COMP1205: Focus on language

Notes based on discussions with students for whom English is not their first language. Relevant generally and specifically in preparation of the group presenatations

Epidemiological studies of Johne’s Disease in cattle from Scottish farms, with a focus on slaughterhouse investigations

The PARABAN project has been a Scotland-wide initiative to develop and deliver farm-specific ‘best practice’ for the control of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle using ‘Knowledge Exchange’. A range of partners have been involved, including nine ‘Champion Farms’. With input from the farmer, his/her vet and PARABAN advisors, a tailored monitoring and control programme was devised for each ‘Champion Farm’, taking into account the history of the disease on the farm, the physical facilities available and farmer objectives. Culling decisions based on live animal test results were incorporated into each farm-specific programme to complement the management programme already in place to maintain each herd. Results were analysed and discussed with all the partners throughout the project and then offered for wider scrutiny at farm open days. Feedback and questions from these open days have been used to complete the ‘Knowledge Exchange’ cycle. As a major component of the PARABAN project the author collected samples from all adult animals culled from ‘Champion Farms’ at slaughter or as fallen stock, irrespective of in-life MAP test status. These were then subjected to histopathological examination by experienced veterinary pathologists and the results compared with the results from in-life MAP testing. This was intended to evaluate the contribution slaughterhouse sampling could make towards decision making for disease control on farm and formed the main aim of this thesis. In total, samples of terminal ileum and draining lymph node were collected from three-hundred and fifty-two animals. A positive result on histopathology was defined as the presence of lesions typical of MAP and also the presence of acid-fast bacteria within the sections. There was found to be fair agreement between the overall results from histopathology and serum ELISA (Kappa = 0.33), though there appeared to be some variation in agreement between the tests on the individual ‘Champion Farms’. The presence of MAP was confirmed in seven of the eight farms which contributed animals to this study, despite sometimes prolonged efforts at controlling the disease. A separate study was undertaken to make use of the archives of the Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety at the Veterinary School, University of Glasgow. The archive contained records of cases from across southern Scotland and northern England. Analysis of the data generated from examination of these records suggested that MAP is widespread within the Scottish cattle herd and may well be increasing

ECOTOURISME ET DÉVELOPPEMENT LOCAL. UN FOCUS SUR LA VILLE DE GUARAQUEÇABA, PARANÁ, BRÉSIL

La localité de Guaraqueçaba est situé sur la côte nord de l'état du Paraná, Brésil. Son territoire est couvert par le forêt atlantique, et la région est une APA (Environmental Protection Área) creé en 1985.  En 1999 Guaraqueçaba a été déclaré Patrimoine Naturel Mondial (Biosphère Reserv) par l'UNESCO. Malgré le potentiel touristique de la région, il ya une  baisse de l'approvisionnement des équipements et services. Il ya aussi le manque de conditions et organisation des lês autochtones pour l'exploitation du potentiel touristique de la région, afin d'en faire une alternative efficace pour générer des revenus et des emplois pour eux-mêmes. Pour atteindre le objective de l’étude a été élaboré un diagnostic de la région, par les données bibliographiques. L'ajout à cette activité a été réalisée sur le terrain visites pour identifier la réalité étudiée, la couverture photographique, l'observation participante, et  collecte des données qualitatives em la communauté locale via la application du Méthode DAFO ou l'analyse SWOT.

