History of Whaling and Estimated Kill of Right Whales, Balaena glacialis, in the Northeastern United States, 1620–1924

This study, part of a broader investigation of the history of exploitation of right whales, Balaena glacialis, in the western North Atlantic, emphasizes U.S. shore whaling from Maine to Delaware (from lat. 45°N to 38°30'N) in the period 1620–1924. Our broader study of the entire catch history is intended to provide an empirical basis for assessing past distribution and abundance of this whale population. Shore whaling may have begun at Cape Cod, Mass., in the 1620’s or 1630’s; it was certainly underway there by 1668. Right whale catches in New England waters peaked before 1725, and shore whaling at Cape Cod, Martha’s Vineyard, and Nantucket continued to decline through the rest of the 18th century. Right whales continued to be taken opportunistically in Massachusetts, however, until the early 20th century. They were hunted in Narragansett Bay, R.I., as early as 1662, and desultory whaling continued in Rhode Island until at least 1828. Shore whaling in Connecticut may have begun in the middle 1600’s, continuing there until at least 1718. Long Island shore whaling spanned the period 1650–1924. From its Dutch origins in the 1630’s, a persistent shore whaling enterprise developed in Delaware Bay and along the New Jersey shore. Although this activity was most profi table in New Jersey in the early 1700’s, it continued there until at least the 1820’s. Whaling in all areas of the northeastern United States was seasonal, with most catches in the winter and spring. Historically, right whales appear to have been essentially absent from coastal waters south of Maine during the summer and autumn. Based on documented references to specific whale kills, about 750–950 right whales were taken between Maine and Delaware, from 1620 to 1924. Using production statistics in British customs records, the estimated total secured catch of right whales in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania between 1696 and 1734 was 3,839 whales based on oil and 2,049 based on baleen. After adjusting these totals for hunting loss (loss-rate correction factor = 1.2), we estimate that 4,607 (oil) or 2,459 (baleen) right whales were removed from the stock in this region during the 38-year period 1696–1734. A cumulative catch estimate of the stock’s size in 1724 is 1,100–1,200. Although recent evidence of occurrence and movements suggests that right whales continue to use their traditional migratory corridor along the U.S. east coast, the catch history indicates that this stock was much larger in the 1600’s and early 1700’s than it is today. Right whale hunting in the eastern United States ended by the early 1900’s, and the species has been protected throughout the North Atlantic since the mid 1930’s. Among the possible reasons for the relatively slow stock recovery are: the very small number of whales that survived the whaling era to become founders, a decline in environmental carrying capacity, and, especially in recent decades, mortality from ship strikes and entanglement in fishing gear.

Espécies de Rhipidodontini das bacias do alto rio Paraná, rio São Francisco e rios costeiros do Atlântico Leste, Norte e Nordeste (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Hyriidae)

Rhipidodontini (Rhipidodonta Mörch, 1853 + Diplodon Spix in Wagner, 1827) é grupo de bivalves de água doce tem taxonomia complicada, devido às descrições originais sucintas e muitas vezes pouco ou não ilustradas, somado a isto, estes bivalves carecem de uma revisão detalhada. Estas lacunas de informação têm gerando uma grande flutuação nas espécies consideradas válidas pelos diferentes autores, dificultando a identificação das mesmas, assim como da biologia e distribuição. Assim, se propôs neste estudo a revisão taxonômica das espécies de Rhipidodontini nas bacias do alto rio Paraná, rio São Francisco e rios costeiros do Atlântico Leste, Norte e Nordeste. Para alcançar este objetivo vistoriamos material em coleções no Brasil e exterior. Coletas foram realizadas em diversas localidades para obtenção de exemplares para descrição das partes moles e gloquídios. As informações obtidas, somado ao descrito na literatura, foram utilizadas para traçar um panorama de distribuição e conservação das espécies. As principais características das conchas foram utilizadas para elaboração de uma chave dicotômica para auxílio na identificação. Uma análise morfométrica foi empregada com o intuito de distinguir as espécies através da forma da concha. Reconhecemos Diplodon e Rhipidodonta incluídos na tribo Rhipidodontini. Em Diplodon foram identificadas seis espécies nas bacias estudadas: Diplodon ellipticus Spix in Wagner, 1827; Diplodon fontainianus (dOrbigny, 1835); Diplodon jacksoni Marshall, 1928; Diplodon multistriatus (Lea, 1831); Diplodon paulista (Ihering, 1893) e Diplodon rhombeus Spix in Wagner, 1827. Apesar de Diplodon granosus (Bruguière, 1792) possuir extensos registros na região estuada, a espécie foi limitada a região amazônica na nossa avaliação. Em Rhipidodonta, foi reconhecida uma única espécie, Rhipidodonta garbei (Ihering, 1910). Entre estas espécies, temos algumas tradicionalmente reconhecidas como válidas (e.g. D. ellipticus e D. granosus), contudo, outras foram revalidadas (e.g. D. jacksoni e R. garbei) e redefinidas perante a análise do material tipo, partes moles e gloquídio. Não foi possível a eleição de uma única característica morfológica para a separação das espécies, porém detalhes das brânquias, estômago, contorno da concha e escultura umbonal figuraram entre as mais utilizadas. Para a separação dos gêneros de Rhipidodontini foram empregados atributos dos gloquídios (e.g. gancho gloquidial, protuberância e forma do gloquídio) e das brânquias (e.g. forma da brânquia e conexão entre as lamelas). A chave dicotômica com base em características das conchas auxiliou a separar as espécies de Rhipidodontini. A análise morfométrica constituiu uma ferramenta útil na separação das espécies, corroborando as identificações prévias. Salientamos que o estudo aqui apresentado deve ser expandido para outras bacias hidrográficas sul-americanas com o intuito de se conhecer a real diversidade destes bivalves de água doce

