Individual differences in control of language interference in late bilinguals are mainly related to general executive abilities

Background: Recent research based on comparisons between bilinguals and monolinguals postulates that bilingualism enhances cognitive control functions, because the parallel activation of languages necessitates control of interference. In a novel approach we investigated two groups of bilinguals, distinguished by their susceptibility to cross-language interference, asking whether bilinguals with strong language control abilities ('non-switchers") have an advantage in executive functions (inhibition of irrelevant information, problem solving, planning efficiency, generative fluency and self-monitoring) compared to those bilinguals showing weaker language control abilities ('switchers"). Methods: 29 late bilinguals (21 women) were evaluated using various cognitive control neuropsychological tests [e.g., Tower of Hanoi, Ruff Figural Fluency Task, Divided Attention, Go/noGo] tapping executive functions as well as four subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The analysis involved t-tests (two independent samples). Non-switchers (n = 16) were distinguished from switchers (n = 13) by their performance observed in a bilingual picture-naming task. Results: The non-switcher group demonstrated a better performance on the Tower of Hanoi and Ruff Figural Fluency task, faster reaction time in a Go/noGo and Divided Attention task, and produced significantly fewer errors in the Tower of Hanoi, Go/noGo, and Divided Attention tasks when compared to the switchers. Non-switchers performed significantly better on two verbal subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Information and Similarity), but not on the Performance subtests (Picture Completion, Block Design). Conclusions: The present results suggest that bilinguals with stronger language control have indeed a cognitive advantage in the administered tests involving executive functions, in particular inhibition, self-monitoring, problem solving, and generative fluency, and in two of the intelligence tests. What remains unclear is the direction of the relationship between executive functions and language control abilities.

LSB Matching Steganalysis Based on Patterns of Pixel Differences and Random Embedding

Peer-reviewed

Decomposing differences in total factor productivity across firm size

This paper investigates the extent to which the gap in total factor productivity between small and large firms is due to differences in the endowment of factors determining productivity and to the returns associated with these factors. We place particular emphasis on the contribution of differences in the propensity to innovate and in the use of skilled labor across firms of different size. Empirical evidence from a representative sample of Spanish manufacturing firms corroborates that both differences in endowments and returns to innovation and skilled labor significantly contribute to the productivity gap between small and large firms. In addition, it is observed that the contribution of innovation to this gap is caused only by differences in quantity, while differences in returns have no effect; in the case of human capital, however, most of the effect can be attributed to increasing differences in returns between small and large firms.

Self-assessment of individual differences in language switching

Language switching is omnipresent in bilingual individuals. In fact, the ability to switch languages (code switching) is a very fast, efficient, and flexible process that seems to be a fundamental aspect of bilingual language processing. In this study, we aimed to characterize psychometrically self-perceived individual differences in language switching and to create a reliable measure of this behavioral pattern by introducing a bilingual switching questionnaire. As a working hypothesis based on the previous literature about code switching, we decomposed language switching into four constructs: (i) L1 switching tendencies (the tendency to switch to L1; L1-switch); (ii) L2 switching tendencies (L2-switch); (iii) contextual switch, which indexes the frequency of switches usually triggered by a particular situation, topic, or environment; and (iv) unintended switch, which measures the lack of intention and awareness of the language switches. A total of 582 SpanishCatalan bilingual university students were studied. Twelve items were selected (three for each construct). The correlation matrix was factor-analyzed using minimum rank factor analysis followed by oblique direct oblimin rotation. The overall proportion of common variance explained by the four extracted factors was 0.86. Finally, to assess the external validity of the individual differences scored with the new questionnaire, we evaluated the correlations between these measures and several psychometric (language proficiency) and behavioral measures related to cognitive and attentional control. The present study highlights the importance of evaluating individual differences in language switching using self-assessment instruments when studying the interface between cognitive control and bilingualism.