Design and synthesis of (pro)electrophilic compounds for investigating the multifactorial nature of neurodegenerative diseases: focus on inflammation-driven events

Neuroinflammation constitutes a major player in the etiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), by orchestrating several neurotoxic pathways which in concert lead to neurodegeneration. A positive feedback loop occurs between inflammation, microglia activation and misfolding processes that, alongside excitotoxicity and oxidative events, represent crucial features of this intricate scenario. The multi-layered nature of NDDs requires a deepen investigation on how these vicious cycles work. This could further help in the search for effective treatments. Electrophiles are critically involved in the modulation of a variety of neuroprotective responses. Thus, we envisioned their peculiar ability to switch on/off biological activities as a powerful tool for investigating the neurotoxic scenario driven by inflammation in NDDs. In particular, in this thesis project, we wanted to dissect at a molecular level the functional role of (pro)electrophilic moieties of previously synthesized thioesters of variously substituted trans-cinnamic acids, to identify crucial features which could interfere with amyloid aggregation as well as modulate Nrf2 and/or NF-κB activation. To this aim, we first synthesized new compounds to identify bioactive cores which could specifically modulate the intended target. Then, we systematically modified their structure to reach additional pathogenic pathways which could in tandem contribute to the inflammatory process. In particular, following the investigation of the mechanistic underpinnings involving the catechol feature in amyloid binding through the synthesis of new dihydroxyl derivatives, we incorporated the identified antiaggregating nucleus into constrained frames which could contrast neuroinflammation also through the modulation of CB2Rs. In parallel, Nrf2 and/or NF-κB antinflammatory structural requirements were combined with the neuroprotective cores of pioglitazone, an antidiabetic drug endowed with MAO-B inhibitory properties, and memantine, which notably contrasts excitotoxicity. By acting as Swiss army knives, the new set of molecules emerge as promising tools to deepen our insights into the complex scenario regulating NDDs.

Impact of Glycosyltransferases on the Phenotype, Signaling and Transcriptome of Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines. Focus on the role of glycosyltransferases B4GALNT2 and FUT6 and their cognate Sda and sLex antigens

In colorectal cancer (CRC), two carbohydrate structures are modulated: the Sda antigen, synthesized by B4GALNT2, and sLex antigen, mainly synthesized by FUT6. sLex antigen is often overexpressed and associated with worse prognosis; B4GALNT2/Sda antigen are dramatically downregulated but their role in tumor progression and development is not fully clear. TCGA interrogation revealed a dramatic down-regulation of B4GALNT2 mRNA in CRC, compared with normal samples. Patients with higher B4GALNT2 mRNA in CRC samples displayed longer survival. Yet, methylation and miRNA expression play a relevant role in B4GALNT2 downregulation in CRC. To clarify the mechanisms linking the B4GALNT2/Sda expression level to CRC phenotype, three different CRC cell lines were modified to express B4GALNT2: LS174T cell line, in which the constitutively expressed sLex antigen was partially replaced by Sda; SW480/SW620 pair, both lacking Sda and sLex antigens. In LS174T cells, the expression of B4GALNT2 reduced the ability to grow in poor adherence conditions and the expression of ALDH, a stemness marker. In SW620 cells, B4GALNT2 expression impacted on the main aspects of malignancy. In SW480 cells the expression of B4GALNT2 left unchanged the proliferation rate and the wound healing ability. To clarify the impact of sLex on CRC phenotype, the SW480/SW620 pair were permanently transfected to express FUT6 cDNA. In both cell lines, overexpression of FUT6/sLex boosted the clonogenic ability in standard growth conditions. Conversely, the growth in soft agar and the capacity to close a wound were enhanced only in SW620 cells. Transcriptome analysis of CRC cell lines transfected either with B4GALNT2 or FUT6 showed a relevant impact of both enzymes on gene expression modulation. Overall, current data may help to personalize therapies for CRC patients according to the B4GALNT2 levels and support a causal effect of this glycosyltransferase on reducing malignancy independently of sLex inhibition.

