Mercado futuro e físico de SLCC: conhecimento e uso no agronegócio citrícola do Brasil

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar por que as indústrias processadoras de suco concentrado e congelado de laranja não estão negociando na New York Board of Trade como hedger, considerando que o risco de preços é alto neste setor, e preferindo utilizar o preço de Roterdã como base para as suas negociações.Os mercados derivativos de commodities agrícolas são utilizados na administração do risco de preços, e a maioria dos contratos negociados em bolsas de mercadorias no mundo inteiro têm tido sucesso, mas, no caso do suco de laranja concentrado e congelado, negociado na NYBOT (atual IntercontinentalExchange (NYSE:ICE)), o volume de negociação de contratos é baixo em comparação com outras commodities.Mas os custos de transação relacionados ao mercado futuro de SLCC, aliados com a concentração das empresas brasileiras processadoras de suco concentrado de laranja, acabaram induzindo um modo alternativo de governança neste setor: o mercado a termo.

Production costs and fruit yield profitability in the initial harvest of custard apple trees

The aim of this study was to estimate the production cost and economic indicators associated with the production and sales of fruits from 20 custard apple progenies during the initial five harvests, in order to identify the harvest season from which custard apple exploitation becomes profitable, as well as the most promising progenies from an economic point of view. The fruit yield data upon which the present work was based were obtained during the period from 2001 to 2005, in an experiment that evaluated 20 custard apple half-sibling progenies, under sprinkler irrigation. The progenies were evaluated in a random block design with five replicates and plots consisting of four plants each. The exploitation of custard apple progenies only showed to be a profitable agribusiness after the fourth year. Before that, only A3 and A4 progenies in the second year, and P3 and P11 in the third year provided profitable incomes. Considering the methodological assumptions imposed concerning the time period analysis and the prices as of July 2007, the most important profitability indicators (operating profit, return index and equilibrium price) evidenced that the A4 progeny is the most recommended, although other progenies are also highlighted, such as FJ1 and FJ2. As already discussed, the progenies showing the highest average yields of five harvests are not always the most economically recommendable ones.

La respuesta jurídico-penal frente al stalking en España: presente y futuro

El presente estudio analiza las razones de la falta de previsión expresa en la reforma penal de 2010 de una incriminación específica de los supuestos de stalking (persecución obsesiva o repetitiva no consentida).

L'exemplar incunable de les Transformacions d'Ovidi en versió de Francesc Alegre (Barcelona, Pere Miquel, 1494) a "La Casa del Libro" de San Juan de Puerto Rico

La nota vol donar a conèixer l’exemplar de les Transformacions ovidianes, en versió de Francesc Alegre, custodiat a “La Casa del Libro”, museu instal·lat a San Juan de Puerto Rico.

Los capítulos matrimoniales de los padres y el futuro de la empresa familiar cincuenta años después

Este caso real refleja un situación problemática en que se encuentran algunas empresas familiares catalanas del sector agrario. Siguiendo un acostumbre muy araigada en las zonas rurales la primera generación efectúa un heredamiento preventivo incluyéndolo en la escritura de capítulos matrimoniales. Los futuros cónyuges instituyen a su futuro hijo pimogénito varón, como heredero de todos sus bienes. Sin ni siquiera saber de la existencia de este pacto sucesorio, cuando con el devenir de los años se ha creado y desarrollado la empresa familiar, el hijo e hija que va a continuar con el negocio no es el primogénito varón designado al tiempo del matrimonio de los padres y éstos ya no se encuentran en condiciones de testar revocando este pacto, porque o bien ya han muerto o bien se encuentran incapacitados por causa de enfermedad o vejez. El objetivo de este trabajo es advertir sobre esta realidad y proponer soluciones de prevención en el proceso de planificación de la sucesión de la empresa familiar.

