Job Matching and Wage Growth in the U.S. and Germany

This paper examines the contribution of job matching to wage growth in the U.S. and Germany using data drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984 through 1992. Using a symmetrical set of variables and data handling procedures, real wage growth is found to be higher in the U.S. than in Germany during this period. Also, using two different estimators, job matches are found to enhance wage growth in the U.S. and retard it in Germany. The relationship of general skills to employment in each country appears responsible for this result.

Critical indicators associated with negative performance in a selectively manned unit

Introduction. Selectively manned units have a long, international history, both military and civilian. Some examples include SWAT teams, firefighters, the FBI, the DEA, the CIA, and military Special Operations. These special duty operators are individuals who perform a highly skilled and dangerous job in a unique environment. A significant amount of money is spent by the Department of Defense (DoD) and other federal agencies to recruit, select, train, equip and support these operators. When a critical incident or significant life event occurs, that jeopardizes an operator's performance; there can be heavy losses in terms of training, time, money, and potentially, lives. In order to limit the number of critical incidents, selection processes have been developed over time to “select out” those individuals most likely to perform below desired performance standards under pressure or stress and to "select in" those with the "right stuff". This study is part of a larger program evaluation to assess markers that identify whether a person will fail under the stresses in a selectively manned unit. The primary question of the study is whether there are indicators in the selection process that signify potential negative performance at a later date. ^ Methods. The population being studied included applicants to a selectively manned DoD organization between 1993 and 2001 as part of a unit assessment and selection process (A&S). Approximately 1900 A&S records were included in the analysis. Over this nine year period, seventy-two individuals were determined to have had a critical incident. A critical incident can come in the form of problems with the law, personal, behavioral or family problems, integrity issues, and skills deficit. Of the seventy-two individuals, fifty-four of these had full assessment data and subsequent supervisor performance ratings which assessed how an individual performed while on the job. This group was compared across a variety of variables including demographics and psychometric testing with a group of 178 individuals who did not have a critical incident and had been determined to be good performers with positive ratings by their supervisors.^ Results. In approximately 2004, an online pre-screen survey was developed in the hopes of preselecting out those individuals with items that would potentially make them ineligible for selection to this organization. This survey has aided the organization to increase its selection rates and save resources in the process. (Patterson, Howard Smith, & Fisher, Unit Assessment and Selection Project, 2008) When the same prescreen was used on the critical incident individuals, it was found that over 60% of the individuals would have been flagged as unacceptable. This would have saved the organization valuable resources and heartache.^ There were some subtle demographic differences between the two groups (i.e. those with critical incidents were almost twice as likely to be divorced compared with the positive performers). Upon comparison of Psychometric testing several items were noted to be different. The two groups were similar when their IQ levels were compared using the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB). When looking at the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), there appeared to be a difference on the MMPI Social Introversion; the Critical Incidence group scored somewhat higher. When analysis was done, the number of MMPI Critical Items between the two groups was similar as well. When scores on the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO) were compared, the critical incident individuals tended to score higher on Openness and on its subscales (Ideas, Actions, and Feelings). There was a positive correlation between Total Neuroticism T Score and number of MMPI critical items.^ Conclusions. This study shows that the current pre-screening process is working and would have saved the organization significant resources. ^ If one was to develop a profile of a candidate who potentially could suffer a critical incident and subsequently jeopardize the unit, mission and the safety of the public they would look like the following: either divorced or never married, score high on the MMPI in Social Introversion, score low on MMPI with an "excessive" amount of MMPI critical items; and finally scores high on the NEO Openness and subscales Ideas, Feelings, and Actions.^ Based on the results gleaned from the analysis in this study there seems to be several factors, within psychometric testing, that when taken together, will aid the evaluators in selecting only the highest quality operators in order to save resources and to help protect the public from unfortunate critical incidents which may adversely affect our health and safety.^