Packet backbone design differences between commercial network and Container Trial System of LTE/SAE

The mobile networks of earlier and current generations, or 2G and 3G networks, provide users voice and packet services with higher transmission rates and good quality over the same core network. When developing the next generation of mobile networks the current quality of services needs to be maintained. This thesis concentrates on the next generation mobile network, especially on the evolution of the packet network part. The new mobile network has requirements for the common packet backbone network, Mobile Packet Backbone Network, which is additionally discussed in this study. The next generation mobile network, called LTE/SAE, is currently under testing. The test system is called Container Trial System. It is a mini sized LTE/SAE site. The LTE/SAE is studied in this thesis concentrating on the evolved packet core, the SAE part of the composition. The empirical part of the study compares the LTE/SAE Container Trial System and commercial network designs and additionally produces documentation for internal personnel and customers. The research is performed by comparing the documentations and specifications of both the Container Trial System and commercial network. Since the LTE commercial network is not yet constructed, the comparison is done theoretically. The purpose is furthermore to find out if there are any design issues that could be done differently in the next version of the Container Trial System.

Estudi comparatiu de la qualitat de vida dels discapacitats intel·lectuals i del desenvolupament en els centres penitenciaris de Catalunya

El present estudi té com a objectiu principal conèixer la qualitat de vida que presenten les persones amb discapacitat intel·lectual i del desenvolupament (DID) que es troben complint condemna en els centres penitenciaris de Catalunya. També pretén explorar i descriure les característiques sociodemogràfiques i criminològiques dels interns amb DID que es troben ubicats als diferents centres penitenciaris, i a diferents unitats o mòduls residencials, així com comparar la qualitat de vida dels interns que estan en el Departament d’Atenció Especialitzada per la DID (DAE-DID) del Centre Penitenciari de Quatre Camins, en funcionament des de juny del 2013, amb la d’altres interns amb DID que es troben complint condemna a d’altres centres penitenciaris de Catalunya, i amb els quals s’intervé de forma menys intensiva. També s’analitzaran les diferències en la qualitat de vida dels DID que estan a presó i els DID amb trastorns de conducta que estan ingressats en centres residencials del medi comunitari. La mostra es va composar de 185 subjectes. Els professionals que tenen contacte amb ells van respondre l’Escala GENCAT (Verdugo, Arias, Gómez, Schalock, 2009). Les diferències trobades en aquest estudi indiquen que els interns amb DID que resideixen al DAE i aquells interns dels quals es té sospita de presència de discapacitat i que no es troben atesos pel programa Accepta presenten un nivells de qualitat de vida similars i significativament superiors als d’aquells interns amb DID atesos pel programa Accepta, apuntant en la línia que els interns ja diagnosticats amb DID estan millor si s’ubiquen en mòduls específics, al marge del funcionament ordinari del centre. Malgrat això, el nivell de qualitat de vida que presenten aquests dos grups no és superior a aquell que presenten els interns sense discapacitat. Tanmateix, el nivell de qualitat de vida dels discapacitats a presons és superior al d’aquelles persones discapacitades que es troben ingressades a centres de la xarxa comunitària. En l’estudi s’apunten alguns possibles factors que poden estar influenciant aquest resultat.

Estudio comparativo de la calidad de vida de los discapacitados intelectuales y del desarrollo en los centros penitenciarios de Cataluña

