Enhancement of optical absorption by modulation of the oxygen flow of TiO2 films deposited by reactive sputtering

Oxygen-deficient TiO2 films with enhanced visible and near-infrared optical absorption have been deposited by reactive sputtering using a planar diode radio frequency magnetron configuration. It is observed that the increase in the absorption coefficient is more effective when the O-2 gas supply is periodically interrupted rather than by a decrease of the partial O-2 gas pressure in the deposition plasma. The optical absorption coefficient at 1.5 eV increases from about 1 x 10(2) cm(-1) to more than 4 x 10(3) cm(-1) as a result of the gas flow discontinuity. A red-shift of similar to 0.24 eV in the optical absorption edge is also observed. High resolution transmission electron microscopy with composition analysis shows that the films present a dense columnar morphology, with estimated mean column width of 40nm. Moreover, the interruptions of the O-2 gas flow do not produce detectable variations in the film composition along its growing direction. X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman experiments indicate the presence of the TiO2 anatase, rutile, and brookite phases. The anatase phase is dominant, with a slight increment of the rutile and brookite phases in films deposited under discontinued O-2 gas flow. The increase of optical absorption in the visible and near-infrared regions has been attributed to a high density of defects in the TiO2 films, which is consistent with density functional theory calculations that place oxygen-related vacancy states in the upper third of the optical bandgap. The electronic structure calculation results, along with the adopted deposition method and experimental data, have been used to propose a mechanism to explain the formation of the observed oxygen-related defects in TiO2 thin films. The observed increase in sub-bandgap absorption and the modeling of the corresponding changes in the electronic structure are potentially useful concerning the optimization of efficiency of the photocatalytic activity and the magnetic doping of TiO2 films. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4724334]

Carlosbarbosaite, ideally (UO2)(2)Nb2O6(OH)(2)center dot 2H(2)O, a new hydrated uranyl niobate mineral with tunnels from Jaguaracu, Minas Gerais, Brazil: description and crystal structure

Carlosbarbosaite, ideally (UO2)(2)Nb2O6(OH)(2)center dot 2H(2)O, is a new mineral which occurs as a late cavity filling in albite in the Jaguaracu pegmatite, Jaguaracu municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The name honours Carlos do Prado Barbosa (1917-2003). Carlosbarbosaite forms long flattened lath-like crystals with a very simple orthorhombic morphology. The crystals are elongated along [001] and flattened on (100); they are up to 120 mu m long and 2-5 mu m thick. The colour is cream to pale yellow, the streak yellowish white and the lustre vitreous. The mineral is transparent (as individual crystals) to translucent (massive). It is not fluorescent under either long-wave or short-wave ultraviolet radiation. Carlosbarbosaite is biaxial(+) with alpha = 1.760(5), beta = 1.775(5), gamma = 1.795(5), 2V(meas) = 70(1)degrees, 2V(calc) = 83 degrees. The orientation is X parallel to a, Y parallel to b, Z parallel to c. Pleochroism is weak, in yellowish green shades, which are most intense in the Z direction. Two samples were analysed. For sample I, the composition is: UO3 54.52, CaO 2.07, Ce2O3 0.33, Nd2O3 0.49, Nb2O5 14.11, Ta2O5 15.25, TiO2 2.20, SiO2 2.14, Fe2O3 1.08, Al2O3 0.73, H2O (calc.) 11.49, total 104.41 wt.%; the empirical formula is (square 0.68Ca0.28Nd0.02Ce0.02)(Sigma=1.00)[U-1.44 square O-0.56(2.88)(H2O)(1.12)](Nb0.80Ta0.52Si0.27Ti0.21Al0.11Fe0.10)(Sigma=2.01) O-4.72(OH)(3.20)(H2O)(2.08). For sample 2, the composition is: UO3 41.83, CaO 2.10, Ce2O3 0.31, Nd2O3 1.12, Nb2O5 14.64, Ta2O5 16.34, TiO2 0.95, SiO2 3.55, Fe2O3 0.89, Al2O3 0.71, H2O (calc.) 14.99, total 97.43 wt.%; the empirical formula is (square 0.67Ca0.27Nd0.05Ce0.01)(Sigma=1.00)[U-1.04 square O-0.96(2.08)(H2O)(1.92)] (Nb0.79Ta0.53Si0.42Ti0.08Al0.10Fe0.08)(Sigma=2.00)O-4.00(OH)(3.96)(H2O)(2.04). The ideal endmember formula is (UO2)(2)Nb2O6(OH)(2)center dot 2H(2)O. Calculated densities are 4.713 g cm(-3) (sample 1) and 4.172 g cm(-3) (sample 2). Infrared spectra show that both (OH) and H2O are present. The strongest eight X-ray powder-diffraction lines [listed as d in angstrom(I)(hkl)] are: 8.405(8)(110), 7.081(10)(200), 4.201(9)(220), 3.333(6)(202), 3.053(8)(022), 2.931(7)(420), 2.803(6)(222) and 2.589(5)(040,402). The crystal structure was solved using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (R = 0.037) which gave the following data: orthorhombic, Cmem, a = 14.150(6), b = 10.395(4), c = 7.529(3) angstrom, V = 1107(1) angstrom(3), Z = 4. The crystal structure contains a single U site with an appreciable deficiency in electron scattering, which is populated by U atoms and vacancies. The U site is surrounded by seven 0 atoms in a pentagonal bipyramidal arrangemet. The Nb site is coordinated by four 0 atoms and two OH groups in an octahedral arrangement. The half-occupied tunnel Ca site is coordinated by four 0 atoms and four H2O groups. Octahedrally coordinated Nb polyhedra share edges and comers to form Nb2O6(OH)(2) double chains, and edge-sharing pentagonal bipyramidal U polyhedra form UO5 chains. The Nb2O6(OH)(2) and UO5 chains share edges to form an open U-Nb-phi framework with tunnels along [001] that contain Ca(H2O)(4) clusters. Carlosbarbosaite is closely related to a family of synthetic U-Nb-O framework tunnel structures, it differs in that is has an (OH)-bearing framework and Ca(H2O)(4) tunnel occupant. The structure of carlosbarbosaite resembles that of holfertite.