Deodorazione di olio di semi: confronto tra due soluzioni impiantistiche con focus sui glicerol esteri

L'obiettivo del lavoro di tesi ha riguardato il confronto tra due soluzioni impiantistiche per la deodorazione di olio di semi di girasole e mais in uno specifico ambito aziendale (Tampieri S.P.A. Faenza). La nuova linea di deodorazione è stato progettata per abbattere il residuo di pesticida e di molecole tossiche quali 2/3 – MCPD e Ges, migliorando anche alcuni parametri di qualità degli oli di semi raffinati. Le prestazioni dell'impianto sono state valutate confrontando le differenze tra alcuni parametri di prodotto, con particolare riguardo ai glicerol esteri (GEs). Il nuovo deodoratore: - ha risolto il problema dei pesticidi (grazie al vuoto più spinto) e migliorato molti parametri di qualità degli oli di semi; - non ha abbassato la carica dei 2/3 MCPD, poiché l’aumento di questi ultimi è legato al livello di degradazione della materia prima da una parte, dall’acidità delle terre decoloranti dall’altra; – ha abbassato la carica dei GE, grazie al minor tempo di stazionamento dell’olio in colonna ed alla maggiore efficienza, dovuta in gran parte alla camera di post stripping. Si è passati da 880 ppb a 290 ppb per il mais (che comunque presenta un valore più alto perché maggiori sono i suoi valori iniziali di DAG) e da 120 ppb a <100 per il girasole.

Development and Implementation of the Plasma Focus Technology for Radiation Therapy Applications

A Plasma Focus device can confine in a small region a plasma generated during the pinch phase. When the plasma is in the pinch condition it creates an environment that produces several kinds of radiations. When the filling gas is nitrogen, a self-collimated backwardly emitted electron beam, slightly spread by the coulomb repulsion, can be considered one of the most interesting outputs. That beam can be converted into X-ray pulses able to transfer energy at an Ultra-High Dose-Rate (UH-DR), up to 1 Gy pulse-1, for clinical applications, research, or industrial purposes. The radiation fields have been studied with the PFMA-3 hosted at the University of Bologna, finding the radiation behavior at different operating conditions and working parameters for a proper tuning of this class of devices in clinical applications. The experimental outcomes have been compared with available analytical formalisms as benchmark and the scaling laws have been proposed. A set of Monte Carlo models have been built with direct and adjoint techniques for an accurate X-ray source characterization and for setting fast and reliable irradiation planning for patients. By coupling deterministic and Monte Carlo codes, a focusing lens for the charged particles has been designed for obtaining a beam suitable for applications as external radiotherapy or intra-operative radiation therapy. The radiobiological effectiveness of the UH PF DR, a FLASH source, has been evaluated by coupling different Monte Carlo codes estimating the overall level of DNA damage at the multi-cellular and tissue levels by considering the spatial variation effects as well as the radiation field characteristics. The numerical results have been correlated to the experimental outcomes. Finally, ambient dose measurements have been performed for tuning the numerical models and obtaining doses for radiation protection purposes. The PFMA-3 technology has been fully characterized toward clinical implementation and installation in a medical facility.

Impiego dell’ecografia ad alta risoluzione nella diagnosi di anomalie cerebrali fetali difficili. Focus sul complesso anteriore.

