Political Influence, Economic Interests and Endogenous Tax Structure in a Computable Equilibrium Framework: with Applicatioon to the United States, 1973 and 1983

A full understanding of public affairs requires the ability to distinguish between the policies that voters would like the government to adopt, and the influence that different voters or group of voters actually exert in the democratic process. We consider the properties of a computable equilibrium model of a competitive political economy in which the economic interests of groups of voters and their effective influence on equilibrium policy outcomes can be explicitly distinguished and computed. The model incorporates an amended version of the GEMTAP tax model, and is calibrated to data for the United States for 1973 and 1983. Emphasis is placed on how the aggregation of GEMTAP households into groups within which economic and political behaviour is assumed homogeneous affects the numerical representation of interests and influence for representative members of each group. Experiments with the model suggest that the changes in both interests and influence are important parts of the story behind the evolution of U.S. tax policy in the decade after 1973.

The constitution of the United States, a critical discussion of it'sgenesis, development, and interpretation

UANL

Federalism and Fiscal Equalization in Canada and the United States, 1990-1999.

Rapport de recherche

The west coast of M��xico, from the boundary line between the United States and M��xico to Cape Corrientes, including the gulf of California

UANL

Arbitration and Judicial Power under the united States Constitution

��change, dans le cadre des matin��es constitutionnelles organis��es par le CRDP, entre Peter Bowman Rutledge, Professeur agr��g�� �� la Facult�� de droit de la Catholic Universiy of America et Roderick MacDonald, titulaire de la Chaire F.R. Scott en droit public et constitutionnel �� la Facult�� de droit de l'Universit�� de McGill. M. MacDonald est ��galement, chercheur associ�� au CRDP.

Message from the President of the United States to the two Houses of Congress: at the commencement of the first session of the Thirty-ninth Congress, with the reports of the heads of departments and selections from accompanying documents

UANL

Promoting while checking self-interest : a conflict-based governance approach to rebalance corporate power disequilibria in Canada and the United States

La d��l��gation du pouvoir de gestion aux administrateurs et aux gestionnaires, une caract��ristique intrins��que �� la gestion efficace de grandes entreprises dans un contexte de capitalisme, conf��re une grande discr��tion �� l�����quipe de direction. Cette discr��tion, si elle n���est pas surveill��e, peut mener �� des comportements opportunistes envers la corporation, les actionnaires et les autres fournisseurs de capital qui n���ont pas de pouvoir de gestion. Les conflits entre ces deux classes d���agents peuvent ��merger �� la fois de d��cisions de gouvernance g��n��rale ou de transactions particuli��res (ie. offre publique d���achat). Dans les cas extr��mes, ces conflits peuvent mener �� la faillite de la firme. Dans les cas plus typiques, ils m��nent l���extraction de b��n��fices priv��s pour les administrateurs et gestionnaires, l���expropriation des actionnaires, et des r��ductions de valeur pour la firme. Nous prenons le point de vue d���un petit actionnaire minoritaire pour explorer les m��chanismes de gouvernance disponibles au Canada et aux ��tats���Unis. Apr��s une synth��se dans la Partie 1 des th��ories sous���jacentes �� l�����tude du pouvoir dans la corporation (s��paration de la propri��t�� et du contr��le et les conflits d���agence), nous concentrons notre analyse dans la Partie 2 sur les diff��rents types de m��chanismes (1) de gouvernance interne, (2) juridiques et (3) marchands, qui conf��rent du pouvoir aux deux classes d���agents. Nous examinons comment les int��r��ts de ces deux classes peuvent ��tre r��align��s afin de pr��venir et r��soudre les conflits au sein de la firme. La Partie 3 explore un ��quilibre dynamique de pouvoir corporatif qui cherche �� minimiser le potentiel d���opportunisme toute en pr��servant une quantit�� de discr��tion suffisante pour la gestion efficace de la firme. Nous analysons des moyens pour renforcer les protections des actionnaires minoritaires et proposons un survol des pistes de r��forme possibles.

Le rapport Displaced Persons and Their Resettlement in the United States et le d��but des politiques d���accueil aux ��tats-Unis