Influence of the Sol-Gel pH Process and Compact Film on the Efficiency of TiO2-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

The influence of pH during hydrolysis of titanium(IV) isopropoxide on the morphological and electronic properties of TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by the sol-gel method is investigated and correlated to the photoelectrochemical parameters of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) based on TiO2 films. Nanoparticles prepared under acid pH exhibit smaller particle size and higher surface area, which result in higher dye loadings and better short-circuit current densities than DSCs based on alkaline TiO2-processed films. On the other hand, the product of charge collection and separation quantum yields in films with TiO2 obtained by alkaline hydrolysis is c. a. 27% higher than for the acid TiO2 films. The combination of acid and alkaline TiO2 nanoparticles as mesoporous layer in DSCs results in a synergic effect with overall efficiencies up to 6.3%, which is better than the results found for devices employing one of the nanoparticles separately. These distinct nanoparticles can be also combined by using the layer-by-layer technique (LbL) to prepare compact TiO2 films applied before the mesoporous layer. DSCs employing photoanodes with 30 TiO2 bilayers have shown efficiencies up to 12% higher than the nontreated photoanode ones. These results can be conveniently used to develop optimized synthetic procedures of TiO2 nanoparticles for several dye-sensitized solar cell applications.

Photoconduction action spectra of regio-regular poly(3-hexylthiopene):TiO2 diodes

The development of polymer-based photovoltaic devices brings the promise of low-cost and lightweight solar energy conversion systems. This technology requires new materials and device architectures with enhanced efficiency and lifetime, which depends on the understanding of charge-transport mechanisms. Organic films combined with electronegative nanoparticles may form systems with efficient dissociation of the photogenerated excitons, thus increasing the number of carriers to be collected by the electrodes. In this paper we investigate the steady-state photoconductive action spectra of devices formed by a bilayer of regio-regular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RRP3HT) and TiO2 sandwiched between ITO and aluminum electrodes (ITO/TiO2:RRP3HT/Al). Photocurrents were measured for distinct bias voltages with illumination from either side of the device. Heterojunction structures were prepared by spin coating a RRP3HT film on an already deposited TiO2 layer on ITO. Symbatic and antibatic curves were obtained and a model for photocurrent action spectra was able to fit the symbatic responses. The quantum yield increased with the electric field, indicating that exciton dissociation is a field-assisted process as in an Onsager mechanism. Furthermore, the quantum yield was significantly higher when illumination was carried out through the ITO electrode onto which the TiO2 layer was deposited, as the highly electronegative TiO2 nanoparticles were efficient in exciton dissociation.

