Descripción del comportamiento de insectos y enfermedades asociadas al cultivo de fresa (Fragaria spp, L) en el municipio de la Sabana, departamento de Madriz

La fresa ( Fragaria spp , L), es una planta herbácea, pertenece a la familia de las Rosácea s y al genero Fragariae, esta es hospedera de un sin número de insectos plagas y enfermedades. Actualmente en Nicaragua se cultiva en zonas altas, arriba de los 1200 msnm como una alternativa de diversificación de fincas cafetaleras y a la demanda que existe del producto. Estas alturas se ubican en los departamentos de Madríz, en el municipio de La Sabana, no existiendo hasta la fecha un reporte formal sobre los principales insectos plagas e insectos benéficos y enfermedades presentes en el cultivo. Ante tal situación y debido a la importancia que esta tomando este cultivo, se realizó una investigación con el objetivo de identificar y describir la fluctuación poblacional de todos los insectos e incidencia de enfermedades presentes en el cultivo de fresa. El estudio se realizó en la finca La Patasta, Municipio de la Sabana, Departamento de Madríz, en el periodo comprendido entre Octubre 2004 a Abril 2005. El monitoreo se realizó semanalmente en una parcela la cual constaba de cinco sitios específicos, realizando capturas manuales de especimenes con ayudas de vasos cristalinos y cámaras húmedas en el caso de enfermedades. Los resultados obtenidos fueron los siguientes: se identificó y se describió la fluctuación poblacional de insectos de las principales familias del orden Coleóptera (Chrysomelidae, Scarabaeidae, Curculionidae), así como las principales familias del orden Hemiptera (Pentatomidae, Miridae, Ligaeidae,) también las familias del orden Orthoptera (Gryllidae) y el Orden Homóptera (Cicadellidae), de igual forma se identificò y describió la fluctuación poblacional de depredadores naturales de la familia Coccinellidae y Aracnidae, así como también se identificaron y se describieron las principales enfermedades causadas por (Mycosphaerella fragariae, Xanthomonas fragariae y Botrytis spp) presentes en este cultivo

A Multimoment Finite-Volume Shallow-Water Model On The Yin-Yang Overset Spherical Grid

A numerical model for shallow-water equations has been built and tested on the Yin-Yang overset spherical grid. A high-order multimoment finite-volume method is used for the spatial discretization in which two kinds of so-called moments of the physical field [i.e., the volume integrated average ( VIA) and the point value (PV)] are treated as the model variables and updated separately in time. In the present model, the PV is computed by the semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian formulation, whereas the VIA is predicted in time via a flux-based finite-volume method and is numerically conserved on each component grid. The concept of including an extra moment (i.e., the volume-integrated value) to enforce the numerical conservativeness provides a general methodology and applies to the existing semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian formulations. Based on both VIA and PV, the high-order interpolation reconstruction can only be done over a single grid cell, which then minimizes the overlapping zone between the Yin and Yang components and effectively reduces the numerical errors introduced in the interpolation required to communicate the data between the two components. The present model completely gets around the singularity and grid convergence in the polar regions of the conventional longitude-latitude grid. Being an issue demanding further investigation, the high-order interpolation across the overlapping region of the Yin-Yang grid in the current model does not rigorously guarantee the numerical conservativeness. Nevertheless, these numerical tests show that the global conservation error in the present model is negligibly small. The model has competitive accuracy and efficiency.

Shallow Water Model On Cubed-Sphere By Multi-Moment Finite Volume Method

A global numerical model for shallow water flows on the cubed-sphere grid is proposed in this paper. The model is constructed by using the constrained interpolation profile/multi-moment finite volume method (CIP/MM FVM). Two kinds of moments, i.e. the point value (PV) and the volume-integrated average (VIA) are defined and independently updated in the present model by different numerical formulations. The Lax-Friedrichs upwind splitting is used to update the PV moment in terms of a derivative Riemann problem, and a finite volume formulation derived by integrating the governing equations over each mesh element is used to predict the VIA moment. The cubed-sphere grid is applied to get around the polar singularity and to obtain uniform grid spacing for a spherical geometry. Highly localized reconstruction in CIP/MM FVM is well suited for the cubed-sphere grid, especially in dealing with the discontinuity in the coordinates between different patches. The mass conservation is completely achieved over the whole globe. The numerical model has been verified by Williamson's standard test set for shallow water equation model on sphere. The results reveal that the present model is competitive to most existing ones. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Estudio comparativo de cinco métodos para determinar ciertas constantes físicas del suelo