Advances in apple culture worldwide

Over the last 60 years, planting densities for apple have increased as improved management systems have been developed. Dwarfing rootstocks have been the key to the dramatic changes in tree size, spacing and early production. The Malling series of dwarfing rootstocks (M.9 and M.26) have been the most important dwarfing rootstocks in the world but are poorly adapted in some areas of the world and they are susceptible to the bacterial disease fire blight and the soil disease complex, apple replant disease which limits their uses in some areas. Rootstock breeding programs in several parts of the world are developing improved rootstocks with resistance to fire blight, and replant disease, and improved cold hardiness and yield efficiency. A second important trend has been the increasing importance of new cultivars. New cultivars have provided opportunities for higher prices until they are over-produced. A new trend is the "variety club" in which variety owners manage the production and marketing of a new unique cultivar to bring higher prices to the growers and variety owners. This has led to many fruit growers being unable to plant or grow some new cultivars. Important rootstock and cultivar genes have been mapped and can be used in marker assisted selection of future rootstock and cultivar selections. Other important improvements in apple culture include the development of pre-formed trees, the development of minimal pruning strategies and limb angle bending which have also contributed to the dramatic changes in early production in the 2nd-5th years after planting. Studies on light interception and distribution have led to improved tree forms with better fruit quality. Simple pruning strategies and labor positioning platform machines have resulted in partial mechanization of pruning which has reduced management costs. Improved plant growth regulators for thinning and the development of a thinning prediction model based on tree carbohydrate balance have improved the ability to produce the optimum fruit size and crop load. Other new plant growth regulators have also allowed control of shoot growth, control of preharvest fruit drop and control of fruit softening in storage after harvest. As we look to the future, there will be continued incremental improvement in our understanding of plant physiology that will lead to continued incremental improvements in orchard management but there is likely to be dramatic changes in orchard production systems through genomics research and genetic engineering. A greater understanding of the genetic control of dwarfing, precocity, rooting, vegetative growth, flowering, fruit growth and disease resistance which will lead to new varieties and rootstocks which are less expensive to grow and manage.

Ejercitando el futuro a través de los parques científicos y tecnológicos

En plena etapa de convulsión y con- nfusión sobre la evolución de la Economía y la Sociedad, el movimiento internacional de Parques Científicos y Tecnológicos continúa avanzando con fuerza. Desde esta perspectiva agregada internacional, la creación de nuevos parques, nuevas empresas del conocimiento y nuevos servicios de referencia sigue creciendo a un ritmo parecido al de años anteriores. En este contexto propongo un ejercicio de hiperrealismo, donde nuestro comportamiento individual y colectivo inversor y de consumo se adaptara a una situación de post-crisis. Es decir, en una situación, no de hipótesis puesto que nos introducimos en un experimento hiperrealista, donde se ha superado la crisis pero hemos aprendido de ella.

Sobre la diosa Siria o un posible regreso a casa de Luciano de Samosata

The De Dea Syria belongs, in the manuscript tradition, to the corpus of Lucian of Samosata. His authorship, however, has been discussed: while some perceive in it clear non-lucianic elements, others do not find them conclusive proofs, considering the usual evasive character of Lucian. Assuming that his author is actually Lucian -or, in any case, a hellenized Syrian of imperial times-, the analysis of descriptions, narrative, language and narrator-text, give valuable information on fusion and interaction among cultures in the Roman Empire. KEYWORDS: Cultural identity - Religion - Roman Empire - Lucian of Samosata

Corpus Oral de Conversa Col·loquial (COC). Conversa02. Xerrada al sofà després d'un dinar a fora de casa

Aquest document conté conversa 02, un "xerrada al sofà després d'un dinar a fora de casa" que forma part del Corpus Oral de Conversa Col·loquial (COC). El COC és un component del Corpus de Català Contemporani de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCCUB), un arxiu de corpus de llengua catalana oral contemporània que ha estat confegit pel grup de recerca Grup d'Estudi de la Variació (GEV) amb la finalitat de contribuir a l'estudi de la variació dialectal, social i funcional en la llengua catalana. Aquest i altres materials del CCCUB són accessibles directament al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (http://diposit.ub.edu) o a través del web del CCCUB (http://www.ub.edu/cccub).

Corpus Oral de Conversa Col·loquial (COC). Conversa02. Xerrada al sofà després d'un dinar a fora de casa

Aquest document conté conversa 02, un "xerrada al sofà després d'un dinar a fora de casa" que forma part del Corpus Oral de Conversa Col·loquial (COC). El COC és un component del Corpus de Català Contemporani de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCCUB), un arxiu de corpus de llengua catalana oral contemporània que ha estat confegit pel grup de recerca Grup d'Estudi de la Variació (GEV) amb la finalitat de contribuir a l'estudi de la variació dialectal, social i funcional en la llengua catalana. Aquest i altres materials del CCCUB són accessibles directament al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (http://diposit.ub.edu) o a través del web del CCCUB (http://www.ub.edu/cccub).