Estudio de la degradación de m-cresol, ácido ftálico y 2,4-diclorofenol mediante fotocatálisis heterogénea: síntesis y caracterización de fotocatalizadores basados en TiO2

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Photocatalytic degradation of phenolic compounds with new TiO2 catalysts

[EN] New TiO2 catalysts have been synthesised by means of a sol–gel method in which aggregates have been selected before thermal treatment. Sieving and calcination temperature have been proved to be key factors in obtaining catalysts with greater photoactivity than that of Degussa P-25. These new catalysts have been characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), BET surface area, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The different parameters studied were compared to those obtained from two commercial catalysts (Degussa P-25 and Hombikat-UV100). The photocatalytic efficiency of the new catalysts was evaluated by the degradation of various phenolic compounds using UV light (maximum around 365 nm, 9mW). The catalyst sieved and calcinated at 1023 K, ECT-1023t, showed phenol degradation rates 2.7 times higher than those of Degussa P-25. Also in the degradation of different phenolic compounds, this catalyst showed a higher activity than that of the commercial one. The high photoactivity of this new catalyst has been attributed to the different distribution of surface defects (determined from FTIR studies) and its increased capacity to yield H2O2

Síntesis y caracterización de fotocatalizadores basados en TiO2 : estudios de la degradación de los herbicidas ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético y bentazona mediante fotocatálisis heterogénea a escala de laboratorio y planta piloto solar

Programa de doctorado: Ingeniería ambiental y desalinización

Síntesis de fotocatalizadores basados en TiO2 para la eliminación de contaminantes en fase acuosa y gaseosa

Tutor: Javier Araña Mesa. Programa de doctorado: Ingenierías Química, Mecánica y de Fabricación

Photocatalytic hydrogen production by water splitting over Au-TiO2 commercial and home-made photocatalysts

[ES]Póster presentado en 3rd European Conference on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes.

El contenido del póster corresponde a parte del trabajo de tesis doctoral de la Dra. Cristina Rodríguez López.

Approccio colloidale per la preparazione di fotocatalizzatori nanostrutturati a base di TiO2

Oggigiorno si osserva a livello mondiale un continuo aumento dei consumi di acqua per uso domestico, agricolo ed industriale che dopo l’impiego viene scaricata nei corpi idrici (laghi, fiumi, torrenti, bacini, ecc) con caratteristiche chimico fisiche ed organolettiche completamente alterate, necessitando così di specifici trattamenti di depurazione. Ricerche relative a metodi di controllo della qualità dell’acqua e, soprattutto, a sistemi di purificazione rappresentano pertanto un problema di enorme importanza. I trattamenti tradizionali si sono dimostrati efficienti, ma sono metodi che operano normalmente trasferendo l’inquinante dalla fase acquosa contaminata ad un’altra fase, richiedendo perciò ulteriori processi di depurazione. Recentemente è stata dimostrata l’efficacia di sistemi nano strutturati come TiO2-Fe3O4 ottenuto via sol-gel, nella foto-catalisi di alcuni sistemi organici. Questo lavoro di tesi è rivolto alla sintesi e caratterizzazione di un catalizzatore nanostrutturato composito costituito da un core di Fe3O4 rivestito da un guscio di TiO2 separate da un interstrato inerte di SiO2, da utilizzare nella foto-catalisi di sistemi organici per la depurazione delle acque utilizzando un metodo di sintesi alternativo che prevede un “approccio” di tipo colloidale. Partendo da sospensioni colloidali dei diversi ossidi, presenti in commercio, si è condotta la fase di deposizione layer by layer via spray drying, sfruttando le diverse cariche superficiali dei reagenti. Questo nuovo procedimento permette di abbattere i costi, diminuire i tempi di lavoro ed evitare possibili alterazioni delle proprietà catalitiche della titania, risultando pertanto adatto ad una possibile applicazione su scala industriale. Tale sistema composito consente di coniugare le proprietà foto-catalitiche dell’ossido di titanio con le proprietà magnetiche degli ossidi di ferro permettendo il recupero del catalizzatore a fine processo. Il foto-catalizzatore è stato caratterizzato durante tutte la fasi di preparazione tramite microscopia SEM e TEM, XRF, Acusizer, spettroscopia Raman e misure magnetiche. L’attività foto-calitica è stata valutata con test preliminari utilizzando una molecola target tipo il rosso di metile in fase acquosa. I risultati ottenuti hanno dimostrato che il sistema core-shell presenta inalterate sia le proprietà magnetiche che quelle foto-catalitiche tipiche dei reagenti.

