Chinois 7349

Contient : I五傷經禮規程Wu shang jing li gui cheng ; II耶穌受難禱文Ye su shou nan dao wen ; III耶穌聖號禱文Ye su sheng hao dao wen ; IV諸天神列品禱文Zhu tian shen lie pin dao wen ; V天神會規。天神會經Tian shen hui gui. Tian shen hui jing ; VI誦吾主念珠默想規條Song wu zhu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao ; VII誦聖母念珠默想規條Song sheng mu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao ; VIII彌撒禮節Mi sa li jie ; IX彌撒祭義畧Mi sa ji yi lüe ; X拜求聖母為死候經Bai qiu sheng mu wei si hou jing ; XI滌罪正規略Di zui zheng gui lüe

天主聖教日課Tian zhu sheng jiao ri ke.

Contient : I, livre 1誦經勸語。天主經 。聖母經。又聖母經 。信經。解罪時經 。悔罪經 。天主十誡。Song jing quan yu. Tian zhu jing. Sheng mu jing. You sheng mu jing. Xin jing. Jie zui shi jing. Hui zui jing. Tian zhu shi jie ; II, livre 1早課。與彌撒禮。晚課。Zao ke. Yu mi sa li. Wan ke ; III, livre 1聖母德敘禱文Sheng mu de xu dao wen ; IV, livre 1聖母玫瑰經十五端 ; V, livre 1吾主念珠默想規條 。聖母念珠默想規條Wu zhu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao. Sheng mu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao ; VI, livre 2耶穌聖體禱文Ye su sheng ti dao wen ; VII, livre 2耶穌聖號禱文Ye su sheng hao dao wen ; VIII, livre 2耶穌受難禱文 ; IX, livre 2聖彌額爾及諸天神列品禱文Sheng mi e er ji zhu tian shen lie pin dao wen ; X, livre 2聖人列品禱文Sheng ren lie pin dao wen ; XI, livre 2聖人若瑟禱文Sheng ren ruo se dao wen ; XII, livre 2煉獄禱文Lian yu dao wen ; XIII, livre 3天主耶穌受難始末Tian zhu ye su shou nan shi mo ; XIV, livre 3向天主父誦。向天主子誦。向天主聖神誦。向聖三誦。向天主耶穌誦。向聖母瑪利亞誦Xiang tian zhu fu song. Xiang tian zhu zi song. Xiang tian zhu sheng shen song. Xiang sheng san song. Xiang tian zhu ye su song. Xiang sheng mu ma li ya song ; XV, livre 3五傷經規程Wu shang jing gui cheng ; XVI, livre 3誦

天主聖教日課Tian zhu sheng jiao ri ke.

Contient : I, livre 1誦經勸語。天主經 。聖母經。又聖母經 。信經。解罪時經 。悔罪經 。天主十誡。Song jing quan yu. Tian zhu jing. Sheng mu jing. You sheng mu jing. Xin jing. Jie zui shi jing. Hui zui jing. Tian zhu shi jie ; II, livre 1早課。與彌撒禮。晚課。Zao ke. Yu mi sa li. Wan ke ; III, livre 1聖母德敘禱文Sheng mu de xu dao wen ; IV, livre 1聖母玫瑰經十五端 ; V, livre 1吾主念珠默想規條 。聖母念珠默想規條Wu zhu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao. Sheng mu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao ; VI, livre 2耶穌聖體禱文Ye su sheng ti dao wen ; VII, livre 2耶穌聖號禱文Ye su sheng hao dao wen ; VIII, livre 2耶穌受難禱文 ; IX, livre 2聖彌額爾及諸天神列品禱文Sheng mi e er ji zhu tian shen lie pin dao wen ; X, livre 2聖人列品禱文Sheng ren lie pin dao wen ; XI, livre 2聖人若瑟禱文Sheng ren ruo se dao wen ; XII, livre 2煉獄禱文Lian yu dao wen ; XIII, livre 3天主耶穌受難始末Tian zhu ye su shou nan shi mo ; XIV, livre 3向天主父誦。向天主子誦。向天主聖神誦。向聖三誦。向天主耶穌誦。向聖母瑪利亞誦Xiang tian zhu fu song. Xiang tian zhu zi song. Xiang tian zhu sheng shen song. Xiang sheng san song. Xiang tian zhu ye su song. Xiang sheng mu ma li ya song ; XV, livre 3五傷經規程Wu shang jing gui cheng ; XVI, livre 3誦

Tian zhu sheng jiao ri ke.

