Transient dominance in a central African rain forest

The large-crowned emergent tree Microberlinia bisulcata dominates rain forest groves at Korup National Park, Cameroon, along with two codominants, Tetraberlinia bifoliolata and T. korupensis. M. bisulcata has a pronounced modal size frequency distribution around 110 cm stem diameter: its recruitment potential is very poor. It is a long-lived light-demanding species, one of many found in African forests. Tetraberlinia species lack modality, are more shade tolerant, and recruit better. All three species are ectomycorrhizal. M. bisulcata dominates grove basal area, even though it has similar numbers of trees (≥50 cm stem diameter) as each of the other two species. This situation presented a conundrum that prompted a long-term study of grove dynamics. Enumerations of two plots (82.5 and 56.25 ha) between 1990 and 2010 showed mortality and recruitment of M. bisulcata to be very low (both rates 0.2% per year) compared with Tetraberlinia (2.4% and 0.8% per year), and M. bisulcata grows twice as fast as the Tetraberlinia. Ordinations indicated that these three species determined community structure by their strong negative associations while other species showed almost none. Ranked species abundance curves fitted the Zipf-Mandelbrot model well and allowed “overdominance” of M. bisulcata to be estimated. Spatial analysis indicated strong repulsion by clusters of large (50 to <100 cm) and very large (≥100 cm) M. bisulcata of their own medium-sized (10 to <50 cm) trees and all sizes of Tetraberlinia. This was interpreted as competition by M. bisulcata increasing its dominance, but also inhibition of its own replacement potential. Stem coring showed a modal age of 200 years for M. bisulcata, but with large size variation (50–150 cm). Fifty-year model projections suggested little change in medium, decreases in large, and increases in very large trees of M. bisulcata, accompanied by overall decreases in medium and large trees of Tetraberlinia species. Realistically increasing very-large-tree mortality led to grove collapse without short-term replacement. M. bisulcata most likely depends on climatic events to rebuild its stands: the ratio of disturbance interval to median species' longevity is important. A new theory of transient dominance explains how M. bisulcata may be cycling in abundance over time and displaying nonequilibrium dynamics.

Ueber Wistaria chinensis D. C. (Glycine sinensis Bol. May)

Von Juwelier M. Hermann

Immago Spectaculi quod, in Nobiliore Theatro de vico S Benedicti, Magnis Russiæ Ducibus Nicolaus Michaelius, et Philippus Calbo, Sapienties Ærario Præfecti, ex D. C. exhibuerunt XI. Kal. Feb. MDCCLXXXII.

Signatur des Originals: S 36/G04596

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 568 - Korrespondenzen u.a. mit Margot von Mendelssohn (p. VI 28, 232-393)

133 Briefe zwischen Max Horkheimer und Margot von Mendelssohn; 2 Briefe zwischen Margot von Mendelssohn und Western Defense Command and Fourth Army (San Francisco), 1942; 1 Briefe an die Wartime Civil Control (San Francisco) von Margot von Mendelssohn, 1.12.1942; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an die Wartime Civil Control (San Francisco), [1942]; 3 Briefe an das Police Department (West Los Angeles) von Max Horkheimer, 1942; 1 Brief von Margot von Mendelssohn an L. M. Newberry, 03.09.1942; 1 Brief an L. M. Newberry von Max Horkheimer, 31.08.1942; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an U. S. Attorney (Los Angeles), 16.06.1942; 1 Brief von der Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society (New York) an Max Horkheimer, 29.10.1941; 1 Brief an das Department of State (Washington D. C.) von F. Pollock, 30.07.1941; 1 Brief von Leo Löwenthal an das Department of State (Washington D. C.), 28.07.1941;

Analyses of maternal and child mortality rates of five West African countries: Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone

After traveling to a small country in West Africa last summer, I became interested in learning more about the maternal, infant, and child death rates of that particular region of the continent. For the purposes of this paper I limited the number of countries that would be included in this research to five: Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. There are three hypotheses that were considered when conducting the research for this paper. The first was that there is no difference in the under five mortality rates for Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. The second hypothesis was that there is no difference in the female literacy rates for Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. The final hypothesis was that there is no difference in the male literacy rates for Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. The data used were collected from publicly available sources that include the CIA World Factbook, the WHO website, the UNICEF website, the Penn World Data table, and the World Bank website. The p-values that were calculated for all three hypotheses were found to be very significant, and all three of the null hypotheses were rejected. ^