Suscetibilidade de genótipos de maracujazeiro-azedo à septoriose em casa de vegetação

Neste estudo, foi avaliada a reação de genótipos de maracujazeiro-azedo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) à septoriose (Septoria passiflorae). Para a avaliação da reação dos genótipos, foi utilizado o índice de severidade de doença (1 - plantas sem sintomas; 2 - lesões esparsas nas folhas tomando até 10% do limbo foliar; lesões coalescentes tomando entre 10 a 33% do limbo foliar; 4 - lesões coalescentes tomando mais de 33% do limbo foliar; 5 - desfolha) e porcentagem de desfolha. Foi adotado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e seis plantas por parcela, testando-se 60 genótipos. A inoculação foi feita por aspersão de suspensão de esporos (10(5) conídios/mL) patógeno. Foram feitas seis avaliações em intervalos de 7 dias. Os genótipos que apresentaram menor suscetibilidade foram MAR.20.27, Joseph e MAR.20.36. Entre a nota obtida pelo genótipo de menor suscetibilidade (3,4) e o de maior suscetibilidade (4,5), houve diferença de 31,8%, indicando que há variabilidade entre os genótipos para resistência à septoriose. Entre a maior (81,6%) e a menor (49,9%) porcentagem de desfolha apresentada pelos genótipos, houve diferença de 31,7%. Os genótipos MAR.20.58 e MAR.20.48 foram os mais suscetíveis, com severidade de 4,5 e 4,6 e de desfolha de 81,6% e 81,4%, respectivamente.

Influence of floral structure and flower bud quality on productivity and fruit shape in different apple cultivars

This study examines the relationship between floral structure and bud quality with the productivity and fruit shape of Gala, Fuji and Daiane apple cultivars under the mild winter conditions in Southern Brazil. Six different types of floral structures were characterized in field growing plants, according to their nature and bud size: spurs, short and long twigs with weak and vigorous buds. Variables related to the phenology and the productivity for these different structures were evaluated. Gala and Fuji cvs. showed earlier phenological development in the twigs, and cv. Daiane in the spurs. For the three cvs. the highest percentage of buds in each phenological phase was observed in the long twigs. The long twigs also showed the highest sprout and fruit set index, floral number per cluster, and leaf area in the three cvs., while the bud abortion was higher in the spurs than in the twigs. No difference was observed among the structures in cvs. Gala and Fuji regarding to the fruit shape. In the cv. Daiane, however, a tendency to higher length diameter ratio of the fruits produced by the long twigs was observed.

Apple biological and physiological disorders in the orchard and in postharvest according to production system

The study aimed to evaluate the incidence of biological and physiological disorders in the field and postharvested apples cvs. Gala, Fuji and Catarina grown in four production systems: conventional, organic transition, integrated and organic. Apples were evaluated for damages related to biological and physiological disorders in the orchard and after harvest. The greatest damages were attributed to pests, especially Anastrepha fraterculus in the organic system and Grapholita molesta in the organic transition. Apples produced in organic orchards had higher damage levels caused by postharvest physiological disorders than those grown in other production systems. For apples becoming from organic orchards most of the damage was due to lenticels breakdown and degeneration ('Gala'), and bitter pit ('Fuji' and 'Catarina'). The incidence of postharvest rot was not influenced by apple production system.

Evaluation of winter temperatures on apple budbreak using grafted twigs

Temperature is the main climate factor related to induction, maintenance and dormancy release in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The inadequate chilling exposure in apples causes budbreak problems, resulting in decrease in yield potential. Thus, the knowledge of physiological principles and environmental factors determining the dormancy phenomenon, especially winter temperature effects, it is necessary for the efficient selection of cultivars in a productive region. In addition, it is indispensable to adapt the orchard management aiming to decrease the problems caused by lack chilling during winter. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different thermal conditions during the dormancy period on budbreak of apple cultivars. One-year-old twigs of 'Castel Gala' and 'Royal Gala' cultivars, grafted on M7 rootstock, were submitted to temperatures of 5, 10 and 15ºC for different exposure periods (168; 336; 672; 1,008 and 1,344 hours). After treatments execution, the plants were kept in a greenhouse at 25ºC. Budbreak was quantified when accumulated 3,444; 6,888; 10,332; 13,776; 17,220 and 20,664 GDHºC after temperature treatments. The cultivars responded differently to temperature effect during the winter period. The temperature of 15ºC during winter shows a greater effectiveness on 'Castel Gala' apple budbreak while in the 'Royal Gala' apples the temperatures of 5 and 10ºC show better performance. 'Castel Gala' cultivar (low chilling requirement) may supply its physiological necessities, may be capable to budburst, even when subjected to higher temperatures in relation to 'Royal Gala' apples (high chilling requirement).