Age and Growth of an Endemic Tibetan Fish, Schizothorax o'connori, in the Yarlung Tsangpo River

We investigated the age and growth of Schizothorax o'connori in the Yarlung Tsangpo River by examination of annuli from otoliths. The von Bertalanffy model was the most acceptable statistical growth model. Its parameters were as follows: SL infinity = 492.4 mm, K = 0.1133, t(0) = -0.5432 year and W-infinity = 1748.9 g for females; SL infinity = 449.0 mm, K = 0.1260, t(0) = -0.4746 year and W-infinity = 1287.0 g for males. Theoretical longevity was 25.9 years for the female and 23.3 years for the male. Moreover, females had larger asymptotic length and weight compared with males.

A low latency optical top of rack switch for data centre networks with minimized processor energy load

We propose a low latency optical data center top of rack switch using recirculation buffering and a hybrid MZ/SOA switch architecture to reduce the network power dissipated on future optically connected server chips by 53%. © OSA 2014.

Conservation strategies for endemic fish species threatened by the Three Gorges Dam

The largest damming project to date, the Three Gorges Dam has been built along the Yangtze River (China), the most species-rich river in the Palearctic region. Among 162 species of fish inhabiting the main channel of the upper Yangtze, 44 are endemic and are therefore under serious threat of global extinction from the dam. Accordingly, it is urgently necessary to develop strategies to minimize the impacts of the drastic environmental changes associated with the dam. We sought to identify potential reserves for the endemic species among the 17 tributaries in the upper Yangtze, based on presence/absence data for the 44 endemic species. Potential reserves for the endemic species were identified by characterizing the distribution patterns of endemic species with an adaptive learning algorithm called a "self-organizing map" (SOM). Using this method, we also predicted occurrence probabilities of species in potential reserves based on the distribution patterns of communities. Considering both SOM model results and actual knowledge of the biology of the considered species, our results suggested that 24 species may survive in the tributaries, 14 have an uncertain future, and 6 have a high probability of becoming extinct after dam filling.

Performance improvement of GaN based Schottky barrier ultraviolet photodetector by adding a thin AlGaN window layer

We propose a new structure of GaN based Schottky barrier ultraviolet photodetector, in which a thin n-type AlGaN window layer is added on the conventional n(-)-GaN/n(+)-GaN device structure. The performance of the Schottky barrier ultraviolet photodetector is found to be improved by the new structure. The simulation result shows that the new structure can reduce the negative effect of surface states on the performance of Schottky barrier GaN photodetectors, improving the quantum efficiency and decreasing the dark current. The investigations suggest that the new photodetector can exhibit a better responsivity by choosing a suitably high carrier concentration and thin thickness for the AlGaN window layer.

Dielectric relaxation of poled polymer DCNP/PMMA

We have prepared the polymer thin films of a 3-(1,1-dicyanothenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (DChTP)/poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) guest-host system by spin coating. In order to investigate their temporal and temperature stability, we have measured their dielectric relaxation spectra including the frequency dependence of the real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants. The investigated frequency ranged from 50 Hz to 10 MHz. The measured temperature range above the glass transition temperature T-g (95 degrees C) of the DCNP/PMMA system was from 95 degrees C to 1250C. By using the Adam-Gibbs model, the temperature dependence of the characteristic time tau above T-g was fitted, and the values of the characteristic times tau below T-g were estimated. The lifetimes of the polymer were evaluated by the Kohlrausch-Williams Watts (KWW) empirical decay model. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

