The life and letters of Lady Sarah Lennox, 1745-1826, daughter of Charles, 2nd Duke of Richmond, and successively the wife of Sir Thomas Charles Bunbury, Bart., and of the Hon. George Napier; also a short political sketch of the years 1760 to 1763,

Mode of access: Internet.

Derecho público provincial. Actas de la Convención reformadora de la Constitución de 1855 vijente hasta el año de 1870.

Mode of access: Internet.

Thackeray in the United States, 1852-3, 1855-6, including a record of a variety of Thackerayana,

"A bibliography of William Makepeace Thackeray in the United States": v. 2, p. [223]-399.

When vicars meet: A narrow contact zone between morphologically cryptic phylogeographic lineages of the rainforest skink, Carlia rubrigularis

Phylogeographic analyses of the fauna of the Australian wet tropics rainforest have provided strong evidence for long-term isolation of populations among allopatric refugia, yet typically there is no corresponding divergence in morphology. This system provides an opportunity to examine the consequences of geographic isolation, independent of morphological divergence, and thus to assess the broader significance of historical subdivisions revealed through mitochondrial DNA phylogeography. We have located and characterized a zone of secondary contact between two long isolated (mtDNA divergence > 15%) lineages of the skink Carlia rubrigularis using one mitochondrial and eight nuclear (two intron, six microsatellite) markers. This revealed a remarkably narrow (width < 3 km) hybrid zone with substantial linkage disequilibrium and strong deficits of heterozygotes at two of three nuclear loci with diagnostic alleles. Cline centers were coincident across loci. Using a novel form of likelihood analysis, we were unable to distinguish between sigmoidal and stepped cline shapes except at one nuclear locus for which the latter was inferred. Given estimated dispersal rates of 90-133 m x gen(-1/2) and assuming equilibrium, the observed cline widths suggest effective selection against heterozygotes of at least 22-49% and possibly as high as 70%. These observations reveal substantial postmating isolation, although the absence of consistent deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at diagnostic loci suggests that there is little accompanying premating isolation. The tight geographic correspondence between transitions in mtDNA and those for nuclear genes and corresponding evidence for selection against hybrids indicates that these morphologically cryptic phylogroups could be considered as incipient species. Nonetheless, we caution against the use of mtDNA phylogeography as a sole criterion for defining species boundaries.

The moderate voice of John Sherman and the Republican agenda 1855-1898

Republican John Sherman, United States Congressman, Senator, Treasury Secretary, and Secretary of State had a political career of major importance from 1855 to 1898, yet there have been only casual references by historians and only two biographies of him, with the most recent published in 1902. From a strong Whig Party background, he was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1854; switching to the Republicans that same year. Then elevated to the Senate in 1861, he served in that body throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction when he was the most important voice of party unity and moderation. In 1877, the new President Rutherford Hayes appointed Sherman Secretary of the Treasury. He returned to the Senate after the Hayes administration where he sat for the following 15 years. In this particularly notable period, he not only led the upper house, but he engineered more bills in Congress which bore his name than any other member of either house. These included the critically important Sherman Silver Purchase Act, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and Sherman Inter-State Commerce Act. In 1897 he left the Senate finally when William McKinley appointed him Secretary of State. ^ Through this long, distinguished career, Sherman was involved in all the important legislation that brought the country through the Civil War and Reconstruction and into the post-war world of the Gilded Age of rapid industrialization, and urban growth, Politically, he never strayed far from the nationalistic and economic principles of the Whig Party, and brought both these values to bear in the Republican Party that dominated American political life from 1860 to 1900. Similarly, party loyalty and loyalty to the President always characterized his service. He was indeed, an exemplar of political and statesmanship. ^ While research for this dissertation included review of both journal and monographic literature, its basis lies more critically in primary research in unpublished archival material in repositories from Maine to Ohio, in particular the Library of Congress. ^

Festpredigt bei Eröffnung des neuen Schulhauses zu Udligenschwil : gehalten in der Pfarrkirche daselbst den 11. November 1855