HEALTH CARE COST INCREASES IN METROPOLITAN AREAS

The research project is an extension of the economic theory to the health care field and health care research projects evaluating the influence of demand and supply variables upon medical care inflation. The research tests a model linking the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the population, its community case mix, and technology, the prices of goods and services other than medical care, the way its medical services are delivered and the health care resources available to its population to different utilization patterns which, consequently, lead to variations in health care prices among metropolitan areas. The research considers the relationship of changes in community characteristics and resources and medical care inflation.^ The rapidly increasing costs of medical care have been of great concern to the general public, medical profession, and political bodies. Research and analysis of the main factors responsible for the rate of increase of medical care prices is necessary in order to devise appropriate solutions to cope with the problem. An understanding of the community characteristics and resources-medical care costs relationships in the metropolitan areas potentially offers guidance in individual plan and national policy development.^ The research considers 145 factors measuring community milieu (demographic, social, educational, economic, illness level, prices of goods and services other than medical care, hospital supply, physicians resources and techological factors). Through bivariate correlation analysis, the number of variables was reduced to a set of 1 to 4 variables for each cost equation. Two approaches were identified to track inflation in the health care industry. One approach measures costs of production which accounts for price and volume increases. The other approach measures price increases. One general and four specific measures were developed to represent each of the major approaches. The general measure considers the increase on medical care prices as a whole and the specific measures deal with hospital costs and physician's fees. The relationships among changes in community characteristics and resources and health care inflation were analyzed using bivariate correlation and regression analysis methods. It has been concluded that changes in community characteristics and resources are predictive of hospital costs and physician's fees inflation, but are not predictive of increases in medical care prices. These findings provide guidance in the formulation of public policy which could alter the trend of medical care inflation and in the allocation of limited Federal funds.^

INFECTION: ITS ECOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS AMONG CHILDREN IN NORTHERN CHILE

In developing countries, infection and malnutrition, and their interaction effects, account for the majority of childhood deaths and chronic deficits in growth and development. To promote child health, the causal determinants of infection and malnutrition and cost-effective interventions must be identified. To this end, medical examinations of 988 children (age two weeks to 14 years) living at three altitudes (coastal < 300m; sierra (TURN) 3,000m; and altiplano > 4,000m) in Chile's northermost Department of Arica revealed that 393 (40%) of the youngsters harbored one or more infections. When sorted by region and ethnicity, indigenous children of the highlands had infection rates 50% higher than children of Spanish descent living near the coast.^ An ecological model was developed and used to examine the causal path of infection and measure the effect of single and combined environmental variables. Family variables significantly linked to child health included maternal health, age and education. Significant child determinants of infection included the child's nutrient intake and medical history. When compared to children well and free of disease, infected youngsters reported a higher incidence of recent illness and a lower intake of basic foodstuffs. Traditional measures of child health, e.g. birth condition, weaning history, maternal fertility, and family wealth, did not differentiate between well and infected children.^ When height, weight, arm circumference, and subcapular skinfold measurements were compared, infected children, regardless of age, had smaller arm circumferences, the statistical difference being the greatest for males, age nine to eleven. Height and weight, the traditional growth indices, did not differentiate between well and infected groups.^ Infection is not determined by a single environmental factor or even a series of variables. Child health is ecological in nature and cannot be improved independent of changes in the environment that surrounds the child. To focus on selected child health needs, such as feeding programs or immunization campaigns, without simultaneously attending to the environment from which the needs arose is an inappropriate use of time, personnel, and money. ^

Ethnic differences in food availability at home among 3--5 year old preschoolers attending Head Start centers in 2008

