Mens rea in joint enterprise: a role for endorsement?

This paper argues that the problems commonly associated with the joint enterprise doctrine might be alleviated by supplementing the cognitive mens rea standard of foresight with a volitional element that looks to how the defendant related to the foreseen risk. A re-examination of the case law suggests that a mens rea conception of foresight plus endorsement might be within interpretative reach. The paper considers possible objections to such a development but ultimately rejects them. It concludes that it is not necessary to wait for Parliament to put in place reforms: joint enterprise is a creature of the common law, and the common law is able to tame it unaided.

Spontaneous facial mimicry is modulated by joint attention and autistic traits

Joint attention (JA) and spontaneous facial mimicry (SFM) are fundamental processes in social interactions, and they are closely related to empathic abilities. When tested independently, both of these processes have been usually observed to be atypical in individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). However, it is not known how these processes interact with each other in relation to autistic traits. This study addresses this question by testing the impact of JA on SFM of happy faces using a truly interactive paradigm. Sixty-two neurotypical participants engaged in gaze-based social interaction with an anthropomorphic, gaze-contingent virtual agent. The agent either established JA by initiating eye contact or looked away, before looking at an object and expressing happiness or disgust. Eye tracking was used to make the agent's gaze behavior and facial actions contingent to the participants' gaze. SFM of happy expressions was measured by Electromyography (EMG) recording over the Zygomaticus Major muscle. Results showed that JA augments SFM in individuals with low compared with high autistic traits. These findings are in line with reports of reduced impact of JA on action imitation in individuals with ASC. Moreover, they suggest that investigating atypical interactions between empathic processes, instead of testing these processes individually, might be crucial to understanding the nature of social deficits in autism

A joint state and parameter estimation scheme for nonlinear dynamical systems

We present a novel algorithm for concurrent model state and parameter estimation in nonlinear dynamical systems. The new scheme uses ideas from three dimensional variational data assimilation (3D-Var) and the extended Kalman filter (EKF) together with the technique of state augmentation to estimate uncertain model parameters alongside the model state variables in a sequential filtering system. The method is relatively simple to implement and computationally inexpensive to run for large systems with relatively few parameters. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method via a series of identical twin experiments with three simple dynamical system models. The scheme is able to recover the parameter values to a good level of accuracy, even when observational data are noisy. We expect this new technique to be easily transferable to much larger models.

Joint use of attribute importance rankings and non-attendance data in choice experiments

The joint and alternative uses of attribute non-attendance and importance ranking data within discrete choice experiments are investigated using data from Lebanon examining consumers’ preferences for safety certification in food. We find that both types of information; attribute non-attendance and importance rankings, improve estimates of respondent utility. We introduce a method of integrating both types of information simultaneously and find that this outperforms models where either importance ranking or non-attendance data are used alone. As in previous studies, stated non-attendance of attributes was not found to be consistent with respondents having zero marginal utility for those attributes

Inexpensive footwear decreases joint loading in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis

Recent literature has highlighted that the flexibility of walking barefoot reduces overload in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). As such, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inexpensive, flexible, non-heeled footwear (Moleca (R)) as compared with a modern heeled shoes and walking barefoot on the knee adduction moment (KAM) during gait in elderly women with and without knee OA. The gait of 45 elderly women between 60 and 70 years of age was evaluated. Twenty-one had knee OR graded 2 or 3 according to Kellgren and Lawrence`s criteria, and 24 who had no OA comprised the control group (CG). The gait conditions were: barefoot, Moleca (R), and modern heeled shoes. Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured to calculate KAM by inverse dynamics. For both groups, the Moleca (R) provided peak KAM and KAM impulse similar to barefoot walking. For the OA group, the Moleca (R) reduced KAM even more as compared to the barefoot condition during midstance. On the other hand, the modern heeled shoes increased this variable in both groups. Inexpensive, flexible, and non-heeled footwear provided loading on the knee joint similar to a barefoot gait and significant overload decreases in elderly women with and without knee OA, compared to modern heeled shoes. During midstance, the Moleca (R) also allowed greater reduction in the knee joint loads as compared to barefoot gait in elderly women with knee OA, with the further advantage of providing external foot protection during gait. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Differing effects of exogenous and endogenous hydrogen sulphide in carrageenan-induced knee joint synovitis in the rat