Processi di deposizione di blocking layers di TiO2 per Dye - Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)

Le Dye – Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) sono attualmente considerate tra le alternative più promettenti al fotovoltaico tradizionale. I ridotti costi di produzione e l’elevata versatilità di utilizzo rappresentano i punti di forza di questi dispositivi innovativi. Ad oggi la ricerca è concentrata prevalentemente sull’incremento delle prestazioni delle DSSC, ottenibile solamente attraverso un miglioramento delle funzioni dei singoli componenti e dell’interazione sinergica tra questi. Tra i componenti, ha recentemente assunto particolare interesse il blocking layer (BL), costituito generalmente da un film sottile di TiO2 depositato sulla superficie dell’anodo (FTO) e in grado di ottimizzare i fenomeni all’interfaccia FTO/TiO2/elettrolita. Nel corso di questo lavoro di tesi si è rivolta l’attenzione prevalentemente sulle caratteristiche del BLs (ad esempio proprietà morfologico – strutturali) cercando di mettere in correlazione il processo di deposizione con le caratteristiche finali del film ottenuto. A questo scopo è stato ottimizzato un processo di deposizione dei film via spin coating, a partire da soluzioni acquosa o alcolica di precursore (TiCl4). I film ottenuti sono stati confrontati con quelli depositati tramite un processo di dip coating riportato in letteratura. I BLs sono stati quindi caratterizzati tramite microscopia (SEM – AFM), spettrofotometria (UV.- Vis) e misure elettrochimiche (CV – EIS). I risultati ottenuti hanno messo in evidenza come i rivestimenti ottenuti da soluzione acquosa di precursore, indipendentemente dalla tecnica di deposizione utilizzata (spin coating o dip coating) diano origine a film disomogenei e scarsamente riproducibili, pertanto non idonei per l’applicazione nelle DSSC. Viceversa, i BLs ottenuti via spin coating dalla soluzione alcolica di TiCl4 sono risultati riproducibili, omogenei, e uniformemente distribuiti sulla superficie di FTO. Infine, l’analisi EIS ha in particolare evidenziato un effettivo aumento della resistenza al trasferimento di carica tra elettrodo FTO ed elettrolita in presenza di questi BLs, fenomeno generalmente associato ad un efficace blocking effect.

Messung von Q beta-Werten neutronenreicher Tc- bis Pd-Isotope im Massenbereich A=110 bis A=117

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zwölf Q(beta)-Werte von beta-instabilen Pd, Ru, Rh und Tc-Isotopen gemessen. Der betrachtete Massenbereich A=110 bis A=117 liegt am Rande des bekannten Gebiets der Nuklidkarte und umfasst sehr neutronenreiche kurzlebige Isotope dieser Elemente, die sich durch geringe Spalthäufigkeit auszeichnen. Durch die geringen (Spalt-)Häufigkeiten dieser Nuklide liegen kaum Daten vor, teilweise auch nicht über die Niveauschemata. Es ist daher notwendig, eine protoneninduzierte Spaltungsreaktion zur Darstellung dieser Isotope zu verwenden und die Spaltprodukte innerhalb kürzester Zeit für die Messung nach Massen aufzutrennen, wie dies am IGISOL in Jyväskylä/Finnland geschieht. Die aufgebaute Apparatur zur beta,gamma,X-Koinzidenz erlaubt es, während ein und desselben Experiments neben der Messung der Q(beta)-Werte gleichzeitig gamma,X-Koinzidenzen auszuwerten, die die benötigten Grundinformationen für die Q(beta)-Bestimmung über die beta,gamma-Koinzidenzen liefern. Es können somit nicht nur Q(beta)-Werte von Nukliden mit bereits bekannten Niveauschemata ermittelt, sondern auch erfolgreich Nuklide mit unvollständigen Niveauschemata einer ersten Messung unterzogen werden. Umgekehrt können beta,gamma-Koinzidenzdaten weitere Informationen zum Aufbau neuer Niveauschemata liefern. Mit Hilfe der beschriebenen Koinzidenzmessung konnten zwölf Q(beta)-Werte von sehr neutronenreichen Pd- bis Tc-Isotopen gemessen und daraus die Kernmassen, Massenüberschüsse und Neutronen-Separationsenergien bestimmt werden. Von diesen wurden acht Werte erstmalig bestimmt, ein weiterer Wert konnte bestätigt sowie die Fehler von drei weiteren Werten um den Faktor Zehn verringert werden. Die gewonnenen Daten sind von Interesse für die Beurteilung von Kernmassenmodellen und gehen ebenso in Modellrechnungen der nuklearen Astrophysik ein.