Contient : I, livre 1Song jing quan yu. Tian zhu jing, etc ; II, livre 1Zao ke. Yu mi sa li. Wan ke ; III, livre 1Sheng mu de xu dao wen ; IV, livre 1Sheng mu mei gui jing shi wu duan ; V, livre 1Wu zhu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao. Sheng mu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao ; VI, livre 2Ye su sheng ti dao wen ; VII, livre 2Ye su sheng hao dao wen ; VIII, livre 2Ye su shou nan dao wen ; IX, livre 2Sheng mi e er ji zhu tian shen lie pin dao wen ; X, livre 2Sheng ren lie pin dao wen ; XI, livre 2Sheng ren ruo se dao wen ; XII, livre 2Lian yu dao wen ; XIII, livre 2Zong tu dao wen ; XIV, livre 3Tian zhu ye su shou nan shi mo ; XV, livre 3Xiang tian zhu fu song, etc ; XVI, livre 3Wu shang jing gui cheng ; XVII, livre 3Song ; XVIII, livre 3Xiang sheng yi na jue song. Xiang sheng fang ji ge song ; XIX, livre 3通功神課Tong gong shen ke ; XX, livre 3祈求聖教大行祝文Qi qiu sheng jiao da xing zhu wen ; XXI, livre 3聖母喜樂經Sheng mu xi luo jing

Sheng jiao ri ke.

Contient : I, livre 3Tian zhu ye su shou nan shi mo ; II, livre 3Xiang tian zhu fu song, etc ; III, livre 3Wu shang jing gui cheng ; IV, livre 3Song ; V, livre 3Shan zhong yi ying li dian

袖珍日課Xiu zhen ri ke ; alias : 天主聖教日課Tian zhu sheng jiao ri ke.

Contient : I, livre 1天主經 。聖母經 。又聖母經。信經 。解罪時經 。悔罪經 。天主十誡。Tian zhu jing, etc ; II, livre 1Zao ke. Yu mi sa li. Wan ke ; III, livre 1Sheng mu de xu dao wen ; IV, livre 1Sheng mu mei gui jing shi wu duan ; V, livre 1Wu zhu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao ; VI, livre 1Sheng mu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao ; VII, livre 1遇急救人事宜。要理六端Yu ji jiu ren shi yi. Yao li liu duan ; VIII, livre 2Ye su sheng ti dao wen ; IX, livre 2Ye su sheng hao dao wen ; X, livre 2Ye su shou nan dao wen ; XI, livre 2Sheng mi e er ji zhu tian shen lie pin dao wen ; XII, livre 2Sheng ren lie pin dao wen ; XIII, livre 2聖若瑟禱文Sheng ruo se dao wen ; XIV, livre 2Lian yu dao wen ; XV, livre 3Tian zhu ye su shou nan shi mo ; XVI, livre 3Xiang tian zhu fu song, etc ; XVII, livre 3Wu shang jing gui cheng ; XVIII livre 3Song ; XIX, 1er livre supplémentaireWu bai li. Wu xie li ; XX, 1er livre supplémentaireSheng mu ci xin zhong ku qi zhang ; XXI, 1er livre supplémentaireXiang sheng ruo se song ; XXII, 1er livre supplémentaireXiang sheng yi na jue song, etc ; XXIII, 1er livre supplémentaireSheng zong tu dao wen ; XXIV, 1er livre supplémentaireWei yi wang zhu jiao ; XXV, 1er livre supplémentaire為已亡鐸德.Wei yi wang duo de ; XXVI, 1er livre supplémentaire瘞塋禮典.Yi ying li dian ; XXVII1er livre supplémentaire. 聖心規程.Sheng xin gui cheng ; XXVIII, 1er livre supplémentaire獻心頌.Xian xin song ; XXIX, 2e livre supplémentaire聖十字架禱文.Sheng shi zi jia dao wen ; XXX, 2e livre supplémentaire天主聖神禱文.Tian zhu sheng shen dao wen ; XXXI, 2e livre préliminaire聖五傷方濟各禱文.Sheng wu shang fang ji ge dao wen ; XXXII, 2e livre supplémentaire聖伯多祿亞爾甘太辣祝文.Sheng bai duo lu ya er gan tai la zhu wen ; XXXIII, 2e livre supplémentaire與彌撒規條.Yu mi sa gui tiao ; XXXIV, 2e livre supplémentaire領聖灰聖枝二誦.Ling sheng hui sheng zhi er song ; XXXV, 2e livre supplémentaire物爾朋經.Wu er peng jing ; XXXVI, 2e livre supplémentaireHun pei zhu wen ; XXXVII, 2e livre supplémentaire聖體要理畧節.Sheng ti yao li lüe jie ; XXXVIII, 2e livre supplémentaire領聖體問答.Ling sheng ti wen da ; XXXIX, 2e livre supplémentaire滌罪略.Di zui lüe ; XL, 2e livre supplémentaire輔彌撒禮儀.Fu mi sa li yi ; XLI, 2e livre supplémentaire主日灑聖水答應之經文.Zhu ri shai sheng shui da ying zhi jing wen ; XLII, 2e livre supplémentaire輔安所經.Fu an suo jing ; XLIII, 2e livre supplémentaire永瞻禮表 ; XLIV, 2e livre supplémentaire求付洗聖嬰為主保誦.Qiu fu xi sheng ying wei zhu bao song