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal conocer la calidad de vida que presentan las personas con discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo (DID) que están cumpliendo condena en los centros penitenciarios de Cataluña. También se han explorado y descrito las características socio demográficas y criminológicas de los internos con DID que se hallan ubicados en los diferentes centros penitenciarios y en diferentes unidades o módulos residenciales, así como comparado la calidad de vida de los internos que están en el Departamento de Atención Especializada para la DID (DAE-DID) del Centro Penitenciario de Quatre Camins, en funcionamiento desde junio de 2013, con la de otros internos con DID que están cumpliendo condena en otros centros penitenciarios de Cataluña, y con los que se interviene de forma menos intensiva. También se han analizado las diferencias en la calidad de vida de los DID que están en prisión y los DID con trastornos de conducta que se hallan ingresados en centros residenciales del medio comunitario. La muestra se compuso de 185 sujetos. Los profesionales que tienen contacto con ellos respondieron la Escala GENCAT (Verdugo, Arias, Gómez, Schalock, 2009). Las diferencias halladas en este estudio indican que los internos con DID que residen en el DAE y aquellos internos de los que se sospecha presencia de discapacidad y que no son atendidos por el programa Accepta presentan unos niveles de calidad de vida similares y significativamente superiores a los internos con DID atendidos por el programa Accepta, apuntando en la línea de que los internos ya diagnosticados con DID están mejor si se ubican en módulos específicos, al margen del funcionamiento ordinario del centro. Sin embargo, el nivel de calidad de vida que presentan estos dos grupos no es superior a aquellos que presentan los internos sin discapacidad. A pesar de ello, el nivel de calidad de vida de los discapacitados en prisiones es superior al de aquellas personas discapacitadas que se hallan ingresadas en centros de la red comunitaria. En el estudio se apuntan algunos posibles factores que pueden estar influenciando este resultado.

Developmental Readiness in the Understanding of Own and Other’s False Beliefs

One of the most important milestones in the development of theory of mind is the understanding of false beliefs. This study compares children’s understanding of representational change and others’ false beliefs and evaluates the effectiveness of an appearance-reality training for improving children’s false belief understanding. A total of 78 children ranging in age from 41 to 47 months were trained in three sessions and evaluated in a pretest and in a posttest. The results show that for children it is easier to understand representational change than false beliefs in others, and that the improvement after training was greater when starting from a higher score in the pretest. The implications of this for training in false belief understanding are discussed

La importancia de las emociones en los períodos sensibles del desarrollo = The importance of emotions in sensitive developmental periods

Investigaciones recientes sugieren que en la adolescencia tienen lugar importantes cambios en la estructura,bioquímica y fisiología del cerebro que podrían explicar la dificultad que experimentan los adolescentes en elcontrol de sus emociones así como también otros rasgos de su comportamiento inestable. En este artículo presentamosalgunas investigaciones que establecen, asimismo, una correlación entre las reorganizaciones cerebrales quetienen lugar en el primer año de vida con signos de irritabilidad y desazón emocional que muestra el bebédurante este periodo. En ambos casos la dificultad de controlar los impulsos emocionales es susceptible de afectarla relación de los padres con el niño o joven. Discutimos la posible relevancia de esta coincidencia dentro de unaperspectiva evolucionista así como la posible vulnerabilidad de estos períodos. Finalmente, apuntamos la necesidadde una teoría integradora del desarrollo humano y ofrecemos algunos puntos de debate

Individual Differences in Music Reward Experiences

Music is one of the most pleasant human experiences, even though it has no direct biological advantage. However little is known about individual differences in how people experience reward in music-related activities. The goal of the present study was to describe the main facets of music experience that could explain the variance observed in how people experience reward associated with music. To this end we developed the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (BMRQ), which was administrated to three large samples. Our results showed that the musical reward experience can be decomposed into five reliable factors: Musical Seeking, Emotion Evocation, Mood Regulation, Social Reward, and Sensory-Motor. These factors were correlated with socio-demographic factors and measures of general sensitivity to reward and hedonic experience. We propose that the five-factor structure of musical reward experience might be very relevant in the study of psychological and neural bases of emotion and pleasure associated to music.

Las habilidades motrices básicas en educación primaria: aspectos de su desarrollo = Key motor skills in primary education: developmental aspects

The physical education curriculum stresses the importance of improving students’ key motor skills. This idea agrees with the contributions of research into motor development concerning the important role these skills play in child development. In order to facilitate this improvement is essential to know the different basic aspects of how these key motor skills evolve as well as the essential factors related to the characteristics and conditions of educational practice