In questo lavoro di tesi vengono prese in esame le principali anomalie cerebrali fetali a carico del complesso anteriore, formato dal cavo del setto pellucido e dai corni frontali dei ventricoli laterali. Si è poi concentrata l’attenzione sull’oloprosencefalia e sull’obliterazione del cavo del setto pellucido, analizzando i casi che sono stati riferiti c/o la U.O. di Ostetricia e Medicina dell’Età Prenatale del Policlinico di S. Orsola – IRCCS. L’oloprosencefalia racchiude in sé uno spettro di anomalie cerebrali caratterizzate da un difetto di formazione della linea mediana con forme variabili di fusione degli emisferi cerebrali. Le forme alobari mostrano una distorsione della anatomia cerebrale, con un singolo ventricolo e sono spesso associate ad anomalie extracerebrali e del cariotipo. Nelle forme semilobari e lobari il setto pellucido è generalmente assente nei piani assiali, con corni frontali fusi ed ipoplasici, ma queste caratteristiche possono essere di difficile interpretazione ad un esame di screening. Le anomalie facciali sono invece più sfuggenti. L’obliterazione del cavo del setto consiste in un suo aspetto ecogeno, normalmente disteso da fluido; è ritenuta una variante della norma, ma queste conclusioni sono basate su casistiche limitate. Anche in questo caso abbiamo riportato l’eventuale presenza di anomalie associate ed abbiamo poi rivalutato questi bambini mediante una visita specialistica presso la U.O. di Neuropsichiatria Infantile. Nella nostra esperienza di 16 casi, la neurosonografia è stata in grado di definire la presenza o meno di anomalie cerebrali associate (1 caso di cisti interemisferiche e corpo calloso disgenetico) al pari della risonanza magnetica. Nei casi apparentemente isolati, in circa il 20% tale reperto è stato transitorio nel corso della gravidanza e non sono state riportate anomalie del cariotipo. Tutte le visite di follow up eseguite nel contesto dello studio (risultati parziali di 7/15 bambini) hanno dimostrato uno sviluppo nella norma per l’età del bambino.

Sewage sludge as organic fertilizer in agriculture. A study of physico-chemical properties, agronomic efficiency and environmental safety, with a specific focus on tannery sludge

In recent decades, the use of organic fertilizers has gained increasing interest mainly for two reasons: their ability to improve soil fertility and the need to find a sustainable alternative to mineral and synthetic fertilizers. In this context, sewage sludge is a useful organic matrix that can be successfully used in agriculture, due to its chemical composition rich in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and other micronutrients necessary for plant growth. This work investigated three indispensable aspects (i.e., physico-chemical properties, agronomic efficiency and environmental safety) of sewage sludge application as organic fertilizer, emphasizing the role of tannery sludge. In a comparison study with municipal sewage sludge, results showed that the targeted analyses applied (total carbon and nitrogen content, isotope ratio of carbon and nitrogen, infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis) were able to discriminate tannery sludge from municipal ones, highlighting differences in composition due to the origin of the wastewater and the treatment processes used in the plants. Regarding agronomic efficiency, N bioavailability was tested in a selection of organic fertilizers, including tannery sludge and tannery sludge-based fertilizers. Specifically, the hot-water extractable N has proven to be a good chemical indicator, providing a rapid and reliable indication of N bioavailability in soil. Finally, the behavior of oxybenzone (an emerging organic contaminant detected in sewage sludge) in soils with different physico-chemical properties was studied. Through adsorption and desorption experiments, it was found that the mobility of oxybenzone is reduced in soils rich in organic matter. Furthermore, through spectroscopic methods (e.g., infrared spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) the mechanisms of oxybenzone-humic acids interaction were studied, finding that H-bonds and π-π stacking were predominantly present.

The italian translation of allusive jokes from three american sitcoms: A focus group analysis

The translation of allusions has presented an issue for translators, in a trend that has seen a shift in translation studies to a more culture-oriented perspective. “Allusion” is defined by doctor Ritva Leppihalme as a culture-bound element that is expected to convey a meaning that goes beyond the mere words used and can only be accurately translated through knowledge of both the source and target culture. Allusions in comedy, and more specifically, allusive jokes, can pose an additional challenge to translators, since failing to translate them in a satisfactory way, can lead to unfunny and puzzling results that completely miss the original comedic value of the allusion itself. For the purposes of this dissertation, an experiment, based on the one done by doctor Ritva Leppihalme, was conducted: a focus group consisting of eight people from different socio-demographic groups was asked to discuss three comedic scenes, translated in Italian, containing an allusive joke, from three different American sitcoms: Community, The Office, and Superstore. The purpose of this research was to find the best and most effective strategies, according to the average Italian viewer, to translate in Italian allusive jokes from the American culture and the English language. The participants were asked to state if they understood the translated joke, and if they did, to rate how funny they found it, and to discuss among themselves on possible reasons for their responses, and on possible alternative solutions. The results seem to indicate that the best course of action involves choices that stray from a literal translation of the words used, by changing items that need a deeper knowledge of the source culture to be understood and therefore cause hilarity, with items more familiar to the target culture. The worst possible solutions seem to be ones that focus on the literal translation of the words used without considering the cultural and situational context of the allusion.

