Mephedrone pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration in rats: relation to pharmacodynamics

Rationale Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) is a still poorly known drug of abuse, alternative to ecstasy or cocaine. Objective The major aims were to investigate the pharmacokineticsa and locomotor activity of mephedrone in rats and provide a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Methods Mephedrone was administered to male SpragueDawley rats intravenously (10 mg/kg) and orally (30 and 60 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations and metabolites were characterized using LC/MS and LC-MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Locomotor activity was monitored for 180240 min. Results Mephedrone plasma concentrations after i.v. administration fit a two-compartment model (α=10.23 h−1, β=1.86 h−1). After oral administration, peak mephedrone concentrations were achieved between 0.5 and 1 h and declined to undetectable levels at 9 h. The absolute bioavailability of mephedrone was about 10 % and the percentage of mephedrone protein binding was 21.59±3.67%. We have identified five phase I metabolites in rat blood after oral administration. The relationship between brain levels and free plasma concentration was 1.85±0.08. Mephedrone induced a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity, which lasted up to 2 h. The pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic model successfully describes the relationship between mephedrone plasma concentrations and its psychostimulant effect. Conclusions We suggest a very important first-pass effect for mephedrone after oral administration and an easy access to the central nervous system. The model described might be useful in the estimation and prediction of the onset, magnitude,and time course of mephedrone pharmacodynamics as well as to design new animal models of mephedrone addiction and toxicity.

Assainissement des agglomérations . [Circulaire n° 93 du Ministre de la santé publique et de la population, du 12 mai 1950, relative à l'assainissement des agglomérations.]

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Établissements d'hospitalisation, de soins ou de cure. Statut du personnel . Edition mise à jour au 1er mai 1956. [Ministère de la santé publique et de la population.]

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Fosses septiques et appareils équivalents . [Circulaires du Ministère de la santé publique et de la population. Edition mise à jour au 15 janvier 1957.]

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Clinical relevance of L-carnitine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition in postoperative trauma. Metabolic effects of continuous or acute carnitine administration with special reference to fat oxidation and nitrogen utilization.

Carnitine-free total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is claimed to result in a carnitine deficiency with subsequent impairment of fat oxidation. The present study was designed to evaluate the possible benefit of carnitine supplementation on postoperative fat and nitrogen utilization. Sixteen patients undergoing total esophagectomy were evenly randomized and received TPN without or with L-carnitine supplementation (74 mumol.kg-1.d-1) during 11 postoperative days. On day 11, a 4-h infusion of L-carnitine (125 mumol/kg) was performed in both groups. The effect of supplementation was evaluated by indirect calorimetry, N balance, and repeated measurements of plasma lipids and ketone bodies. Irrespective of continuous or acute supplementation, respiratory quotient and fat oxidation were similarly maintained throughout the study in both groups whereas N balance appeared to be more favorable without carnitine. We conclude that carnitine-supplemented TPN does not improve fat oxidation or promote N utilization in the postoperative phase.

Maladies rares et médicaments orphelins: un défi de santé publique

Définies par une prévalence inférieure à 1⁄2000, lesmaladies rares toucheraient 5 à 6 % de la population,soit environ 500 000 personnes en Suisse. Une vasteenquête européenne a révélé pour la première foisavec précision les difficultés et les besoins despatients atteints, et montré que leur prise en chargen'est pas optimale. Des plans nationaux pour lesmaladies rares ont été développés ou vont l'être aucours de prochaines années dans la plupart des payseuropéens. La Suisse a un retard de plusieurs annéesdans ce domaine, mais des initiatives récentespourraient permettre de le combler si elles sontlargement soutenues. Les médicaments orphelins,destinés à un petit nombre de patients mais souventextrêmement coûteux, sont une source potentiellede tensions entre intérêt individuel et intérêt collectif.Entité éthique, sociale, économique, mais aussiscientifique et clinique, les maladies rares et leurstraitements confrontent aux limites des connaissanceset des ressources. Elles constituent un enjeu de santépublique et un défi que la Suisse est invitée à relever.