Background and purpose: Recent findings suggest that the noxious gas H(2)S is produced endogenously, and that physiological concentrations of H(2)S are able to modulate pain and inflammation in rodents. This study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of endogenous and exogenous H(2)S to modulate carrageenan-induced synovitis in the rat knee. Experimental approach: Synovitis was induced in Wistar rats by intra-articular injection of carrageenan into the knee joint. Sixty minutes prior to carrageenan injection, the rats were pretreated with indomethacin, an inhibitor of H(2)S formation (dl-propargylglycine) or an H(2)S donor [Lawesson`s reagent (LR)]. Key results: Injection of carrageenan evoked knee inflammation, pain as characterized by impaired gait, secondary tactile allodynia of the ipsilateral hindpaw, joint swelling, histological changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, increased synovial myeloperoxidase, protein nitrotyrosine residues, inducible NOS (iNOS) activity and NO production. Pretreatment with LR or indomethacin significantly attenuated the pain responses, and all the inflammatory and biochemical changes, except for the increased iNOS activity, NO production and 3-NT. Propargylglycine pretreatment potentiated synovial iNOS activity (and NO production), and enhanced macrophage infiltration, but had no effect on other inflammatory parameters. Conclusions and implications: Whereas exogenous H(2)S delivered to the knee joint can produce a significant anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect, locally produced H(2)S exerts little immunomodulatory effect. These data further support the development and use of H(2)S donors as potential alternatives (or complementary therapies) to the available anti-inflammatory compounds used for treatment of joint inflammation or relief of its symptoms.

Results of Joint Experiments and other IAEA activities on research using small tokamaks

This paper presents an overview of the results obtained during the Joint Experiments organized in the framework of the IAEA Coordinated Research Project on `Joint Research Using Small Tokamaks` that have been carried out on the tokamaks CASTOR at IPP Prague, Czech Republic (2005), T-10 at RRC `Kurchatov Institute`, Moscow, Russia (2006), and the most recent one at ISTTOK at IST, Lisbon, Portugal, in 2007. Experimental programmes were aimed at diagnosing and characterizing the core and the edge plasma turbulence in a tokamak in order to investigate correlations between the occurrence of transport barriers, improved confinement, electric fields and electrostatic turbulence using advanced diagnostics with high spatial and temporal resolution. On CASTOR and ISTTOK, electric fields were generated by biasing an electrode inserted into the edge plasma and an improvement of the global particle confinement induced by the electrode positive biasing has been observed. Geodesic acoustic modes were studied using heavy ion beam diagnostics on T-10 and ISTTOK and correlation reflectometry on T-10. ISTTOK is equipped with a gallium jet injector and the technical feasibility of gallium jets interacting with plasmas has been investigated in pulsed and ac operation. The first Joint Experiments have clearly demonstrated that small tokamaks are suitable for broad international cooperation to conduct dedicated joint research programmes. Other activities within the IAEA Coordinated Research Project on Joint Research Using Small Tokamaks are also overviewed.

Joint Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Order Disorder Effects in Cubic BaZrO(3) Assembled Nanoparticles under Decaoctahedral Shape

Periodic first-principles calculations based on density functional theory at the B3LYP level has been carried out to investigate the photoluminescence (PL) emission of BaZrO(3) assembled nanoparticles at room temperature. The defect created in the nanocrystals and their resultant electronic features lead to a diversification of electronic recombination within the BaZrO(3) band gap. Its optical phenomena are discussed in the light of photoluminescence emission at the green-yellow region around 570 nm. The theoretical model for displaced atoms and/or angular changes leads to the breaking of the local symmetry, which is based on the refined structure provided by Rietveld methodology. For each situation a band structure, charge mapping, and density of states were built and analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, UV-vis measurements, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images are essential for a full evaluation of the crystal structure and morphology.

”- hade jag inte en joint på mig då var jag ingen” : En kvalitativ studie ur ett narrativt perspektiv

Jag har valt att göra en kvalitativ studie om droger bland unga vuxna människor i åldrarna 18-25 år. Syftet med studien var att utifrån livsberättelser, undersöka om och i så fall hur droger har påverkat dem samt hur de upplever sin egen tillvaro i samhället. I min studie har jag valt att använda mig av en narrativ metod vilket innebär att jag ur ett livshistorieperspektiv har undersökt hur mina respondenter själva samtalar om sina liv och droger. Studien grundar sig således på tre respondenters livsberättelser.Tillsammans med teorier såsom symbolisk interaktionism och Goldbergs stämplingsteori och tidigare forskning inom området, tolkar och förklarar jag det respondenterna har delat med sig av sina tankar och känslor för mig, för att sprida en förståelse för deras uppväxt, vägen in i och under ett missbruk samt deras väg mot en drogfrihet.De sociala relationerna har kommit att spela en stor roll i respondenternas berättelser. Det sociala nätverket måste fungera för unga vuxna med missbruksproblem, detta gäller inte bara för att komma till beslut utan även under själva processen ut ur deras missbruk. Studiens resultat påvisar att när dessa tre unga vuxna kommer bort från sitt missbruk kommer de också att uppleva en samhörighet med andra människor. De kommer att uppleva en tillvaro som ger en mening med deras liv, genom nya nyktra sociala relationer.