Background. The childhood obesity epidemic has disproportionately impacted the lives of low-income, minority preschoolers and their families. Research shows that parents play a major role as "gatekeepers" who control what food is brought into the home and as role models for dietary practices. Currently, there is limited research regarding ethnic differences in families of low-income preschoolers. ^ Objective. The objective of this study was to look at ethnic differences in food availability at home among the low-income families of Hispanic and African American preschoolers attending Head Start centers in Harris County, Texas. ^ Design/Subjects. Descriptive data on food availability at home between Hispanic and African American families were used and analyzed for this study. Parents or primary caregivers (n = 718) of children enrolled at Head Start Centers in Houston, Texas completed the Healthy Home Survey. ^ Methods. In the Healthy Home Survey, participants were asked to answer open-ended questions regarding various types of foods currently available at home, such as fresh, canned or jarred, dried and frozen fruits; fresh, canned or jarred, and frozen vegetables; salty snacks, sweet snacks, candy, and soda. Descriptive analyses were conducted to identify significant differences between Hispanics and African Americans via a paired t-test to compare the means of variables between the study groups and a Pearson's chi-square or Fischer's exact (if cell size was <5) test calculated for food availability (food types) between ethnicities to determine differences in distributions. ^ Results. Although both Hispanics and African Americans reported having all categories of food types at home, there were statistically significant differences between ethnic groups. Hispanics were more likely to have fresh fruits and vegetables at home than African Americans. At the same time, more African American families reported having canned or jarred fruits and canned green/leafy vegetables than Hispanics. More Hispanic families reported having diet, regular, and both diet and regular sodas available compared to African American families. However, high percentages of unhealthy foods (including snacks and candy) were reported by both ethnicities. ^ Conclusions. The findings presented in this study indicate the implicit ethnic differences that exist in the food availability among low-income families of Hispanic and African American preschoolers. Future research should investigate the associations between food availability and children's weight status by ethnicity to identify additional differences that may exist.^

Identificación de la pobreza rural y algunas estrategias de intervención : Mendoza (Argentina)

En Mendoza, Argentina, más del 60 % de los productores agrícolas tiene predios menores de 10 ha, algunos de ellos con modelos productivos que no alcanzan para la sustentabilidad del grupo familiar. La presente investigación identifica la situación actual de la población estudiada, mediante variables de ingreso familiar, grado de asociativismo, características de la comercialización y algunas prácticas de gestión, para establecer comparaciones entre grupos poblacionales. Se trabajó en una muestra de productores regantes del Río Mendoza. Para los de menos de 10 ha se agregó un cuestionario complementario que indagó sobre niveles de asociación y sus resultados. Se analizó con mayor detalle el sector vitícola y olivícola con nuevas encuestas y entrevistas en profundidad. El 42 % de los productores tiene vid, el 30 % olivos y el 28 % horticultura, fruticultura y floricultura. El mayor nivel de asociación se encuentra entre los viticultores. En los demás sectores, éste es muy bajo o nulo. En la comparación de grupos, los mayores niveles de pobreza están en los productores de menos de 10 ha y baja tecnología. Además, en el sector vitícola, los menores niveles de ingreso se encuentran en aquellos no asociados y en toda la población estudiada la pobreza es mayor en el sector asalariado que en los propietarios de la tierra. Este proyecto identifica la capacitación como una de las acciones para mejorar la situación socioeconómica de los productores.

Modelo de indicadores ambientales : observatorio ambiental

Los indicadores ambientales son una herramienta para efectuar el monitoreo de la biodiversidad a través de la recolección sistemática de datos obtenidos mediante mediciones u observaciones en series de tiempo y espacio. Se entiende por indicador ambiental a una variable o suma de variables que proporciona una información sintética sobre un fenómeno ambiental complejo que permite conocer y evaluar el estado y variación de la calidad ambiental. Para la caracterización y detección de indicadores ambientales del litoral de Río Negro se identifican y jerarquizan los conflictos o problemáticas del ambiente, a partir de lo cual se seleccionan las principales variables que componen el sistema de indicadores y por último, se recopilan los niveles de información existentes y los que requieren ser relevados e incorporados a bases de datos relacionales. Los requisitos que deben tener los indicadores seleccio nados son: ser medibles (cuali y cuantitativamente), compresibles, fáciles de usar e interrelacionar, tener dimensión espacial y temporal, ser objetivos sensibles a los cambios y permitir el diagnóstico y pronóstico en función de la detección de situaciones de alerta ambiental. Se realiza una aproximación a la selección de variables e indicadores con el fin de definir el modelo de datos y categorías de agrupamiento. El sistema de indicadores generados se agrupa en función de la disponibilidad de datos existentes y la posibilidad de recopilación para un correcto funcionamiento del prototipo del Observatorio. El modelo adoptado incorpora 3 subsistemas (ambiental, social y económico) interrelacionando con 3 nodos institucionales (que proveen y/o precisan estos datos para la toma de decisiones). Cada indicador se describe en una ficha metodológica, cuyo diseño es normalizado para un correcto funcionamiento del Observatorio. La implementación del modelo de indicadores exige contar con una infraestructura que permita la aplicación de mediciones, observaciones y registros y contar además, con personal idóneo para una correcta manipulación y análisis.