En el presente trabajo, se estudió la comparación de cinco diferentes métodos aplicados en la determinación de la capacidad de campo en porcentaje de humedad,coeficiente de Marchitez en porcentaje de humedad, Peso volumetrico en gramos por centímetro cubico, la calibración del método para la determinación de la capacidad de campo, se considero el procedimiento mas adecuado para determinar el volumen de agua en metros cúbicos que hay que agregar a un suelo, para ser llevado a su capacidad de campo, el porcentaje de humedad critica, y el numero de días que tarda un suelo al pasar de su capacidad de campo a su coeficiente de Marchitez. Se usaron muestras de diferentes suelos, pertenecientes a las series Esquipulas, Sabana Grande, Nejapa y Majada; se usaron los métodos del Tamiz, Bureta y Bomba de vacío para la determinación de la capacidad de campo, el método del tomate para la determinación del coeficiente de Marchitez y los métodos de la Parafina y el cilindro, para la determinación del peso volumetrico. Se considero para la determinación de la capacidad de campo en porcentaje de humedad, el promedio deducido de un numero de cinco pruebas realizadas al emplear el método del tamiz, y el promedio deducido de un numero de diez pruebas hechas, utilizando los métodos de la Bureta y de la Bomba de vacío respectivamente. similarmente, se considero para la determinación del coeficiente de Marchitez, el promedio resultante de la repetición de dos veces la misma prueba en cada suelo. En la determinación del peso volumetrico en g/cc., se considero igualmente, el promedio obtenido de cinco pruebas hechas en los suelos de las series de Esquipulas, Nejapa y Majada utilizando el método de la parafina y el promedio obtenido de siete pruebas realizadas en el suelo de las serie de Sabana Grande usando 4 cilindros de 500 cc., 2 cilindros de 150 cc y un cilindro de 100 cc., empleando en esta prueba consecuentemente el método del cilindro. Para la determinación del volumen de agua en metros cubicos, se considero la utilización de los promedios de la capacidad de campo, coeficiente de Marchitez y peso volumetrico. Se empleo para este calculo la formula Va= (CC-CM)xPV x Area x profundidad, 100 , en donde (Va)corresponde al volumen de agua, (CC) a la capacidad de campo, (CM) al coeficiente de marchitez, (PV) al peso volumetrico, (Area) a la superficie en metros cuadrados a que se tomaron las muestras y (profundidad) corresponde a la profundidad a que se tomaron las muestras de suelo. Para la determinación del porcentaje de humedad critica, se considero los datos promedios de capacidad de campo y coeficiente de marchitez, así como el limite critico de 85% considerado como constante. Se realizo análisis estadístico de los métodos usados para cada suelo, se calculo la regresión de los porcentajes de humedad sobre los días transcurridos para alcanzar la marchitez permanente, se calculo la ecuación de predicción y la significación del coeficiente de regresión. El método de la bomba de vacío fue el menos variable de los métodos usados en la determinación de la capacidad de campo y suele ser el mas indicado para el calculo del volumen de agua y el porcentaje de humedad critica. Las características texturales y estructurales de los suelos estudiados fue determinante en la variabilidad de los métodos usados. Se concluyo diciendo que toda serie de suelo que presente las características texturales y estructurales de las series sometidas a estas determinaciones, pueden ser consideradas con valores similares a los valores de cada una de las constantes obtenidas y que sus posibilidades de riego, estarán directamente relacionadas a los promedios de los valores encontrados.

A visão de futuro dos deputados sobre o parlamento [gravação de vídeo]

No processo de elaboração do novo ciclo de gestão estratégica (2012-2023), deputados relatam suas expectativas sobre a Câmara dos Deputados nos próximos anos.

