Developing Creative Solutions to the Problems of Children and their Families: Communicative Reason and the use fo Forum Theatre

Building on Habermas’s conceptualisation of modes of reasoning, the authors proposed that an application of critical theory to the present bureaucratised nature of communication between state representatives and welfare recipients (Howe 1992) might open up ways in which social workers could reconceptualise their practice. In a subsequent edition of this journal, three of the present authors introduced the radical theatre of Augusto Boal as a methodology which might provide an expressive route for social workers seeking to build a practice combining the intellectual analysis of critical theory with new ways of working (Spratt et al. 2000). Boal’s method recognises the oppressed status of groups who come to the attention of agents of the state and, through the use of a range of theatrical techniques, introduces strategies to facilitate the conscious recognition of such collective oppressions and develop dialogical ways to address them. In the last paper, the authors presented one such technique, ‘image theatre’, and demonstrated its use with social workers in consciousness raising and developing strategies for collective action.

Investigation Into The Subambient Behavior Of Aqueous Mannitol Solutions Using Temperature-controlled Raman Microscopy

Abstract The aim was twofold; to demonstrate the ability of temperature-controlled Raman microscopy (TRM) to locate mannitol within a frozen system and determine its form; to investigate the annealing behavior of mannitol solutions at -30 °C. The different polymorphic forms of anhydrous mannitol as well as the hemihydrate and amorphous form were prepared and characterized using crystal or powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as appropriate and Raman microscopy. Mannitol solutions (3% w/v) were cooled before annealing at -30 °C. TRM was used to map the frozen systems during annealing and was able to differentiate between the different forms of mannitol and revealed the location of both ß and d polymorphic forms within the structure of the frozen material for the first time. TRM also confirmed that the crystalline mannitol is preferentially deposited at the edge of the frozen drop, forming a rim that thickens upon annealing. While there is no preference for one form initially, the study has revealed that the mannitol preferentially transforms to the ß form with time. TRM has enabled observation of spatially resolved behavior of mannitol during the annealing process for the first time. The technique has clear potential for studying other crystallization processes, with particular advantage for frozen systems.

Viscosity of binary mixtures of cycloalkane with cycloalkane, alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon at 303.15 K

The viscosity ? for eighteen binary mixtures cyclopentane + cyclohexane and + cyclooctane; cyclohexane + cycloheptane, + cyclooctane, + methylcyclohexane, + n-hexane, + n-heptane, + n-octane, + i-octane, + benzene, + toluene, + ethylbenzene, + p-xylene, and + propylbenzene; methylcyclohexane + n-hexane, + i-octane, and + benzene; and cyclooctane + benzene have been reported at 303.15 K over the entire range of composition. The viscosity deviations ?? and excess Gibbs energy of activation ?G*E of viscous flow based on Eyring's theory have been calculated. The effects of molecular sizes and shapes of the component molecules and of interaction energy in the mixture have been discussed. The viscosity data have been correlated with the equations of Grunberg and Nissan, Hind, McLaughlin and Ubbelohde, Tamura and Kurata, Katti and Chaudhri, McAllister, Heric and Brewer, and of Auslaender.

Speeds of sound, isentropic compressibilities, viscosities, and excess molar volumes of binary mixtures of alkanoates with tetra- and trichloromethanes at 303.15 K

Speeds of sound u, isentropic compressibilities ?S, viscosities ?, excess isentropic compressibilities ?SE, excess molar volumes VE, viscosity deviations ??, and excess Gibbs energies of activation ?G*E of viscous flow have been investigated for six binary mixtures of diethyl malonate, diethyl bromomalonate, and ethyl chloroacetate with tetra- and trichloromethane at 303.15 K. The values of ?SE, VE, ??, and ?G*E are highly dependent on the type of components involved and the composition curves are unsymmetrical. The results obtained for viscosity of binary mixtures were used to test the semi-empirical relations of Grunberg-Nissan, Tamura-Kurata, Hind-McLaughlin-Ubbelohde, Katti-Chaudhri, McAllister, Heric-Brewer and Auslaender. The experimental speeds of sound have been analyzed in terms of collision factor theory and free length theory of solutions.

Thermodynamic Studies of Ionic Interactions in Aqueous Solutions of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids [Emim][Br] and [Bmim][Cl]

Experimental measurements of density at different temperatures ranging from 293.15 to 313.15 K, the speed of sound and osmotic coefficients at 298.15 K for aqueous solution of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Emim][Br]), and osmotic coefficients at 298.15 K for aqueous solutions of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) in the dilute concentration region are taken. The data are used to obtain compressibilities, expansivity, apparent and limiting molar properties, internal pressure, activity, and activity coefficients for [Emim][Br] in aqueous solutions. Experimental activity coefficient data are compared with that obtained from Debye-Hückel and Pitzer models. The activity data are further used to obtain the hydration number and the osmotic second virial coefficients of ionic liquids. Partial molar entropies of [Bmim][Cl] are also obtained using the free-energy and enthalpy data. The distance of the closest approach of ions is estimated using the activity data for ILs in aqueous solutions and is compared with that of X-ray data analysis in the solid phase. The measured data show that the concentration dependence for aqueous solutions of [Emim][Br] can be accounted for in terms of the hydrophobic hydration of ions and that this IL exhibits Coulombic interactions as well as hydrophobic hydration for both the cations and anions. The small hydration numbers for the studied ILs indicate that the low charge density of cations and their hydrophobic nature is responsible for the formation of the water-structure-enforced ion pairs.