分子间链缠结与高聚物的转变和松驰

玻璃化转变与结构松驰是高聚物的两个非常重要的现象，对高聚物的许多物理性质、使用温度范围、以及长期使用性能等都起着至关重要的决定作用。影响高聚物的玻璃化转变温度的因素有高聚物结构单元的化学结构，分子量的大小以及分布，分子链间的交联以及结晶等，而高聚物的链缠结对其玻璃化转变湿度也有着重要的影响。高聚物的链缠结概念首先是由高聚物的分子量--粘度之间的关系得出的。1940 年 Flory 首先发现对于柔性链聚合物而言，其液态的零切粘度同其分子量成正比；此后，1948 年 Fox 和 Flory 发现当聚合物链的长度超过某一临界值时，粘度与分子量的 3.4 次方成正比，而在临界值之下时粘度与他子量的 1 次方成正比。Bueche 于 1952 年首次提出了高聚物链缠结的概念，并对粘度与分子量的关系进行了成功的解释。链缠结从此之后就成为线性高聚物的一个重要特征并成为控制熔（溶）体流变和固体形变机制的关键因素。关于链缠结的理论也有许多，其中应用最为广泛的有蛇链模型（Reptation Model）和管子模型（Tube Model）等。1969年 Flory 提出聚合物的性质同其均方无扰尺寸有关，此后Doi 和 Edwards 得出了高聚物的链缠结同其无扰尺寸的关系。在通常情况下高聚物在本体状态下是以无规线团的形式彼此相互缠绕在一起的，根本无法相互区分开。而通过特殊的方法可以将在极稀溶液中保持彼此孤立的聚合物分子从溶液中分离出来，并且保持在溶液中的相互孤立状态，从而得到单链高聚物。在单链状态下高聚物分子之间是相互分离的，不存在分子间的链缠结作用，因此通过测定单链高聚物的性质，并与本体状态进行比较，就可以得出分子间链缠结对高聚物性质的影响。我们在本工作中采用了一种新的方法－－快速蒸发法来制备高聚物的单链状态样品。具体步骤就是将由沸点远低于 100 ℃ 的溶剂所制成的高分子溶液逐滴滴加到在恒温槽中保持沸腾的水中，溶剂就会在瞬间蒸发出去，而高聚物则基本上保持在溶液中的状态析出。对于几种链段僵硬性不同的高聚物在不同浓度下进行快速蒸发而得到的样品，在相同的升温速率下，用 DSC 方法测定其玻璃化转变温度，发现这些高聚物的玻璃化转变温度随制备溶液浓度的变化都有相同的变化趋势，即在其临界浓度之上时，制备样品的玻璃化转变温度基本上不随浓度的变化而改变，并且同本体状态下的样品的 Tg 温度相近。而在临界浓度以下时，样品的玻璃化温度则随制备溶液浓度的降低而明显下降，在些浓度范围内玻璃化温度与溶液浓度的对数大致成一线性关系。在我们所研究的三种高聚物中，样品的玻璃化温度受制备溶液浓度的影响程度是不一样的，对 PS 的玻璃化转变湿度的影响最大，而对于 PES-C 的影响最小。为了定量地描述制备溶液的浓度变化对样品玻璃化转变温度的影响，我们定义了一个参数 s , s 的值越大，则表明浓度的降低对玻璃化温度下降的影响越明显。对于我们所研究的三种聚合物，S_(PS)>S_(PC)>S_(PES-C)。我们在本工作中还对单链状态对高聚物的结构松弛行为的影响进行了初步的研究，发现同本体样品相比，单链样品的热焓松弛峰所处的温度也比较低，这同其玻璃化转变温度较低相对应。并且同本体样品的焓松弛峰相比，单链样品松弛峰的峰高较低，峰的面积（同松弛焓相对应）也比本体样品的要小，但松弛峰的峰宽却变宽。由 KWW 方程及 TNM 现象学模型通过曲线拟合得出了本体样品与单链样品的结构松弛参数，发现对于所研究的三种高聚物，单链样品的松弛焓相对本体而言都有显著的降低，而特征时间并没有明显的变化，这其中的原因可能是单链状态下的高聚物，发现单链状态对其松弛焓的降低的影响程度也有差异，对于 PS 的影响最为显著，而对 PES－C 的影响最小，这同单链状态对玻璃化转变温度的影响相一致。在研究 PES－C 的分子量的变化对其结构松弛行为的影响时，通过 DSC 方法测出了 PES－C 在不同升温速率下的玻璃化温度，得到了玻璃化转变温度对升温速率的变化曲线，由 1/Tg 对 logQ_h这一直线的斜率，得出了 PES－C 样品的结构松弛的活化能 Δh~*，并且发现对于不同分子量的 PES－C 样品，尽管 Δh~* 和 Tg 的值各不相同，但是 Δh~*/Tg~2 的值却近似为一常数。这样，我们只要知道 PES-C 在某一分子量下的 Tg 以及 Δh~* 值，就可以推算出其它分子量的 PES-C 样品的 Δh~* 值。对于 PES-C 在不同退火温度下的焓变 ΔH(t) 对松弛时间 ta 的曲线进行拟合，并用 KWW 方程（Kraulsch — Watts — Williams）以及结构松弛的 NM（Narayanaswamy — Moynihan）现象学模型进行解析，得出了 PES-C 的结构松弛参数，如极限焓松弛 ΔH_∞，非指数性参数 β，特征结构松弛时间 logτ_c，非线性参数 x 等。并且发现对于不同分子量的样品，其结构弛行为对分子量的大小有着很强的依赖性，在退火间隔温度（Tg — Ta）相同时，特征松弛时间 logτ_c 随着分子量的增加而增加，极限焓松弛 ΔH_∞ 则随着 PES-C 分子量的增加而降低。这些都同 PC 和 PS 有着明显的区别。我们用分子链的运动性随分子量的变化对此作了解释，同普通柔性链高聚物相比，PES－C 的分子链的中间部分所受的限制更为强烈，相对只有链端部分可以相对自由运动。链端的数目随着分子量的降低而增加，因此当分子量降低时，样品在松弛过程中更加容易重排，因此相应的极限焓松弛 ΔH_∞ 也更大。

