Avances, persistencias y descenso de la miseria en el Chaco campesino-aborigen : Su relación con algunos procesos territoriales ocurridos durante la década del '90

La década de 1990 significó para Argentina la profundización de la práctica de un nuevo orden que respondía al modelo neoliberal. Dicho modelo creó condiciones de inestabilidad, corrupción, aumento de la desocupación y concentración de la riqueza, lo cual tendría una reconocida incidencia en la evolución de la miseria en el Norte Grande Argentino (NGA), el área más carente del país según distintas variables sociodemográficas. En este territorio se identificaron los núcleos más críticos en relación a la concentración de miseria a principios y finales de dicha década. Uno de estos núcleos corresponde al Chaco Aborigen. La miseria presentó avances, persistencias y descenso en este núcleo. En este trabajo se analizan los principales procesos territoriales ocurridos en la década en cada uno de estos sectores, los cuales podrían asociarse con determinados comportamientos. Dentro de tales procesos se pretende indagar sobre los cambios en las grandes masas de cultivo, la ganadería, la cantidad y superficie de las explotaciones agropecuarias y la dinámica de la población. Como fuentes de información se utilizaron los Censos Nacionales de Población, Hogares y Viviendas de 1991 y 2001, los Censos Nacionales Agropecuarios de 1988 y 2002 y las estadísticas vitales del periodo intercensal.

O rural depois do êxodo : As implicações do despovoamento dos campos no distrito de Arroio do Só, município de Santa Maria/RS, Brasil

This study aims to understand the sociospatial transformations resulting from the depopulation of the fields and their effects on the rural landscape of Arroio do Só in Santa Maria - RS. To this end, we attempted to identify changes in the way of life of rural people, their activities and relationships and understand how this process has occurred, its causes and its impact on quality of life and social structure of the population that remained in place. The discussion on the modernization of agriculture is key to understanding this process. This district was chosen as a research site because it is a town that, in the past, had a very big socioeconomic dynamism, and now, according to the bankruptcy of several companies and the consequent emigration of much of the population, the sociospatial dynamic has changed. It was collected data from a secondary source of FIBGE and FEE in order to periodize population dynamics of the district, county and state. The qualitative research was conducted through interviews with the subjects in the field and their representatives, with the help of the Field Diary

Avances, persistencias y descenso de la miseria en el Chaco campesino-aborigen : Su relación con algunos procesos territoriales ocurridos durante la década del '90

La década de 1990 significó para Argentina la profundización de la práctica de un nuevo orden que respondía al modelo neoliberal. Dicho modelo creó condiciones de inestabilidad, corrupción, aumento de la desocupación y concentración de la riqueza, lo cual tendría una reconocida incidencia en la evolución de la miseria en el Norte Grande Argentino (NGA), el área más carente del país según distintas variables sociodemográficas. En este territorio se identificaron los núcleos más críticos en relación a la concentración de miseria a principios y finales de dicha década. Uno de estos núcleos corresponde al Chaco Aborigen. La miseria presentó avances, persistencias y descenso en este núcleo. En este trabajo se analizan los principales procesos territoriales ocurridos en la década en cada uno de estos sectores, los cuales podrían asociarse con determinados comportamientos. Dentro de tales procesos se pretende indagar sobre los cambios en las grandes masas de cultivo, la ganadería, la cantidad y superficie de las explotaciones agropecuarias y la dinámica de la población. Como fuentes de información se utilizaron los Censos Nacionales de Población, Hogares y Viviendas de 1991 y 2001, los Censos Nacionales Agropecuarios de 1988 y 2002 y las estadísticas vitales del periodo intercensal.