L'attività dell'Organizzazione internazionale della vite e del vino: focus su alcune recenti risoluzioni adottate in enologia.

Dopo una prima parte dove vengono illustrate le funzioni e gli organi principali dell'OIV, approfondendone gli scopi e i ruoli, l'elaborato analizza alcune delle risoluzioni enologiche più interessanti emanate nel 2020 e nel 2021 dall'organizzazione. La prima risoluzione che viene approfondita è la OIV-OENO-631-2020 "Rassegna delle pratiche per la riduzione delle dosi di SO2 in vinificazione". Vengono individuati sei principali punti d'intervento in cui è possibile, tramite azioni a monte, evitare che divengano necessarie dosi di solforosa eccessive o sostanziose durante tutto il corso del processo produttivo, dalla campagna alla cantina fino alla bottiglia, al fine di correggere appunto "errori" in passaggi precedenti. Segue la risoluzione OIV-OENO-643-2020: "Monografia sulle sfere adsorbenti in stirene-divinilbenzene". Questa monografia porta all'attenzione una nuova tecnica per la riduzione e eliminazione dei difetti aromatici di terra-muffa legati direttamente alla geosmina. Buona parte della monografia tratta metodologie analitiche sulla gestione delle sfere in cantina, necessitando queste di trattamenti di precondizionamento prima dell'utilizzo e rinnovamento una volta terminato. La tecnica è molto interessante; non presenta però selettività nei confronti della molecola: ne consegue che una sua applicazione è un rischio calcolato. L'ultima risoluzione che viene approfondita è la OIV-OENO 581a-2021 "Trattamento del vino con acido fumarico per l'inibizione della fermentazione malolattica". In questa risoluzione viene introdotto l'utilizzo dell'acido fumarico nelle produzioni alimentari e, nel caso della produzione di vino, l'utilizzo per contrastare i batteri responsabili della fermentazione malolattica.

Il Regolamento (UE) 2018/848 e le norme sull'agricoltura biologica: un focus su alcuni aspetti relativi alle pratiche enologiche.

Il 1° gennaio 2022 è entrato in vigore il nuovo Regolamento (UE) 848/2018 relativo alla produzione biologica e all'etichettatura dei prodotti biologici. La filiera vitivinicola biologica vanta una crescita vigorosa delle superfici coltivate a uva biologica sia in Italia che negli altri Paesi dell'Unione. Nell'elaborato vengono descritte ed analizzate le novità a carattere generale introdotte con il nuovo regolamento, focalizzando l'attenzione su alcune pratiche enologiche quali l'elettrodialisi e l'utilizzo di enzimi. Inoltre, vengono analizzati e discussi alcuni casi studio di certificazione di gruppo, dai quali emergono le potenziali criticità legate ai requisiti imposti dal regolamento per la partecipazione degli operatori ai gruppi. In questo lavoro viene trattato anche il tema della sostenibilità della filiera vitivinicola presentando i principali standard di certificazione privati.

Applicazione delle tecniche della Lean Manufacturing con focus sul dimensionamento dei materiali a Kanban in un sistema produttivo: il caso Magni Telescopic Handlers.

