Face Your Fears: Cleaning Gobies Inspect Predators despite Being Stressed by Them

social stressors typically elicit two distinct behavioural responses in vertebrates: an active response (i.e., "fight or flight") or behavioural inhibition (i.e., freezing). Here, we report an interesting exception to this dichotomy in a Caribbean cleaner fish, which interacts with a wide variety of reef fish clients, including predatory species. Cleaning gobies appraise predatory clients as potential threat and become stressed in their presence, as evidenced by their higher cortisol levels when exposed to predatory rather than to non-predatory clients. Nevertheless, cleaning gobies neither flee nor freeze in response to dangerous clients but instead approach predators faster (both in captivity and in the wild), and interact longer with these clients than with non-predatory clients (in the wild). We hypothesise that cleaners interrupt the potentially harmful physiological consequences elicited by predatory clients by becoming increasingly proactive and by reducing the time elapsed between client approach and the start of the interaction process. The activation of a stress response may therefore also be responsible for the longer cleaning service provided by these cleaners to predatory clients in the wild. Future experimental studies may reveal similar patterns in other social vertebrate species when, for instance, individuals approach an opponent for reconciliation after a conflict.

Latitude 19,̊ a romance of the West Indies in the year of Our Lord eighteen hundred and twenty; being a faithful account and true, of the painful adventures of the skipper, the bo's'n, the smith, the mate, and Cynthia;

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Chronicles of Bow street police-office : with an account of the magistrates, "runners", and police, and a selection of the most interesting cases /

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Proceedings of the first Office of Economic Opportunity Conference on Antipoverty Programs for Migrant and Seasonal Farm Workers, January 18-20, 1966, United States Department of State, Washington, D. C. ...

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DOE/EPA/NSF/ONR joint program on bioremediation : interagency announcement of opportunity : Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Research jointly announce the availability of 1996 grants for research.

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The foundations of belief: being notes introductory to the study of theology,

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Social Security Administration District Office, Colorado Springs, Colorado.

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State housing finance authorities /

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Beyond the seas; being the surprising adventures and ingenious opinions of Ralph, Lord St. Keyne, told and set forth by his cousin, Humphrey St. Keyne.

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A history of German literature as determined by social forces, [being the 4th ed. (enl.) of the author's Social forces in German literature]:

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The English rogue, described in the life of Meriton Latroon, a witty extravagant; being a complete history of the most eminent cheats of both sexes,

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A portraiture of Methodism : being an impartial view of the use, progress, doctrines, discipline and manners of the Wesleyan Methodists.

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The Boston Handel and Haydn Society collection of church music : being a selection of the most approved psalm and hymn tunes, anthems, sentences, chants, &c. : together with many beautiful extracts from the works of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and other eminent composers, harmonized for three and four voices, with a figured base for the organ and piano forte /

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Irish chancery reports : being a series of reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery and the Rolls Court in Ireland.

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Wrongs and their remedies: being a treatise on the law of torts.

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