天主聖教日課Tian zhu sheng jiao ri ke.

Contient : I, livre 1誦經勸語Song jing quan yu ; II, livre 1萬民四終Wan min si zhong ; III, livre 1要理六端Yao li liu duan ; IV, livre 1上等悔經Shang deng hui jing ; V, livre 1天主十誡Tian zhu shi jie ; VI, livre 1聖教會四規Sheng jiao hui si gui ; VII, livre 1聖號經Sheng hao jing ; VIII, livre 1信經Xin jing ; IX, livre 1天主經Tian zhu jing ; X, livre 1聖母經Sheng mu jing ; XI, livre 1朝拜聖母經Chao bai sheng mu jing ; XII, livre 1解罪經Jie zui jing ; XIII, livre 1聖事之迹Sheng shi zhi ji ; XIV, livre 1天主要知Tian zhu yao zhi ; XV, livre 1早課 。晚課Zao ke. Wan ke ; XVI, livre 1與彌撒禮Yu mi sa li ; XVII, livre 1通功神課Tong gong shen ke ; XVIII, livre 1誦 ; XIX, livre 1多瑪斯聖師向聖體四字詩Duo ma si sheng shi xiang sheng ti si zi shi ; XX, livre 1領聖體前後可行之功Ling sheng ti qian hou ke xing zhi gong ; XXI, livre 1領聖體前後默想七端Ling sheng ti qian hou mo xiang qi duan ; XXII, livre 1領大赦經Ling da sha jing ; XXIII, livre 1Sheng mu mei gui jing shi wu duan ; XXIV, livre 1Sheng mu de xu dao wen ; XXVVoir Chinois CHINOIS 7354, article VIII ; XXVI, livre 1Sheng ren lie pin dao wen ; XXVII, livre 1Lian yu dao wen ; XXVIII, livre 1公審判之文Gong shen pan zhi wen ; XXIX, livre 1Shan zhong yi ying li dian ; XXX, livre 1為已亡主教或鐸德Wei yi wang zhu jiao huo duo de ; XXXI, livre 2Ye su sheng hao dao wen ; XXXII, livre 2Ye su sheng ti dao wen ; XXXIII, livre 2贊聖體四字經文Zan sheng ti si zi jing wen ; XXXIV, livre 2誦 ; XXXV, livre 2恩赦要知 ; XXXVI, livre 2Wu zhu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao ; XXXVII, livre 2Sheng mu nian zhu mo xiang gui tiao ; XXXVIII, livre 2彌撒奇妙事情略說Mi sa qi miao shi qing lüe shuo ; XXXIX, livre 2Tian zhu ye su shou nan shi mo ; XL, livre 2正學警言 。榮福經Zheng xue jing yan. Yong fu jing ; XLI, livre 2Mi sa li jie ; XLII, livre 2五拜禮Wu bai li ; XLIII, livre 2五謝禮Wu xie li

Television script for Corn Girl

Television script for commercial "Corn Girl" featuring the song "Mellow Yellow"

Nietzsche's eternal recurrence of the same : the effect of logic abridgement, contradictions and inconsistencies