A luta da comunidade indígena Guarani-Kaiowá

Relatório final da Comissão Externa destinada a acompanhar a luta da comunidade indígena Guarani-Kaiowá, do Mato Grosso do Sul, para permanecer às margens do Rio Hovy, próximo ao território tradicional Pyelyto Kue/Mbarakay

Wide Screening of Phage-Displayed Libraries Identifies Immune Targets in Planta

Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns and virulence effectors are recognized by plants as a first step to mount a defence response against potential pathogens. This recognition involves a large family of extracellular membrane receptors and other immune proteins located in different sub-cellular compartments. We have used phage-display technology to express and select for Arabidopsis proteins able to bind bacterial pathogens. To rapidly identify microbe-bound phage, we developed a monitoring method based on microarrays. This combined strategy allowed for a genome-wide screening of plant proteins involved in pathogen perception. Two phage libraries for high-throughput selection were constructed from cDNA of plants infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14, or from combined samples of the virulent isolate DC3000 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and its avirulent variant avrRpt2. These three pathosystems represent different degrees in the specificity of plant-microbe interactions. Libraries cover up to 26107 different plant transcripts that can be displayed as functional proteins on the surface of T7 bacteriophage. A number of these were selected in a bio-panning assay for binding to Pseudomonas cells. Among the selected clones we isolated the ethylene response factor ATERF-1, which was able to bind the three bacterial strains in competition assays. ATERF-1 was rapidly exported from the nucleus upon infiltration of either alive or heat-killed Pseudomonas. Moreover, aterf-1 mutants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to infection. These findings suggest that ATERF-1 contains a microbe-recognition domain with a role in plant defence. To identify other putative pathogen-binding proteins on a genome-wide scale, the copy number of selected-vs.-total clones was compared by hybridizing phage cDNAs with Arabidopsis microarrays. Microarray analysis revealed a set of 472 candidates with significant fold change. Within this set defence-related genes, including well-known targets of bacterial effectors, are over-represented. Other genes non-previously related to defence can be associated through this study with general or strain-specific recognition of Pseudomonas.

Der Anteil Transportwasser bei Heringsanlandungen mittels Vakuumsauganlage in Großraumbehältern

Estimation of the water content of herring landings caused by pressure-vacuum double tank pumps and using of multi purpose transport containers About 80 % of herring that is landed in the fish processing company Euro-Baltic Fischverarbeitungs GmbH Mukran, on the Isle of Rügen at the Baltic coast is transported from the cutter into the processing plant by pumping. For this purpose 700 l-Euro-size polyethylene tubs (containers) are filled with herring by means of a pressure-vacuum pump-systems during the unloading of the cutter. To be able to pump the fish from the hold on board it is kept floating in water (transport water). At the end of the pumping/transporting process the fish ends in a dewatering box before reaching the tub, where the transport water is separated from the fish. Then, the not completely dewatered fish is slipped into the transport containers. The amount of transport water reaching the containers depends on the type of PV-equipment and on the amount of transport water in the fish holds of the different cutters. Methodologically the mixture of fish and water must be weighed together. For the experiments specially designed transport container were used which allow the measurement of the run-off of the water to be quantified and thus to measure the proportion of water remaining with the fish. Based on 30 experiments it could be shown that on average 6 % of remaining weight of the mixture is water. Furthermore, factors were detected which influence the variability of the proportion of water.

Object oriented simulation of hybrid renewable energy systems focused on supervisor control

EFTA 2009

Novel Papillomaviruses in Free-Ranging Iberian Bats: No Virus-Host Co-evolution, No Strict Host Specificity, and Hints for Recombination

Papillomaviruses (PVs) are widespread pathogens. However, the extent of PV infections in bats remains largely unknown. This work represents the first comprehensive study of PVs in Iberian bats. We identified four novel PVs in the mucosa of free-ranging Eptesicus serotinus (EserPV1, EserPV2, and EserPV3) and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (RferPV1) individuals and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships within the viral family. We further assessed their prevalence in different populations of E. serotinus and its close relative E. isabellinus. Although it is frequent to read that PVs co-evolve with their host, that PVs are highly species-specific, and that PVs do not usually recombine, our results suggest otherwise. First, strict virus-host co-evolution is rejected by the existence of five, distantly related bat PV lineages and by the lack of congruence between bats and bat PVs phylogenies. Second, the ability of EserPV2 and EserPV3 to infect two different bat species (E. serotinus and E. isabellinus) argues against strict host specificity. Finally, the description of a second noncoding region in the RferPV1 genome reinforces the view of an increased susceptibility to recombination in the E2-L2 genomic region. These findings prompt the question of whether the prevailing paradigms regarding PVs evolution should be reconsidered.