Seguridad humana : necesidad de innovar enfoques a partir del ordenamiento territorial

La inseguridad es uno de los mayores desafíos al que se enfrentan los gobernantes en América Latina. Este problema avanza desde una visión sectorial en los años ochenta hacia una visión transversal a partir de los noventa. Esto implica una evolución de su concepto; desde su consideración como una cuestión de seguridad de Estado de competencia policial y militar hacia la “seguridad humana", concepto multidimensional que contempla el desarrollo humano y la satisfacción de necesidades. En Argentina la inseguridad se agrava desde la crisis social y económica y es parte de la agenda política debido a los constantes reclamos de la sociedad. Sin embargo, con el transcurrir de los años se puede observar la imposibilidad de las gestiones gubernamentales de hacerle frente. Es por ello que en este trabajo se plantea la relación entre la seguridad humana y el Ordenamiento Territorial a través de la evaluación de la habitabilidad, enfoque que permite operacionalizar el concepto de seguridad de forma integradora y transversal. Para el desarrollo del trabajo se utiliza un caso de estudio: el piedemonte del Gran Mendoza. Se parte de la construcción de una metodología de análisis que permite espacializar los datos y de un sistema de variables e indicadores para medir la habitabilidad en términos de la seguridad humana.

La dinámica mercantil de las mujeres rioplatenses frente al resquebrajamiento del Antiguo Régimen (1806-1810)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la dinámica mercantil de las mujeres rioplatenses en el marco de los acontecimientos que se suscitaron entre 1806 y 1810. Explorar la mecánica de los comportamientos previos a esa etapa resulta fundamental para observar los cambios que se produjeron después. A fin de examinar tales cambios se recurre a una serie de variables: las formas de participación en la práctica mercantil, esto es, si cargaban los frutos y efectos a su cuenta y riesgo, y/o a través de terceros o experimentaban con las dos modalidades, el grado de inserción y permanencia en la actividad para definirlas en función de la mayor o menor regularidad en el ejercicio comercial, los rubros comercializados y la relación con las rutas del intercambio oceánico y regional

Variáveis evidenciadoras dos processos de transformação do campo : O caso do Espírito Santo - Brasil

This article aims to analyze the occurrence of changes in the countryside, in Brazil, from the observation of variables such as type of job, income, family profile, access to consumer goods, services, and information and communication technology. There had been used exploratory analysis and logistic regression method, based on data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra de Domicílios (Brazilian National Household Sample Survey - PNAD) for the state of Espirito Santo. The study found that about 27.2 of individuals who had lived in the countryside report an urban profile, revealing that the urban lifestyle is encompassed not only in the city

Los usos de la red social Facebook en las bibliotecas de institutos y centros de investigación en Argentina

El presente artículo analiza la adopción y los principales usos de la plataforma Facebook por parte de las bibliotecas de los centros e institutos de investigación en Argentina. Luego de una revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática, se exponen los procedimientos metodológicos empleados para identificar, en primer lugar, las instituciones que cuentan con esta herramienta de comunicación en la actualidad y, en segundo término, los usos que se hace de ella a partir de una serie de variables, entre las que caben consignar: el momento de inicio, los vínculos con otros medios de comunicación administrados por la institución (webs y redes sociales), el número de seguidores, el empleo de las imágenes, la frecuencia y el tipo de posteos y, por último, la cantidad y la calidadá de los comentarios. En los resultados se trabaja la información recabada procurando un análisis cuantitativo y otro cualitativo en la construcción de un panorama global. En las conclusiones se destaca que el escaso número de bibliotecas que adoptaron Facebook impide proyectar las afirmaciones más allá de los casos. No obstante, se detectaron aspectos vinculados con las dinámicas de apropiación que pueden ser utilizados para pensar otras circunstancias. Entre ellos se destaca, de un lado, la diversidad de situaciones en relación a la construcción de una estrategia comunicacional definida por la periodicidad y calidad de las publicaciones; de otro, la funcionalidad que en general adquiere Facebook como medio de difusión, en lugar de explotarse como un espacio de intercambio y construcción colectiva.