I will argue that the doctrine of eternal recurrence of the same no better interprets cosmology than pink elephants interpret zoology. I will also argue that the eternal-reiurn-of-the-same doctrine as what Magnus calls "existential imperative" is without possibility of application and thus futile. To facilitate those arguments, the validity of the doctrine of the eternal recurrence of the same will be tested under distinct rubrics. Although each rubric will stand alone, one per chapter, as an evaluation of some specific aspect of eternal recurrence, the rubric sequence has been selected to accommodate the identification of what I shall be calling logic abridgments. The conclusions to be extracted from each rubric are grouped under the heading CONCLUSION and appear immediately following rubric ten. Then, or if, at the end of a rubric a reader is inclined to wonder which rubric or topic is next, and why, the answer can be found at the top of the following page. The question is usually answered in the very first sentence, but always answered in the first paragraph. The first rubric has been placed in order by chronological entitlement in that it deals with the evolution of the idea of eternal recurrence from the time of the ancient Greeks to Nietzsche's August, 1881 inspiration. This much-recommended technique is also known as starting at the beginning. Rubric 1 also deals with 20th. Century philosophers' assessments of the relationship between Nietzsche and ancient Greek thought. The only experience of E-R, Zarathustra's mountain vision, is second only because it sets the scene alluded to in following rubrics. The third rubric explores .ii?.ih T jc,i -I'w Nietzsche's evaluation of rationality so that his thought processes will be understood appropriately. The actual mechanism of E-R is tested in rubric four...The scientific proof Nietzsche assembled in support of E-R is assessed by contemporary philosophers in rubric five. E-R's function as an ethical imperative is debated in rubrics six and seven.. .The extent to which E-R fulfills its purpose in overcoming nihilism is measured against the comfort assured by major world religions in rubric eight. Whether E-R also serves as a redemption for revenge is questioned in rubric nine. Rubric ten assures that E-R refers to return of the identically same and not merely the similar. In addition to assemblage and evaluation of all ten rubrics, at the end of each rubric a brief recapitulation of its principal points concludes the chapter. In this essay I will assess the theoretical conditions under which the doctrine cannot be applicable and will show what contradictions and inconsistencies follow if the doctrine is taken to be operable. Harold Alderman in his book Nietzsche's Gift wrote, the "doctrine of eternal recurrence gives us a problem not in Platonic cosmology, but in Socratic selfreflection." ^ I will illustrate that the recurrence doctrine's cosmogony is unworkable and that if it were workable, it would negate self-reflection on the grounds that selfreflection cannot find its cause in eternal recurrence of the same. Thus, when the cosmology is shown to be impossible, any expected ensuing results or benefits will be rendered also impossible. The so-called "heaviest burden" will be exposed as complex, engrossing "what if speculations deserving no linkings to reality. To identify ^Alderman p. 84 abridgments of logic, contradictions and inconsistencies in Nietzsche's doctrine of eternal recurrence of the same, I. will examine the subject under the following schedule. In Chapter 1 the ancient origins of recurrence theories will be introduced. ..This chapter is intended to establish the boundaries within which the subsequent chapters, except Chapter 10, will be confined. Chapter 2, Zarathustra's vision of E-R, assesses the sections of Thus Spoke Zarathustra in which the phenomenon of recurrence of the same is reported. ..Nihilism as a psychological difficulty is introduced in this rubric, but that subject will be studied in detail in Chapter 8. In Chapter 2 the symbols of eternal recurrence of the same will be considered. Whether the recurrence image should be of a closed ring or as a coil will be of significance in many sections of my essay. I will argue that neither symbolic configuration can accommodate Nietzsche's supposed intention. Chapter 3 defends the description of E-R given by Zarathustra. Chapter 4, the cosmological mechanics of E-R, speculates on the seriousness with which Nietzsche might have intended the doctrine of eternal recurrence to be taken. My essay reports, and then assesses, the argument of those who suppose the doctrine to have been merely exploratory musings by Nietzsche on cosmological hypotheses...The cosmogony of E-R is examined. In Chapter 5, cosmological proofs tested, the proofs for Nietzsche's doctrine of return of the same are evaluated. This chapter features the position taken by Martin ' Heidegger. My essay suggests that while Heidegger's argument that recurrence of the same is a genuine cosmic agenda is admirable, it is not at all persuasive. Chapter 6, E-R is an ethical imperative, is in essence the reporting of a debate between two scholars regarding the possibility of an imperative in the doctrine of recurrence. Their debate polarizes the arguments I intend to develop. Chapter 7, does E-R of the same preclude alteration of attitudes, is a continuation of the debate presented in Chapter 6 with the focus shifted to the psychological from the cosmological aspects of eternal recurrence of the same. Chapter 8, Can E-R Overcome Nihilism?, is divided into two parts. In the first, nihilism as it applies to Nietzsche's theory is discussed. ..In part 2, the broader consequences, sources and definitions of nihilism are outlined. My essay argues that Nietzsche's doctrine is more nihilistic than are the world's major religions. Chapter 9, Is E-R a redemption for revenge?, examines the suggestion extracted from Thus Spoke Zarathustra that the doctrine of eternal recurrence is intended, among other purposes, as a redemption for mankind from the destructiveness of revenge. Chapter 10, E-R of the similar refuted, analyses a position that an element of chance can influence the doctrine of recurrence. This view appears to allow, not for recurrence of the same, but recurrence of the similar. A summary will recount briefly the various significant logic abridgments, contradictions, and inconsistencies associated with Nietzsche's doctrine of eternal recurrence of the same. In the 'conclusion' section of my essay my own opinions and observations will be assembled from the body of the essay.