深地震探测的分辨率分析——以南海北部OBS数据为例

多次深地震探测结果表明南海北部陆缘地壳结构在走向和倾向上都有明显的变化.在一些相隔很近的测线上，

Aggregation and precipitation in high dose as ion implanted Ge0.5Si0.5 alloy

Thermally stimulated redistribution and precipitation of excess arsenic in Ge0.5Si0.5 alloy has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and X-ray energy disperse spectrometry (EDS). Samples were prepared by the implantation of 6 X 10(6) As+ cm(-2) and 100 keV with subsequent thermal processing at 800 degrees C and 1000 degrees C for 1 h. The XPS depth profiles from the implanted samples before and after the thermal annealing indicate that there is marked redistribution of the elements in heavily arsenic-implanted Ge0.5Si0.5 alloys during the annealing, including: (1) diffusion of As from the implanted region to the surface; (2) aggregation of Ge in the vicinity of the surface. A high density of precipitates was observed near the surface which were by XTEM and EDS identified as an arsenide. It is suggested that most of the implanted As in Ge0.5Si0.5 alloy exists in the form of GeAs.

Characterization of Phosphorus Diffused ZnO Bulk Single Crystals

Phosphorus was diffused into CVT grown undoped ZnO bulk single crystals at 550 and 800℃ in a closed quartz tube. The P-diffused ZnO single crystals were characterized by the Hall effect, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, photoluminescence spectroscopy （PL）, and Raman scattering. The P-diffused ZnO single crystals are n-type and have higher free electron concentration than undoped ZnO, especially for the sample diffused at 800℃. The PL measurement reveals defect related visible broad emissions in the range of 420-550nm in the P-diffused ZnO samples. The XPS result suggests that most of the P atoms substitute in the Zn site after they diffuse into the ZnO single crystal at 550℃ ,while the P atom seems to occupy the O site in the ZnO samples diffused at 800℃. A high concentration of shallow donor defect forms in the P-diffused ZnO,resulting in an apparent increase of free electron concentration.