Spatially explicit estimates of North Atlantic albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) biomass in the North Atlantic for the period 1956-2010 - Gridded data product (NetCDF)

The development of the ecosystem approach and models for the management of ocean marine resources requires easy access to standard validated datasets of historical catch data for the main exploited species, together with the model estimates achieved from these data, allowing models inter-comparison and evaluation of model skills. North Atlantic albacore tuna is exploited all year round by longline and in summer and autumn by surface fisheries and fishery statistics compiled by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT). Catch and effort with geographical coordinates at monthly spatial resolution of 1° or 5° squares were extracted for this species with a careful definition of fisheries and data screening. Length frequencies of catch were also extracted according to the definition of fisheries for the period 1956-2010. Using these data, an application of the spatial ecosystem and population dynamics model (SEAPODYM) was developed for the North Atlantic albacore population and fisheries and provided the first spatially explicit estimate of albacore density in the North Atlantic by life stage. These densities by life stage (larval recruits, young immature fish adult mature fish and total biomass) are provided in gridded file (Netcdf) at resolution of 2° x 2° x month.

O rural depois do êxodo : As implicações do despovoamento dos campos no distrito de Arroio do Só, município de Santa Maria/RS, Brasil

This study aims to understand the sociospatial transformations resulting from the depopulation of the fields and their effects on the rural landscape of Arroio do Só in Santa Maria - RS. To this end, we attempted to identify changes in the way of life of rural people, their activities and relationships and understand how this process has occurred, its causes and its impact on quality of life and social structure of the population that remained in place. The discussion on the modernization of agriculture is key to understanding this process. This district was chosen as a research site because it is a town that, in the past, had a very big socioeconomic dynamism, and now, according to the bankruptcy of several companies and the consequent emigration of much of the population, the sociospatial dynamic has changed. It was collected data from a secondary source of FIBGE and FEE in order to periodize population dynamics of the district, county and state. The qualitative research was conducted through interviews with the subjects in the field and their representatives, with the help of the Field Diary

Avances, persistencias y descenso de la miseria en el Chaco campesino-aborigen : Su relación con algunos procesos territoriales ocurridos durante la década del '90

La década de 1990 significó para Argentina la profundización de la práctica de un nuevo orden que respondía al modelo neoliberal. Dicho modelo creó condiciones de inestabilidad, corrupción, aumento de la desocupación y concentración de la riqueza, lo cual tendría una reconocida incidencia en la evolución de la miseria en el Norte Grande Argentino (NGA), el área más carente del país según distintas variables sociodemográficas. En este territorio se identificaron los núcleos más críticos en relación a la concentración de miseria a principios y finales de dicha década. Uno de estos núcleos corresponde al Chaco Aborigen. La miseria presentó avances, persistencias y descenso en este núcleo. En este trabajo se analizan los principales procesos territoriales ocurridos en la década en cada uno de estos sectores, los cuales podrían asociarse con determinados comportamientos. Dentro de tales procesos se pretende indagar sobre los cambios en las grandes masas de cultivo, la ganadería, la cantidad y superficie de las explotaciones agropecuarias y la dinámica de la población. Como fuentes de información se utilizaron los Censos Nacionales de Población, Hogares y Viviendas de 1991 y 2001, los Censos Nacionales Agropecuarios de 1988 y 2002 y las estadísticas vitales del periodo intercensal.

Seagrass time-series analysis products, in Moreton Bay, Australia, with links to GeoTIFFs

The spatial and temporal dynamics of seagrasses have been well studied at the leaf to patch scales, however, the link to large spatial extent landscape and population dynamics is still unresolved in seagrass ecology. Traditional remote sensing approaches have lacked the temporal resolution and consistency to appropriately address this issue. This study uses two high temporal resolution time-series of thematic seagrass cover maps to examine the spatial and temporal dynamics of seagrass at both an inter- and intra-annual time scales, one of the first globally to do so at this scale. Previous work by the authors developed an object-based approach to map seagrass cover level distribution from a long term archive of Landsat TM and ETM+ images on the Eastern Banks (~200 km**2), Moreton Bay, Australia. In this work a range of trend and time-series analysis methods are demonstrated for a time-series of 23 annual maps from 1988 to 2010 and a time-series of 16 monthly maps during 2008-2010. Significant new insight was presented regarding the inter- and intra-annual dynamics of seagrass persistence over time, seagrass cover level variability, seagrass cover level trajectory, and change in area of seagrass and cover levels over time. Overall we found that there was no significant decline in total seagrass area on the Eastern Banks, but there was a significant decline in seagrass cover level condition. A case study of two smaller communities within the Eastern Banks that experienced a decline in both overall seagrass area and condition are examined in detail, highlighting possible differences in environmental and process drivers. We demonstrate how trend and time-series analysis enabled seagrass distribution to be appropriately assessed in context of its spatial and temporal history and provides the ability to not only quantify change, but also describe the type of change. We also demonstrate the potential use of time-series analysis products to investigate seagrass growth and decline as well as the processes that drive it. This study demonstrates clear benefits over traditional seagrass mapping and monitoring approaches, and provides a proof of concept for the use of trend and time-series analysis of remotely sensed seagrass products to benefit current endeavours in seagrass ecology.