von M. Schürch, Religionslehrer am Lehrerseminar in Rathhausen

Les associations volontaires et le changement social : Sherbrooke, 1855-1909

[…] Le choix de la période que nous voulions étudier s'avérait capital. La période retenue devait exprimer l'importance de la vie associative au moment même où Sherbrooke allait connaître une brisure historique. Les motifs nous incitant à privilégier une période plutôt qu'une autre relèvent de considérations particulières. Du fait que les associations volontaires s'épanouissent davantage dans la vie moderne, typiquement urbaine, et que leur développement est lié au brassage des populations amené par l'industrialisation, il était clair que nous ne pouvions remonter au-delà de 1852, l'année de l'arrivée du chemin de fer. Car ce n'est qu'après l'avènement du rail que Sherbrooke connaît un essor remarquable. Sherbrooke devient un centre industriel important vers la fin des années 1860, on assiste alors à une poussée démographique significative. Le choix de l'année 1855 s'imposait, il est motivé par l'apparition d'un mouvement de permanence de la vie associative. Notre étude se termine en 1909 en raison de la rupture des conditions préexistantes que nous percevons à Sherbrooke. Dans la première décennie du 20e siècle nous remarquons une brusque transformation du climat social. L'année 1905 nous apparaît comme étant la charnière de deux époques. Il y a tout d'abord l'influence qu'exerce la formation de l'Alberta et de la Saskatchewan sur la population anglophone. On remarque, en plus de l'émigration massive, un dynamisme croissant des associations patronnées par l'Église. Déjà actives, au tournant du siècle, elles sont de plus en plus concurrencées par des associations séculières (profanes). Nous avons poursuivi nos recherches jusqu'en 1909 pour vérifier si le mouvement amorcé était passager ou permanent. Nous avons bel et bien constaté que le continuum se brise et que le leadership se déplace de la communauté anglophone vers la communauté francophone au milieu de la première décennie. La seconde décennie précipite ce changement pour des raisons différentes. L'époque dorée des petites et moyennes villes est révolue et la Première Guerre mondiale se chargera d'accélérer le processus d'intégration des sous-ensembles au grand ensemble. Nous avons divisé notre recherche en deux parties. Dans une première partie l'attention est dirigée vers les éléments entourant le développement de la vie associative, dans le but de mieux saisir la signification du phénomène. Nous voyons comment la ville de Sherbrooke devient un pôle d'attraction régional ainsi que la façon dont l'industrialisation et l'urbanisation se manifestent dans les Cantons-de-l'Est. Nous apportons par la suite certaines précisions sur le phénomène des associations volontaires en soi : un chapitre théorique, mais combien nécessaire pour bien cerner le rôle des associations volontaires sherbrookoises. La deuxième partie nous conduit au coeur de la société sherbrookoise. Nous entrevoyons les étapes du processus d'urbanisation par le biais de la vie associative. Le chapitre IV brosse un tableau des associations volontaires tout en permettant de dégager les lignes de force. Les chapitres V et VI exposent deux questions qui se détachent nettement lors de l'examen des associations volontaires. Il s'agit tout d'abord de l'impact à Sherbrooke des questions ethniques et religieuses, et deuxièmement du nouveau type de société qui émerge suite aux influences extérieures qui envahissent la ville. Le lecteur trouvera en annexe une liste chronologique et une liste typologique des associations volontaires.

The Scots in Ireland: culture, colonialism and memory, 1315-1826

This thesis examines three key moments in the intersecting histories of Scotland, Ireland and England, and their impact on literature. Chapter one Robert Bruce and the Last King of Ireland: Writing the Irish Invasion, 1315- 1826‘, is split into two parts. Part one, Barbour‘s (other) Bruce‘ focuses on John Barbour‘s The Bruce (1375) and its depiction of the Bruce‘s Irish campaign (1315-1318). It first examines the invasion material from the perspective of the existing Irish and Scottish relationship and their opposition to English authority. It highlights possible political and ideological motivations behind Barbour‘s negative portrait of Edward Bruce - whom Barbour presents as the catalyst for the invasion and the source of its carnage and ultimate failure - and his partisan comparison between Edward and his brother Robert I. It also probes the socio-polticial and ideological background to the Bruce and its depiction of the Irish campaign, in addition to Edward and Robert. It peers behind some of the Bruce‘s most lauded themes such as chivalry, heroism, loyalty, and patriotism, and exposes its militaristic feudal ideology, its propaganda rich rhetoric, and its illusions of freedom‘. Part one concludes with an examination of two of the Irish section‘s most marginalised figures, the Irish and a laundry woman. Part two, Cultural Memories of the Bruce Invasion of Ireland, 1375-1826‘, examines the cultural memory of the Bruce invasion in three literary works from the Medieval, Early Modern and Romantic periods. The first, and by far the most significant memorialisation of the invasion is Barbour‘s Bruce, which is positioned for the first time within the tradition of ars memoriae (art of memory) and present-day cultural memory theories. The Bruce is evaluated as a site of memory and Barbour‘s methods are compared with Icelandic literature of the same period. The recall of the invasion in late sixteenth century Anglo-Irish literature is then considered, specifically Edmund Spenser‘s A View of the State of Ireland, which is viewed in the context of contemporary Ulster politics. The final text to be considered is William Hamilton Drummond‘s Bruce’s Invasion of Ireland (1826). It is argued that Drummond‘s poem offers an alternative Irish version of the invasion; a counter-memory that responds to nineteenth-century British politics, in addition to the controversy surrounding the publication of the Ossian fragments. Chapter two, The Scots in Ulster: Policies, Proposals and Projects, 1551-1575‘, examines the struggle between Irish and Scottish Gaels and the English for dominance in north Ulster, and its impact on England‘s wider colonial ideology, strategy, literature and life writing. Part one entitled Noisy neighbours, 1551-1567‘ covers the deputyships of Sir James Croft, Sir Thomas Radcliffe, and Sir Henry Sidney, and examines English colonial writing during a crucial period when the Scots provoked an increase in militarisation in the region. Part two Devices, Advices, and Descriptions, 1567-1575‘, deals with the relationship between the Scots and Turlough O‘Neill, the influence of the 5th Earl of Argyll, and the rise of Sorley Boy MacDonnell. It proposes that a renewed Gaelic alliance hindered England‘s conquest of Ireland and generated numerous plantation proposals and projects for Ulster. Many of which exhibit a blurring‘ between the documentary and the literary; while all attest to the considerable impact of the Gaelic Scots in both motivating and frustrating various projects for that province, the most prominent of which were undertaken by Sir Thomas Smith in 1571 and Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex in 1573.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo I [1826]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1826.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo III [1826]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1826.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo IV [1826]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1826.

Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro. Tomo II [1826]

Anais do Parlamento Brasileiro, 1826.

Cymo andreossyi (Audouin, 1826)

Cymo andreossyi is found both in the live and dead branching corals of coral Pacillopora, Acropora and Montipora. Compared to the occurrence its compatriot C. melanodactylus, this species found in large numbers. The relationship is mutualistic, with the species occupying a niche similar to that occupied by the more colorful Trapezia species.