L’attività di Tesi svolta presso l’azienda Magni Telescopic Handlers è stata finalizzata all’implementazione e l’ottimizzazione dei principi fondamentali della teoria della Lean Manufacturing. Lo scopo del percorso si è concentrato in prima battuta sulla valutazione e analisi delle previsioni dei consumi delle macchine, per poi proseguire con la realizzazione di un database aggiornato costituito esclusivamente dal materiale gestito a Kanban. In questa maniera è stato possibile predisporre la formulazione della mappatura dei componenti a Kanban lungo le tre linee di montaggio dell’azienda, per riuscire a verificare il corretto collocamento dei codici. Sono quindi successivamente sviluppate due metodologie di implementazione per il dimensionamento del Kanban al fine di ottimizzare i processi interni, in accordo con la filosofia Lean Thinking. Al termine dell'elaborato sono illustrati i risultati e i vantaggi che si sono ottenuti per consentire un miglior livello di ottimizzazione delle attività di montaggio lungo la linea e uno standard di efficienza produttiva più elevato.

Spatial-temporal variability of the benthic communities in Ravenna harbour using Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) with focus on Non-Indigenous Species (NIS)

A Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) is defined as an organism, introduced outside its natural past or present range of distribution by humans, that successfully survives, reproduces, and establish in the new environment. Harbors and tourist marinas are considered NIS hotspots, as they are departure and arrival points for numerous vessels and because of the presence of free artificial substrates, which facilitate colonization by NIS. To early detect the arrival of new NIS, monitoring benthic communities in ports is essential. Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) are standardized passive collectors that are used to assess marine benthic communities. Here we use an integrative approach based on multiple 3-month ARMS deployment (from April 2021 to October 2022) to characterize the benthic communities (with a focus on NIS) of two sites: a commercial port (Harbor) and a touristic Marina (Marina) of Ravenna. The colonizing sessile communities were assessed using percentage coverage of the taxa trough image analyses and vagile fauna (> 2 mm) was identified morphologically using a stereomicroscope and light microscope. Overall, 97 taxa were identified and 19 of them were NIS. All NIS were already observed in port environments in the Mediterranean Sea, but for the first time the presence of the polychaete Schistomeringos cf. japonica (Annenkova, 1937) was observed; however molecular analysis is needed to confirm its identity. Harbor and Marina host significantly different benthic communities, with significantly different abundance depending on the sampling period. While the differences between sites are related to their different environmental characteristic and their anthropogenic pressures, differences among times seems related to the different life cycle of the main abundant species. This thesis evidenced that ARMS, together with integrative taxonomic approaches, represent useful tools to early detect NIS and could be used for a long-term monitoring of their presence.

The Consequences Of Refractory Epilepsy And Its Treatment.

Seizures in some 30% to 40% of patients with epilepsy fail to respond to antiepileptic drugs or other treatments. While much has been made of the risks of new drug therapies, not enough attention has been given to the risks of uncontrolled and progressive epilepsy. This critical review summarizes known risks associated with refractory epilepsy, provides practical clinical recommendations, and indicates areas for future research. Eight international epilepsy experts from Europe, the United States, and South America met on May 4, 2013, to present, review, and discuss relevant concepts, data, and literature on the consequences of refractory epilepsy. While patients with refractory epilepsy represent the minority of the population with epilepsy, they require the overwhelming majority of time, effort, and focus from treating physicians. They also represent the greatest economic and psychosocial burdens. Diagnostic procedures and medical/surgical treatments are not without risks. Overlooked, however, is that these risks are usually smaller than the risks of long-term, uncontrolled seizures. Refractory epilepsy may be progressive, carrying risks of structural damage to the brain and nervous system, comorbidities (osteoporosis, fractures), and increased mortality (from suicide, accidents, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, pneumonia, vascular disease), as well as psychological (depression, anxiety), educational, social (stigma, driving), and vocational consequences. Adding to this burden is neuropsychiatric impairment caused by underlying epileptogenic processes (essential comorbidities), which appears to be independent of the effects of ongoing seizures themselves. Tolerating persistent seizures or chronic medicinal adverse effects has risks and consequences that often outweigh risks of seemingly more aggressive treatments. Future research should focus not only on controlling seizures but also on preventing these consequences.