Induction of mitotic and meiotic gynogenesis and production of genetic clones in rohu, Labeo rohita Ham.

Studies were undertaken to produce genetic clones derived from all homozygous mitotic gynogenetic individuals in rohu, Labeo rohita Ham. ln view of this, attempts were made to interfere with the normal functioning of the spindle apparatus during the first mitotic cell division of developing eggs using heat shocks, there by leading to the induction of mitotic gynogenetic diploids in the F1 generation. Afterwards, viable mitotic gynogenetic alevins were reared and a selected mature female fish was used to obtain ovulated eggs which were fertilized later with UV-irradiated milt. Milt was diluted with Cortland’s solution and the sperm concentration was maintained at 10⁸/ml. The UV-irradiation was carried out for 2 minutes at the intensity of 200 to 250 µW/cm² at 28± 1°C. The optimal heat shock of 40°C for 2 minutes applied at 25 to 30 minutes a.f. was used to induce mitotic gynogenesis in first (F1) generation and at 3 to 5 minutes a.f. to induce meiotic gynogenesis in the second (F2) generation. The results obtained are presented and the light they shed on the timing of the mitotic and meiotic cell division in this species is discussed.

Evaluation of two-phase induction motor drives for low-cost applications

An experimental evaluation of small two-phase induction motor drives operating with different inverter topologies is described. Results show that a PWM-based four-switch inverter, having only low-side switches is attractive for high-speed low-cost applications where speeds greater than those that can be obtained using single phase induction motors are required.

盘叶忍冬和贯月忍冬及其子代生长和光合特性的比较研究

以父本贯月忍冬(Lonicera sempervirens．L) 、母本盘叶忍冬(Lonicera tragophylla Hemsl.) 及其子代台尔曼忍冬(Lonicera×tellmanniana Hort. Späth)为试材，研究了整个生长季3种材料的生长与光合特性。结果显示：子代台尔曼忍冬在花期和单株花序数方面存在显著的杂种优势；3种材料的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）差异不显著；父本贯月忍冬的光合速率、实际光化学效率、藤茎长、基茎以及盛花期时的生物量和子代差异不显著，但在实验结束时生物量显著低于子代；母本盘叶忍冬各种指标除Fv/Fm外均显著低于子代，表现出了极弱的生长特性；子代台尔曼忍冬生长期能持续到8月下旬，虽然超中优势（HOMP）明显，但只在单株总叶面积、叶片数和盛花期单株花序数方面表现出了显著的超亲优势。我们认为台尔曼忍冬在观赏效果方面形成杂种优势的主要生理基础不是通常所认为的光合能力的提高，而是在生长前期显著高的总叶面积使子代形成足够多的同化物质，在其内部分配机制的影响下，子代把大量的同化物质用于花芽分化，而在盛花期后，由于子代的生长期较长，以及较强地耐高温胁迫能力，就会源源不断地形成同化物用于花芽分化，而使得子代在花期和观赏效果方面明显优于贯月和盘叶忍冬。因此，在生长早期采取一些增加总叶面积的栽培措施将有助于改善贯月忍冬和盘叶忍冬的生长和观赏效果。

On the domain decomposition and transmission line modelling finite element method for time-domain induction motor analysis

This paper demonstrates how a finite element model which exploits domain decomposition is applied to the analysis of three-phase induction motors. It is shown that a significant gain in cpu time results when compared with standard finite element analysis. Aspects of the application of the method which are particular to induction motors are considered: the means of improving the convergence of the nonlinear finite element equations; the choice of symmetrical sub-domains; the modelling of relative movement; and the inclusion of periodic boundary conditions. © 1999 IEEE.

A comparison of power losses for small (< 1 kW) induction motor drives adopting squarewave and sinusoidal PWM excitation

In this paper the influence of the form of motor excitation on the performance of a small (< 1 kW) induction motor drive is studied. Two forms of excitation, namely sine waves generated by pulse width modulation and simple square wave are explored. Sine wave excitation gives lower motor losses but increases inverter losses. Conversely, square wave excitation increases motor losses but decreases inverter losses. Losses have been measured directly by calorimetric means or, in the case of the inverter, predicted by a Pspice model that has been verified by calorimetric methods. The work shows that overall, the use of square wave excitation leads to a more efficient drive. © 2004 The Institution of Electrical Engineers.

Analysis and performance assessment of 6-pulse inverter-fed 3-phase and 6-phase induction machines

The paper describes a model for a 6-phase induction motor driven by an inverter operating in a 6-pulse (square wave) mode. The model is implemented and performance, in terms of torque, current, efficiency and pulsating torque, compared to the performance of a 3-phase motor (both sine and 6-pulse supplied). The models are verified experimentally, in particular the efficiency performance, and it is illustrated that the improvement in inverter efficiency when in 6-pulse operating mode may improve the performance of the overall system. © 2005 IEEE.

Power losses in small inverter-fed induction motors

This paper presents the results of experimental and simulation investigations of the breakdown of losses in a small inverter fed induction motor. Factors that are considered include the impact of skew, excitation voltage waveform shape and PWM switching frequency. Detailed finite element simulations of the motor performance are carried out for the various conditions, with simulation results compared to calorimetric test results. © 2005 IEEE.

Duty cycle and modelling considerations in three-phase induction motor drives for washing machines

Three-phase induction motors offer significant advantages over commutator motors in some domestic appliances. Models for wide speed range three-phase induction motors for use in a horizontal axis washing machine have been developed using the MEGA finite element package with an external formulation for calculating iron losses. Motor loss predictions have been verified using a novel high accuracy calorimeter. Good agreement has been observed over a wide speed range at different loadings. The model is used to predict motor temperature rise under typical washing machine loading conditions to ensure its limiting temperature is not exceeded and enables alternative designs to be investigated without recourse to physical prototypes. © 2005 IEEE.

Impact of PWM schemes on induction motor losses

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the impact of pulse width modulation (PWM) switching schemes on power losses in induction motors and their inverter drives. The PWM schemes considered include sinusoidal PWM, spacevector PWM and discontinuous PWM. Both experimental results and simulated predictions are presented for fractional horsepower and small integral horsepower motors. Direct loss measurements have been carried out using a calorimetric test rig; detailed simulations of the skewed motors have been carried out using multi-slice time-stepped 2D FEA. The simulated and measured losses under the different modulation schemes are compared and discussed. © 2006 IEEE.