Marginal/minority popular music : the concept of the "third space" and the case for "hybridities" of cultures/identities /

The topic of this thesis is marginaVminority popular music and the question of identity; the term "marginaVminority" specifically refers to members of racial and cultural minorities who are socially and politically marginalized. The thesis argument is that popular music produced by members of cultural and racial minorities establishes cultural identity and resists racist discourse. Three marginaVminority popular music artists and their songs have been chosen for analysis in support of the argument: Gil Scott-Heron's "Gun," Tracy Chapman's "Fast Car" and Robbie Robertson's "Sacrifice." The thesis will draw from two fields of study; popular music and postcolonialism. Within the area of popular music, Theodor Adorno's "Standardization" theory is the focus. Within the area of postcolonialism, this thesis concentrates on two specific topics; 1) Stuart Hall's and Homi Bhabha's overlapping perspectives that identity is a process of cultural signification, and 2) Homi Bhabha's concept of the "Third Space." For Bhabha (1995a), the Third Space defines cultures in the moment of their use, at the moment of their exchange. The idea of identities arising out of cultural struggle suggests that identity is a process as opposed to a fixed center, an enclosed totality. Cultures arise from historical memory and memory has no center. Historical memory is de-centered and thus cultures are also de-centered, they are not enclosed totalities. This is what Bhabha means by "hybridity" of culture - that cultures are not unitary totalities, they are ways of knowing and speaking about a reality that is in constant flux. In this regard, the language of "Otherness" depends on suppressing or marginalizing the productive capacity of culture in the act of enunciation. The Third Space represents a strategy of enunciation that disrupts, interrupts and dislocates the dominant discursive construction of US and THEM, (a construction explained by Hall's concept of binary oppositions, detailed in Chapter 2). Bhabha uses the term "enunciation" as a linguistic metaphor for how cultural differences are articulated through discourse and thus how differences are discursively produced. Like Hall, Bhabha views culture as a process of understanding and of signification because Bhabha sees traditional cultures' struggle against colonizing cultures as transforming them. Adorno's theory of Standardization will be understood as a theoretical position of Western authority. The thesis will argue that Adorno's theory rests on the assumption that there is an "essence" to music, an essence that Adorno rationalizes as structure/form. The thesis will demonstrate that constructing music as possessing an essence is connected to ideology and power and in this regard, Adorno's Standardization theory is a discourse of White Western power. It will be argued that "essentialism" is at the root of Western "rationalization" of music, and that the definition of what constitutes music is an extension of Western racist "discourses" of the Other. The methodological framework of the thesis entails a) applying semiotics to each of the three songs examined and b) also applying Bhabha's model of the Third Space to each of the songs. In this thesis, semiotics specifically refers to Stuart Hall's retheorized semiotics, which recognizes the dual function of semiotics in the analysis of marginal racial/cultural identities, i.e., simultaneously represent embedded racial/cultural stereotypes, and the marginal raciaVcultural first person voice that disavows and thus reinscribes stereotyped identities. (Here, and throughout this thesis, "first person voice" is used not to denote the voice of the songwriter, but rather the collective voice of a marginal racial/cultural group). This dual function fits with Hall's and Bhabha's idea that cultural identity emerges out of cultural antagonism, cultural struggle. Bhabha's Third Space is also applied to each of the songs to show that cultural "struggle" between colonizers and colonized produces cultural hybridities, musically expressed as fusions of styles/sounds. The purpose of combining semiotics and postcolonialism in the three songs to be analyzed is to show that marginal popular music, produced by members of cultural and racial minorities, establishes cultural identity and resists racist discourse by overwriting identities of racial/cultural stereotypes with identities shaped by the first person voice enunciated in the Third Space, to produce identities of cultural hybridities. Semiotic codes of embedded "Black" and "Indian" stereotypes in each song's musical and lyrical text will be read and shown to be overwritten by the semiotic codes of the first person voice, which are decoded with the aid of postcolonial concepts such as "ambivalence," "hybridity" and "enunciation."