R��SUM�� : Avec le d��nouement de la Deuxi��me Guerre mondiale, le probl��me des r��fugi��s en Europe devient un enjeu international. Plusieurs millions de personnes, que l���on nomme les Displaced Persons (DP), sont sans refuge et doivent recevoir une aide imm��diate pour survivre. M��me si la majorit�� de ces gens retourneront dans leurs pays d���origine, il reste encore des centaines de milliers de r��fugi��s en 1948. La seule solution concr��te pour r��gler cette probl��matique est l�����migration des r��fugi��s dans des pays pr��ts �� les accepter. Les Am��ricains jouent un r��le crucial en acceptant 415 000 DP entre 1948 et 1952 gr��ce au Displaced Persons Act de 1948 et ses amendements en 1950 et 1951. Apr��s d�����pres discussions entre les restrictionnistes et ceux qui d��fendent la lib��ralisation des lois d���immigration, na��tra le Displaced Persons Act (DP Act) sign�� avec beaucoup de r��ticence, le 25 juin 1948, par le pr��sident Harry S. Truman. Cette loi qui pr��voit la venue de 202 000 DP en deux ans, contient des mesures jug��es discriminatoires �� l'endroit de certaines ethnies. Afin d'am��liorer le DP Act, le Congr��s effectue des recherches sur la situation des r��fugi��s toujours dans les camps en 1949 tout en ��tudiant l���impact de la venue des DP aux ��tats-Unis entre 1948 et 1950. Cette ��tude est soumise sous forme de rapport, le Displaced Persons and Their Resettlement in the United States, le 20 janvier 1950. Ce m��moire propose une analyse minutieuse du rapport et de son contexte politique afin de d��montrer le r��le important de cette ��tude dans le processus d��cisionnel du Congr��s am��ricain visant �� accueillir un plus grand nombre de DP tout en posant les bases pour une politique d���accueil en mati��re de refugi��s.

The status and barriers to the implementation and continuation of the school gardening projects in Germany, Nigeria and the United States of America

In drawing a conclusion for this study, care must be taken in generalizing findings since the population of students and teachers investigated were limited to certain levels in the different schools and countries. This study recognized some complexity of the factors underlying the status of school gardening instruction and activities in Germany, Nigeria and the U.S. as inadequate time for decision-making in the process of gardening, motivation of teachers and students. This was seen as the major impediments that influenced the status of gardening in the three countries. However, these factors were considered to have affected students��� mode of participation in the school gardening projects. This research finding suggests that the promotion and encouragement of students in gardening activities will promote vegetable production and increasing the numbers of practical farmers. Gardening has the potential to create opportunities for learning in an environment where children are able to experience nature first hand and to use the shared experience for communication (Bowker & Tearle, 2007). Therefore, the need for students to be encouraged to participate in gardening programs as the benefit will not only reduce the rate of obesity currently spreading among youths, but will contribute to the improve knowledge on science subjects. To build a network between community, parents and schools, a parent���s community approach should be used as the curriculum. The community approach will tighten the link between schools; community members, parents, teachers and students. This will help facilitate a better gardening projects implementation. Through a close collaboration, teachers and students will be able to identify issues affecting communities and undertake action learning in collaboration with community organizations to assess community needs and plan the implementation strategies as parents are part of the community. The sense of efficacy is a central factor in motivational and learning processes that govern educational improvement, standard and performance on complex tasks of both teachers and students. Dedication and willingness are the major stimulator and achievement of a project. Through a stimulator and provision of incentives and facilities, schools can achieve the best in project development. Teachers and principals should be aware that students are the lever for achieving the set goals in schools. Failure to understand what students need will result in achieving zero result. Therefore, it is advised that schools focus more on how to lure students to work through proper collaboration with the parents and community members. Principals and teachers should identify areas where students need to be corrected, helping them to correct the problem will enable them be committed in the schools��� programs.

Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States

This working paper was originally printed in the Working Paper Series of the MIT International Motor Vehicle Program

Japanese Scientific And Technology Information in the United States - Public Policy and Private Initiatives

In January 1983 a group of US government, industry and university information specialists gathered at MIT to take stock of efforts to monitor, acquire, assess, and disseminate Japanese scientific and technical information (JSTI). It was agreed that these efforts were uncoordinated and poorly conceived, and that a clearer understanding of Japanese technical information systems and a clearer sense of its importance to end users was necessary. That meeting led to formal technology assessments, Congressinal hearings, and legislation; it also helped stimulate several private initiatives in JSTI provision. Four years later there exist better coordinated and better conceived JSTI programs in both the public and private sectors, but there remains much room for improvement. This paper will recount their development and assess future directions.

Vignettes and self-reported work disability in the United States: Correction of report heterogeneity

Subjective measures of health tend to suffer from bias given by reporting heterogeneity. however, some methodologies are used to correct the bias in order to compare self-assessed health for respondents with different sociodemographic characteristics. One of the methods to correct this is the hierarchical ordered probit (hopit), which includes rates of vignettes -hypothetical individuals with a fixed health state- and where two assumptions have to be fulfilled, vignette equivalence and response consistency. this methodology is used for the self-reported work disability for a sample of the united states for 2011. The results show that even though sociodemographic variables influence rating scales, adjusting for this does not change their effect on work disability, which is only influenced by income. the inclusion of variables related with ethnicity or place of birth does not influence the true work disability. however, when only one of them is excluded, it becomes significant and affects the true level of work disability as well as income.