The federal photovoltaics commercialization program

The dissertation presents a political and economic history of the federal government's program to commercialize photovoltaic energy for terrestrial use. Chapter 1 is a detailed history of the program. Chapter 2 is a brief review of the Congressional roll call voting literature. Chapter 3 develops PV benefit measures at the state and Congressional district level necessary for an econometric analysis of PV roll call voting. Chapter 4 presents the econometric analysis.

Because PV power was considerably more expensive than conventional power, the program was designed to make PV a significant power source in the long term, emphasizing research and development, although sizeable amounts have been spent for procurement (direct government purchases and indirectly through tax credits). The decentralized R and D program pursued alternative approaches in parallel, with subsequent funding dependent on earlier progress. Funding rose rapidly in the 1970s before shrinking in the 1980s. Tax credits were introduced in 1978, with the last of the credits due to expire this year.

Major issues in the program have been the appropriate magnitude of demonstrations and government procurement, whether decentralized, residential use or centralized utility generation would first be economic, the role of storage in PV, and the role of PV in a utility's generation mix.

Roll call voting on solar energy (all votes analyzed occurred from 1975-1980) was influenced in a cross-sectional sense by all the influences predicted: party and ideology, local economic benefits of the technology, local PV federal spending and manufacturing, and appropriations committee membership. The cross-sectional results for ideology are consistent with the strongly ideological character of solar energy politics and the timing of funding increases and decreases discussed in Chapter 1. Local PV spending and manufacturing was less significant than ideology or the economic benefits of the technology. Because time series analysis of the votes was not possible, it is not possible to test the role of economic benefits to the nation as a whole.

Rational design of zinc phosphide heterojunction photovoltaics

The prospect of terawatt-scale electricity generation using a photovoltaic (PV) device places strict requirements on the active semiconductor optoelectronic properties and elemental abundance. After reviewing the constraints placed on an "earth-abundant" solar absorber, we find zinc phosphide (α-Zn₃P₂) to be an ideal candidate. In addition to its near-optimal direct band gap of 1.5 eV, high visible-light absorption coefficient (>10⁴ cm^-1), and long minority-carrier diffusion length (>5 μm), Zn₃P₂ is composed of abundant Zn and P elements and has excellent physical properties for scalable thin-film deposition. However, to date, a Zn₃P₂ device of sufficient efficiency for commercial applications has not been demonstrated. Record efficiencies of 6.0% for multicrystalline and 4.3% for thin-film cells have been reported, respectively. Performance has been limited by the intrinsic p-type conductivity of Zn₃P₂ which restricts us to Schottky and heterojunction device designs. Due to our poor understanding of Zn₃P₂ interfaces, an ideal heterojunction partner has not yet been found.

The goal of this thesis is to explore the upper limit of solar conversion efficiency achievable with a Zn₃P₂ absorber through the design of an optimal heterojunction PV device. To do so, we investigate three key aspects of material growth, interface energetics, and device design. First, the growth of Zn₃P₂ on GaAs(001) is studied using compound-source molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). We successfully demonstrate the pseudomorphic growth of Zn₃P₂ epilayers of controlled orientation and optoelectronic properties. Next, the energy-band alignments of epitaxial Zn₃P₂ and II-VI and III-V semiconductor interfaces are measured via high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in order to determine the most appropriate heterojunction partner. From this work, we identify ZnSe as a nearly ideal n-type emitter for a Zn₃P₂ PV device. Finally, various II-VI/Zn₃P₂ heterojunction solar cells designs are fabricated, including substrate and superstrate architectures, and evaluated based on their solar conversion efficiency.

A Model For Residential Adoption of Photovoltaic Systems

The rapid rise in the residential photo voltaic (PV) adoptions in the past half decade has created a need in the electricity industry for a widely-accessible model that estimates PV adoption based on a combination of different business and policy decisions. This work analyzes historical adoption patterns and finds fiscal savings to be the single most important factor in PV adoption, with significantly greater predictive power compared to all other socioeconomic factors including income and education. We can create an application available on Google App Engine (GAE) based on our findings that allows all stakeholders including policymakers, power system researchers and regulators to study the complex and coupled relationship between PV adoption, utility economics and grid sustainability. The application allows users to experiment with different customer demographics, tier structures and subsidies, hence allowing them to tailor the application to the geographic region they are studying. This study then demonstrates the different type of analyses possible with the application by studying the relative impact of different policies regarding tier structures, fixed charges and PV prices on PV adoption.