La dinámica mercantil de las mujeres rioplatenses frente al resquebrajamiento del Antiguo Régimen (1806-1810)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la dinámica mercantil de las mujeres rioplatenses en el marco de los acontecimientos que se suscitaron entre 1806 y 1810. Explorar la mecánica de los comportamientos previos a esa etapa resulta fundamental para observar los cambios que se produjeron después. A fin de examinar tales cambios se recurre a una serie de variables: las formas de participación en la práctica mercantil, esto es, si cargaban los frutos y efectos a su cuenta y riesgo, y/o a través de terceros o experimentaban con las dos modalidades, el grado de inserción y permanencia en la actividad para definirlas en función de la mayor o menor regularidad en el ejercicio comercial, los rubros comercializados y la relación con las rutas del intercambio oceánico y regional

Variáveis evidenciadoras dos processos de transformação do campo : O caso do Espírito Santo - Brasil

This article aims to analyze the occurrence of changes in the countryside, in Brazil, from the observation of variables such as type of job, income, family profile, access to consumer goods, services, and information and communication technology. There had been used exploratory analysis and logistic regression method, based on data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra de Domicílios (Brazilian National Household Sample Survey - PNAD) for the state of Espirito Santo. The study found that about 27.2 of individuals who had lived in the countryside report an urban profile, revealing that the urban lifestyle is encompassed not only in the city

Los usos de la red social Facebook en las bibliotecas de institutos y centros de investigación en Argentina

El presente artículo analiza la adopción y los principales usos de la plataforma Facebook por parte de las bibliotecas de los centros e institutos de investigación en Argentina. Luego de una revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática, se exponen los procedimientos metodológicos empleados para identificar, en primer lugar, las instituciones que cuentan con esta herramienta de comunicación en la actualidad y, en segundo término, los usos que se hace de ella a partir de una serie de variables, entre las que caben consignar: el momento de inicio, los vínculos con otros medios de comunicación administrados por la institución (webs y redes sociales), el número de seguidores, el empleo de las imágenes, la frecuencia y el tipo de posteos y, por último, la cantidad y la calidadá de los comentarios. En los resultados se trabaja la información recabada procurando un análisis cuantitativo y otro cualitativo en la construcción de un panorama global. En las conclusiones se destaca que el escaso número de bibliotecas que adoptaron Facebook impide proyectar las afirmaciones más allá de los casos. No obstante, se detectaron aspectos vinculados con las dinámicas de apropiación que pueden ser utilizados para pensar otras circunstancias. Entre ellos se destaca, de un lado, la diversidad de situaciones en relación a la construcción de una estrategia comunicacional definida por la periodicidad y calidad de las publicaciones; de otro, la funcionalidad que en general adquiere Facebook como medio de difusión, en lugar de explotarse como un espacio de intercambio y construcción colectiva.

La dinámica mercantil de las mujeres rioplatenses frente al resquebrajamiento del Antiguo Régimen (1806-1810)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la dinámica mercantil de las mujeres rioplatenses en el marco de los acontecimientos que se suscitaron entre 1806 y 1810. Explorar la mecánica de los comportamientos previos a esa etapa resulta fundamental para observar los cambios que se produjeron después. A fin de examinar tales cambios se recurre a una serie de variables: las formas de participación en la práctica mercantil, esto es, si cargaban los frutos y efectos a su cuenta y riesgo, y/o a través de terceros o experimentaban con las dos modalidades, el grado de inserción y permanencia en la actividad para definirlas en función de la mayor o menor regularidad en el ejercicio comercial, los rubros comercializados y la relación con las rutas del intercambio oceánico y regional