Análise do desempenho de uma aliança estratégica : um estudo exploratório de uma joint venture brasileira e argentina

Em um mundo de intensa competição global, as alianças estratégicas tornam-se essenciais na busca por uma eficiência nos negócios. Aquelas empresas que conseguirem tirar proveito das parcerias podem alcançar o sucesso, pois podem alcançar um desempenho competitivo superior. Porém, a dificuldade está em gerir este negócio em conjunto, visto que, um elevado percentual de parcerias fracassam. Um sistema eficiente de monitoramento das questões mais importantes podem auxiliar em uma melhor gestão. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho e as características de uma aliança estratégica entre empresa argentina e brasileira. Para tanto, foi utilizado um método de monitoramento da parceria, envolvendo sete variáveis: tecnologia, mercado, finanças, recursos humanos e planejamento geral, produção e cultura. A presente investigação ocorreu entre os meses de março e maio de 2001. O estudo apresenta resultados individuais e comparativos da empresa argentina Vesubio, da brasileira Industrias Integradas e da Joint Venture Vesubio do Brasil. Por fim são apresentadas implicações do estudo que poderiam ser aprofundadas em novas pesquisas na área de relacionamentos em mercados internacionais.

A influência do ambiente institucional na formação de joint ventures internacionais : um estudo de caso na Puig-Memphis

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre a formação da joint venture Puig-Memphis, tendo como questão central investigar como o ambiente institucional e as relações de poder influenciam a formação de joint ventures internacionais entre empresas de países em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. O objetivo do trabalho é verificar a forma como as diferentes dimensões do ambiente moldam a decisão de entrar, ou não, em uma parceria, a decisão sobre o parceiro, a decisão sobre a estrutura da parceria e a influência na dinâmica de evolução da parceria. Objetiva, também, verificar como as relações de poder e o estágio de desenvolvimento dos países de origem das empresas-mãe influenciam nessas quatro fases. Para analisar o caso, foi desenvolvido um modelo teórico integrando três abordagens, as quais, no conjunto, permitiram uma melhor compreensão da natureza multifacetada desse fenômeno organizacional. As teorias que compõem o modelo são: a teoria institucional (aspectos sócio-culturais); a teoria dos custos de transação (aspectos econômicos e estratégicos) e a teoria da dependência de recursos (aspectos políticos). O método de pesquisa é eminentemente qualitativo, tipo estudo de caso, adotando a técnica de triangulação de dados (entrevista, questionário, pesquisa documental e observação direta). Concluiu-se que o ambiente institucional influenciou todas as etapas do processo de formação da joint venture Puig-Memphis por meio de uma interação entre fatores econômicos, políticos, sociais e culturais. Observou-se que as dimensões econômicas eram visualizadas claramente pelos dirigentes, enquanto que as dimensões políticas e sócio-culturais nem sempre eram compreendidas objetivamente. Observou-se, também, que as empresas-mãe deixaram de potencializar parte da sinergia estratégica em função de uma visão parcial do fenômeno em estudo.

Parcerias empresariais: contribuição à avaliação de ativos na formação de joint ventures

Ativos, ou investimentos, estarão sempre representados pelos gastos que uma entidade realiza visando obter benefícios futuros, sempre contendo uma vida útil assim comprometida. Naturalmente, os ativos podem se valorizar ou desvalorizar em função de fatores estruturais ou conjunturais que se fizerem impor ao longo do tempo. Quando abordamos a questão das parcerias entre empresas, elementos ativos de natureza material e imaterial irão se unir visando atingir objetivos comuns. É neste momento que surgem questões relacionadas com a avaliação desses elementos envolvidos nas complexidades inerentes ás peculiaridades impostas pelas atividades das partes envolvidas perante uma conjuntura econômica e social em um mundo cada vez mais competitivo e globalizado. O presente texto aborda várias nuances sobre as Joint Ventures concentrando-se nos diferentes critérios de avaliação de ativos e de mensuração dos passivos que permeiam o mundo dos negócios. Neste particular, especial destaque foi dedicado a delicada questão dos elementos intangíveis que, direta ou indiretamente, influenciam os números que são formados e dinamizados no processo. Após vasta apreciação dos vários referenciais teóricos sobre o tema, e ainda na própria experiência do autor identificando lacunas que merecem ser exploradas, um desses critérios se evidenciará com o de aplicabilidade mais apropriada diante das partilhas societárias, de resultados e operacional quando da execução de projetos de parcerias, observada a continuidade dos negócios correntes do empreendimento.

Analysis of two-party salary negotiations: factos impeding a mutually-beneficial joint agreement

Business professionals were surveyed to explore both factors associated with negotiation propensity, as well as the strategies used by employees and employers in salary negotiations. The objective is to examine the factors that impede both pasties in reaching a mutually-beneficial joint agreement in salary negotiations. In order to achieve this objective, a review of the negotiations literature was conducted including both. Descriptive literature - present research finding and scientific theory which characterizes negotiation and examines the forces that determine it's course and outcome - as well as a review of the prescriptive literature - in order to develop practical advice given a description of hw negotiators behave. Research result show that, although there is general tendency for employers to leave room in the first offer for negotiation, employees rarely ask for more and generally accept the first offer. The sub-optimal outcome was partially a result of the employees' preferred strategies for negotiation salary: a soft approach focusing on compromised and maintaining the relationship. An analysis of the results combined with the literature explore, demonstrates that both parties exhibited a fixed-pie perspective, focusing on salary as the key issue, which impeded the search for integrative settlements and, mutually beneficial trade-offs.