The effects of quinpirole in eliciting 50 kHz calls from the rat nucleus accumbens /

Fifty kHz rat vocalizations are theorized to reflect a positive affective state, and index the reward value of stimuli (Knutson, Burgdorf & Panksepp, 2002; Panksepp & Burgdorf, 2003; Brudzynski,2005). Previous studies have identified the neurochemical substrate of this behaviour to be dependent on dopaminergic activity at the nucleus accumbens shell (Burgdorf, Knutson, Panksepp & Ikemoto, 2001; Thompson, Leonard & Brudzynski, 2006). The utilization of d-amphetamine (a non-selective dopamine agonist) in these studies does not address the specific dopamine receptor types involved. The present study aims to identify the role of the D2- like family of receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell in the production of 50 kHz vocalizations in adult rats. Single injections of quinpirole in a saline vehicle were administered to the nucleus accumbens shell of 57 rats, and the number of 50 kHz vocalizations were recorded. An inverted V-shaped relationship was found between quinpirole dose (0.5 ~g, 3 ~g, 6 ~g, 1 0 ~g and 20 ~g, all in 0.2~1 saline) and the mean number of 50 kHz calls produced. Quinpirole successfully elicited significantly more 50 kHz calls than did a saline control at the 6 ~g dose, as did 7 ~g/0.2 ~l of d-amphetamine injections into the same brain site. To test whether a selective D2 antagonist could reverse elicited 50 kHz calling, double injections were given that used either saline or raclopride as a pretreatment before quinpirole injections. Saline followed by 6 ~g/0.2 ~l of quinpirole elicited significantly more 50 kHz vocalizations than did a double injection of saline, while pretreatment with an equimolar dose of raclopride reduced elicited calls to control levels. Raclopride was also used as a pretreatment of 7 ~g/0.2 ~l d-amphetamine, which elicited significantly fewer 50 kHz vocalizations than saline followed by amphetamine, replicating the finding of Thompson, Leonard & Brudzynski (2006).Subcutaneous injections of 0.5 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg of quinpirole produced a similar number of 50 kHz vocalizations as subcutaneous injection of saline. Wider dose ranges may be explored in fiiture research. Thus, direct activation of the Da-like receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell was sufficient to elicit 50 kHz vocalizations in adult rats, an effect which was reversed with selective local antagonism of Da-like receptors. The Da-like receptor family also appears necessary for pharmacological activation of 50 kHz calling, as d-amphetamine was no longer able to effectively elicit these vocalizations from the nucleus accumbens shell when the Da-receptor family was antagonized with raclopride. The acoustic parameters of elicited vocalizations remained typical of rat 50 kHz calls. Detailed analyses of the acoustic characteristics of elicited calls indicated significant increases in call duration and peak frequency across drug injection groups, particularly among quinpirole dose groups. The implications of these findings are not yet clear, but may represent an important direction for future research into the coding of semiotic content into affective signals in rats.