Environment and habitat characteristics of wintering lemmings in the Arctic

Snow cover has dramatic effects on the structure and functioning of Arctic ecosystems in winter. In the tundra, the subnivean space is the primary habitat of wintering small mammals and may be critical for their survival and reproduction. We have investigated the effects of snow cover and habitat features on the distributions of collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) and brown lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus) winter nests, as well as on their probabilities of reproduction and predation by stoats (Mustela erminea) and arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). We sampled 193 lemming winter nests and measured habitat features at all of these nests and at random sites at two spatial scales. We also monitored overwinter ground temperature at a subsample of nest and random sites. Our results demonstrate that nests were primarily located in areas with high micro-topography heterogeneity, steep slopes, deep snow cover providing thermal protection (reduced daily temperature fluctuations) and a high abundance of mosses. The probability of reproduction increased in collared lemming nests at low elevation and in brown lemming nests with high availability of some graminoid species. The probability of predation by stoats was density dependent and was higher in nests used by collared lemmings. Snow cover did not affect the probability of predation of lemming nests by stoats, but deep snow cover limited predation attempts by arctic foxes. We conclude that snow cover plays a key role in the spatial structure of wintering lemming populations and potentially in their population dynamics in the Arctic.

Characteristics of eggs and female adults of Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus from Disko Bay, western Greenland

This is the first high temporal-resolution study in Disko Bay covering population dynamics, grazing, reproduction, and biochemical composition of 3 dominating copepod species (Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus) from late winter to midsummer in 2008. C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis ascended to the surface layer at the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom, followed by C. hyperboreus 2 wk later. C. finmarchicus spawning occurred during the bloom and postbloom period, partially fueled by wax esters. C. glacialis commenced spawning before the bloom, yet it was greatly stimulated when food became available. However, feeding and reproduction was terminated after the main bloom despite the presence of food. In terms of feeding, this was also the strategy for C. hyperboreus. Between pre-bloom and post-bloom, C. finmarchicus showed an increase in carbon, nitrogen, and phospholipid content but a decrease in total lipid content. This was likely the result of protein synthesis, oocyte maturation, and spawning fueled by wax esters and by feeding. C. glacialis showed a similar pattern, although with an increasing total lipid content from pre-bloom to post-bloom, and an increasing wax ester and decreasing phospholipid content after reproduction was terminated. C. hyperboreus showed greatly increased content of carbon, nitrogen, and all lipid classes between the pre- and post-bloom periods. Hence, C. finmarchicus commenced feeding and spawning at the onset of the bloom and continued throughout the remaining study period. Both C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus females refueled their storage lipids (wax esters) during the bloom and post-bloom period, suggesting that they may spawn in an additional year.

Tab. 1: Muskoxen observed in the different geographical units

Muskoxen populations were surveyed in the course of 3 expeditions to North East Greenland to provide data on present status and habitat requirements in the region between 72 and 74 deg latitude North. The distribution is primarily affected by the snow cover pattern and shows densities from less than 0.1 ind/km**2 to 1.5 ind/km**2. Ranges unutilized by muskoxen prior to 1940 now support high densities. The snow cover influences also the population dynamics, as shown by the streng correlation between the calf crop and the amount of snow. The total population is estimated to be about 1000 to 1500 individuals far the whole region.