the participant countries.

Access to international capital markets: recent developments in Central America and the Caribbean

The objective of this report is to analyze the impact of recent global financial trends on the access to private external financing by Central American and Caribbean (CAC) economies, as well as their performance in international capital markets in recent years. The CAC economies, like many other countries in the world, were not immune to the negative consequences of the global economic and financial crisis of 2008. In fact, their openness, export driven growth and linkages to advanced economies, particularly to the U.S., as well as size, made them more vulnerable than other Latin American countries to the negative effects of the crisis. In addition, their recovery was hindered by their weak linkages to the larger emerging market countries that drove global growth in the post-crisis recovery. As China and other emerging market economies begin to slowdown, however, and the U.S. and other advanced economies show signs of a strengthening recovery, the linkages to advanced economies may once again become a source of strength.

The CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA): an assessment of issues relating to market access, safeguards and implications for regional integration

The recent collapse of the Doha round once again underscores the tenuous nature of international trade negotiations. Likewise, the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the CARIFORUM grouping and the European Union (EU) has generated a great deal of discussion and debate over the past several months. What has clearly emerged is the existence of two diametrically opposed views on the impact and usefulness of the agreement. One view has it that the EPA is a major breakthrough in trade relations that will greatly benefit the region. On the other hand, some see it as being detrimental to the region and perhaps a total capitulation to the EU on the part of the CARIFORUM. They assert that it is part of a global EU strategy to impose World Trade Organization (WTO) policies on developing nations and get around the Doha obstacles. Both sides in this debate attempt to back up their views with reference to the text of the agreement. The objective of this review is to shed some light on the issues driving this debate particularly in the areas of market access, the impact on tariff revenues, and the implications for regional integration. This review also attempts to clarify and distill some of the main contentious issues regarding the EPA and to inform further discussion regarding an implementation plan. The approach is based on detailed study of the EPA text and its annexes plus extensive interviews with some of the main negotiators on the CARIFORUM side. Interviews were conducted both in person and via the Internet as many of the regional negotiators live or work outside of the region. The reviewer also attended presentations and discussions with some of the leading regional critics of the agreement.

Estratégia de competição empresarial na construção civil paraense da Copala Industrias Reunidas S/A

Esta dissertação baseia-se na análise da estratégia competitiva adotada no mercado de vergalhões de aço para construção civil em Belém, capital do Estado do Pará, pela Copala Indústrias Reunidas S/A. Existe então o interesse de avaliar as possibilidades da empresa no sentido de permanecer atuando com êxito no setor, em que pese a concorrência exercida por siderúrgicas de grande porte, cujos interesses são da abrangência nacional e internacional. Foram realizadas pesquisas considerando-se o mercado de aço para construção civil de um modo amplo, sendo consultados construtores, comerciantes e consumidores desse material. Outrossim, a própria Copala foi objeto de avaliação no que se refere a sua atuação tanto como adquirente de insumos para fabricação de aço, quanto como produtora e vendedora do produto.

Siderurgia e carvoejamento na Amazônia: drenagem energético-material e pauperização regional

O trabalho analisa a implantação, no último quartel do século XX, na Amazônia oriental brasileira, de indústria voltada à produção de ferro-gusa destinado ao mercado internacional de insumos siderúrgicos. Demonstra que, nos anos 1980, o discurso estatal anunciou as plantas industriais deste segmento como elemento estratégico de modernização econômica da região. Tal postura justificou a concessão de benefícios fiscais, creditícios e de infraestrutura a 22 empresas de siderurgia e metalurgia. No âmbito da dimensão ambiental, o estudo demonstra que a produção de ferro-gusa recorre a processos marcados por baixa eficiência energética e que deles resultou o acesso, sem prudência ecológica, a estoque de biomassa da floresta amazônica, com ampliação da pressão antrópica sobre ela. O estudo evidencia que o plantio de grandes áreas de floresta para produzir carvão vegetal não se concretizou, manteve-se tão-somente como retórica desprovida de base realista. Quanto à dimensão econômica, o estudo indica que as limitações de a indústria de ferro-gusa impulsionar processos de modernização vinculam-se, dentre outros aspectos, ao fato de ela ter na demanda de carvão vegetal o principal elo de articulação com a sociedade e com a economia da região. Tal demanda é suprida por centenas de fornecedores e, por meio dela, a indústria controla a margem de lucro e comprime os custos de produção transferindo custos privados para a sociedade. O estudo demonstra, ainda, que o padrão de atuação deste segmento empresarial vincula-se a condicionamentos econômicos e institucionais: a implantação de florestas energéticas exige investimentos de longo prazo, somados às grandes oscilações no preço do ferro-gusa e a dinâmicas institucionais que abrem possibilidade de se acessar, ilegalmente, biomassa de florestas primárias. Isso levou o segmento a recorrer, historicamente, ao suprimento de carvão vegetal produzido, sobretudo, a partir da biomassa de florestas primárias e não da silvicultura. Com base em tais evidências, o trabalho conclui que a predição estatal de impulso regional modernizante não se materializou. A causa principal foi a inexistência de competências sociais para regular a transformação de matéria e energia em mercadorias, e esta produção teve seus fundamentos marcados pela degradação social e ambiental. Assim, atuou em sentido contrário ao discurso estatal: acelerou a transferência energética, material e de valores para outras regiões. Drenagem energético-material que não foi compensada, nem pela capacidade de a região equilibrar as perdas com importações de produtos, nem pela implementação de dinâmicas eficazes para a industrialização da região.