Behavioural, mensural, and ecological correlates of polygyny in the eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna)

During 1982 and 1983 I studied male attributes and attributes of the territory of male Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) in order to determine whether there was a correlation between any of the attributes investigated and the number of females attracted by a male. Seventeen males, nine of which were polygynous and eight monogamous, were studied in 1982 and sixteen males.of which .. seven were polygynous and nine ~onogamous, were studied in 1983. The study was conducted in Short Hills Park, 10 km southwest of St. Catharines, Ontario and was designed to compare two hypotheses: the "sexy son" hypothesis (Weatherhead and Robertson,1977) and the polygyny threshold model (Verner and Willson,1966, Orians, 1969). Male attributes investigated were male size and song behaviour. Six measures of male size were taken: weight, flattened and natural wing chord length, culmen length, bill depth and length of the tarsometatarsus. In 1983 song repertoire size and song versatility measures were investigated. Attributes of the territory studied were: territory size, density of plant stems, percentage plant cover and measures of vegetation structure. In 1983 Arthropods were collected from each territory and sorted according to taxonomic group and size. During 1983, territory attributes were sampled twice, once early and once later in the nesting season. Analysis of data involved univariate comparisons between monogamous and polygynous males using T-tests and multivariate comparisons were made using discriminant function analysis (DFA) and principle components analysis (PCA).No correlations were found between the number of females attracted with, .ny measure of male size or with me, .sures of song versatili or size of song repertoire. Also no correlation was found between terri size and the number of females nesting on a terri . Some attributes of the male's terri id distinguish between monog,mous and po s males of thistudy. Analysis of Arthropod numbers showed that e~ .eran counts were significantly great~r on polygynous territories, a1 the total numb~rs of Arthropods collected showed no s fico .nt differences between territories of monogamous and po males. DFA chose ear teran and Hymenopteran counts as multivariate discriminators; both variables we' e more vegetation revealed that there were no univariate differences between the two groups of males fOT 1982 stem densities, but ~ spp. and Solidago spp. were chosen DFA as multivariate discriminators. The total number of plant stems and of Vicia spp. stems were s ficantly the early 1983 ing on monogamous territories for however DFA found no multivariate discriminators" Variables concerned with the overall aspects of vegetation structure showed significant differences between territories of monogamous and polygynous males. DFA of the 1982 sampling of vegetation structure showed significantly greater mat depth and vegetation height on polygynous territories, a finding which was not supported, however, by peA. For the early 1983 sampling period, plant height was greater on polygynous territories. Multivariate analysis identified greater green cover on polygynous territories, greater ground cover on monogamous territories, and greater depth of mat material on monogamous territories as discriminators between territories of monogamous and polygynous males. A DFA on the major variables of the study showed no significant difference between the territories of monogamous and polygynous male Meadowlarks. Of the correlations found, some were for non-prey Arthr~ods, for cover plants with very small samples sizes, or for variables which were greater for monogamous males during one sampling period and polygynous males during the next. While multivariate discriminators were found, peA showed no grouping of monogamous or polygynous males according to any of the variables investigated. On the basis of the univariate and multivariate analysis of major variables, I concluded that there were no correlations between the number of females attracted with male attributes and no unambiguous correlation with attributes of the territory. My study does not unequivocally support either the "sexy son" or the polygyny threshold hypothesis.

Individual differences and factors affecting male behaviour in field crickets

Individual differences in male sexual behav~our and the factors influencing calling behaviour were studied in the field crickets Gryllus 2 integer and Q. veletis. In a large (13m) outdoor arena individually numbered adult male ~~ integer started calling at three to five days of age but thereafter the age of individual G. integer males did not affect nightly calling duration. Calling also did not correlate with individual weight. In this study individual male calling was continuously distributed from 0 hrs. per night to 3.5 hrs. per night, on average. A temporal effect on the number of G. integer males calling was observed. The number of males calling through the night was uniform, but a sharp increase in the number calling was observed in the early morning. No difference in calling times was observed between the night and dawn callers. AlsC)' males calling at dawn usually didnotc'all during the preceeding night. Calling and reproductive success in 1979 demonstrated a negative logarithmic relationship while in the 1980(initial) population a negative linear relationship was observed. No relationship was seen in the 1980 high density population. The ratio of non-callers to callers also affected the mating of individuals in the 1979 and1980(initial) densities:-non~callers (males calling .5 hrs. per night, on average, or less) obtained more females when the population contained a high number of callers, this being a negative logarithmic relationship to, No such relationship was observed in the 1980 high density population. Individual displacement varied nightly and was not correlated to amount of calling or reproductive success of individual G. integer males. G. integer males were displa~ed more when in a higher density in the outdoor arena Male G. integer and G. veletis behaviours were also observed in an indoor arena at different densities and, in G. veletis, with respect to female presence. When females were present in the arena, in G. veletis, male calling was reduced. Males of both species called less, on average, when in ~ higher density, than when they were in a lower density. Male displacement of both species increased on average when in a higher density as compared to displacement in a lower density. Aggression was measured by aggressive call-ing and fighting and was studied in regards to density.G. integer demonstrated less aggression in all but one comparison at higher density. No difference was observed in the ratio of aggressive calling to f.ighting comparison in G. integer. G. veletis demonstrated mixed results. No difference in aggression between densities was observed in comparisons. Less.aggression did occur in higher densities when comparisons invol.ved fighting behaviour. Male behaviour represents a competitive strategy against ot~er males, strategy being defined as a genetic (in part) alternative to other strategies. In this sense, the factors of time, density, male-male aggression, and female presence are conditions demonstrated to affect male behaviour in G. integer and G. veletis. Individual male differences and other considerations suggest that alternative male behaviours are represented by at least two conditional strategies. This possibility, and the transient 'or stable nature of genetic polymorphisms in field cricket behaviour are considered.

Male reproductive competition in the field crickets : gryllus veletis and G. pennsylvanicus

Sexual behavior in the field crickets, Gryllus veletis and G. pennsylvanicus , was studied in outdoor arenas (12 m2) at high and low levels of population density in 1983 and 1984. Crickets were weighed, individually marked, and observed from 2200 until 0800 hrs for at least 9 continuous nights. Calling was measured at 5 min intervals, and movement and matings were recorded hourly. Continuous 24 hr observations were also conducted,·and occurrences of aggressive and courtship songs were noted. The timing of males searching, calling, courting, and fighting for females should coincide with female movement and mating patterns. For most samples female movement and matings occurred at night in the 24 hr observations and were randomly distributed with time for both species in the 10 hr observations. Male movement for G. veletis high density only was enhanced at night in the 24 hr observations, however, males called more at night in both species at high and low densities. Male movement was randomly distributed with time in the 10 hr observations, and calling increased at dawn for the G. pennsylvanicus 1984 high density sample, but was randomly distributed in other samples. Most courtship and aggression songs in the 24 hr observations were too infrequent for statistical testing and generally did not coincide with matings. Assuming residual reproductive value, and costs attached to a male trait in terms of future reproductive success decline with age, males should behave in more costly ways with age; by calling and moving more with age. Consequently, mating rates should increase with age. Female behavior may not change with age. G. veletis , females moved more with age at both low density samples, however, crickets moved less with age at high density. G. pennsylvanicus females moved more with age in the 1984 low density sample, whereas crickets moved less with age in the 1983 high density sample. For both species males in the 1984 high density samples called less with age. For G. pennsylvanicus in 1983 calling and mating rates increased with age. Mating rates decreased with age for G. veletis males in the high density sample. Aging may not affect cricket behavior. As population density increases fewer calling sites become available, costs of territoriality increase, and matings resulting from non-calling behavior should increase. For both species the amount of calling and in G. veletis the distance travelled per night was not different between densities. G. pennsylvanicus males and females moved more at low density. At the same deneity levels there were no differences in calling, mating, and, movement rates in G. veletis , however, G. pennsylvanicus males moved more at high density in 1983 than 1984. There was a positive relationship between calling and mating for the G. pennsylvanicus low density sample only, and selection was acting directly to increase calling. For both species no relationships between movement and mating success was found, however, the selection gradient on movement in the G. veletis high density population was significant. The intensity of selection was not significant and was probably due to the inverse relationship between displacement and weight. Larger males should call more, mate more, and move less than smaller males. There were no correlations between calling and individual weight, and an inverse correlation between movement and size in the G. veletis high density population only. In G. pennsylvanicus , there was a positive correlation between individual weight and mating, but, some correlate of weight was under counter selection pressure and-prevented significance of the intensity of selection. In contrast, there was an inverse correlation in the G.·veletis low density B sample. Both measures of selection intensities were significant and showed that weight only was under selection pressures. An inverse correlation between calling and movement was found for G. veletis at low density only. Because males are territorial, females are predicted to move more than males, however, if movement is a mode of male-male reproductive competition then males may move more than females. G. pennsylvanicus males moved more than females in all samples, however, G. veletis males and females moved similar distances at all densities. The variation in relative mating success explained by calling scores, movement, and weight for both species and all samples were not significant In addition, for both species and all samples the intensity of selection never equalled the opportunity for selection.