Studies on the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperatures, salinities, oxygen and phytoplankton in Koddiyar Bay, Trincomalee in relation to the shore seine fishery

In Sri Lanka waters, Durairatnam (1963, 1969) had reported on the seasonal variation of plankton at Puttalam lagoon, Dutch Bay, Portugal Bay and in the inshore and off shore waters off Colombo. Similar investigations were carried out at Koddiyar Bay especially in the estuarine waters where the three tributaries of the river Mahaveli empty their waters into the bay. The estuary is perennial. The fishes constituting the estuarine fisheries are mostly shallow water marine species which can tolerate considerable variations of salinities. Prawns and crabs also constitute a very valuable fishery in estuarine waters.

Reconstruction of Outdoor Sculptures from Silhouettes under Approximate Circular Motion of an Uncalibrated Hand-Held Camera

This paper presents a novel technique for reconstructing an outdoor sculpture from an uncalibrated image sequence acquired around it using a hand-held camera. The technique introduced here uses only the silhouettes of the sculpture for both motion estimation and model reconstruction, and no corner detection nor matching is necessary. This is very important as most sculptures are composed of smooth textureless surfaces, and hence their silhouettes are very often the only information available from their images. Besides, as opposed to previous works, the proposed technique does not require the camera motion to be perfectly circular (e.g., turntable sequence). It employs an image rectification step before the motion estimation step to obtain a rough estimate of the camera motion which is only approximately circular. A refinement process is then applied to obtain the true general motion of the camera. This allows the technique to handle large outdoor sculptures which cannot be rotated on a turntable, making it much more practical and flexible.

Salt and water balance in the Mundel Lake: a strongly choked coastal lagoon

The Mundel Lake is an extremely shallow lagoon on the west coast of Sri Lanka. It is connected to the Puttalam Lagoon through 15 km long Dutch Canal. Salinity measurements and daily sea level data were obtained fortnightly from January 1993 to March 1994 and they were used to quantify the salt and water budget along with precipitation, evaporation and freshwater runoff. Extreme fluctuations of salinity and sea level are striking features of the system. Salinity of the Mundel Lake and Dutch Canal varied from 5-46.5 and 6 61 ppt respectively while the sea level ranged from -0.25 to +1.2 m. Tidal variations were not seen in the lagoon due to its long narrow canal system. Salt budget showed that the deposition of salt on the lagoon bottom during periods of decreasing water level. During increasing water level, salt is dissolved again. Flow of water through the Dutch Canal between the Puttalam Lagoon and Mundel Lake is driven by the changes in sea level. These changes are mainly due to seasonal changes of net freshwater supply and, to a lesser degree, to seasonal changes in sea surface height. As the flow rates are small due to the long and narrow canal, the residence time ranges between two months and several months in the Mundel Lake, except during season of high freshwater supply. As the water exchange is weak, the Mundel Lake becomes hyper saline with strong fluctuations in salinity. This implies a stress to all lagoon dwelling aquatic organisms and also to aquaculture practices in the area.

Proceedings of an international workshop on the value of computer-based engineering tools, held in Cambridge in April 1997

There is increasing adoption of computer-based tools to support the product development process. Tolls include computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacture, systems engineering and product data management systems. The fact that companies choose to invest in tools might be regarded as evidence that tools, in aggregate, are perceived to possess business value through their application to engineering activities. Yet the ways in which value accrues from tool technology are poorly understood.

This report records the proceedings of an international workshop during which some novel approaches to improving our understanding of this problem of tool valuation were presented and debated. The value of methods and processes were also discussed. The workshop brought together British, Dutch, German and Italian researchers. The presenters included speakers from industry and academia (the University of Cambridge, the University of Magdeburg and the Politechnico de Torino)

The work presented showed great variety. Research methods include case studies, questionnaires, statistical analysis, semi-structured interviews, deduction, inductive reasoning, the recording of anecdotes and analogies. The presentations drew on financial investment theory, the industrial experience of workshop participants, discussions with students developing tools, modern economic theories and speculation on the effects of company capabilities.

中国蔷薇属芹叶组（Rosa Sect. Pimpinellifoliae DC. ex Ser.）的分类学研究

本研究通过我国CDBI、 KUN、PE、SZ等主要标本馆约3, 500份馆藏标本的研究和野外考察相结合，对我国蔷薇属（Rosa L.）芹叶组(Sect. pimpinellifoliae DC. ex Ser.）植物以及相关组的一些种进行了性状特征、形态和微形态的研究，对该组的一些种的形态特征描述进行了补充，同时给出详细的地理和海拔范围分布图。综合花粉以及种子（瘦果）形态的研究结果重新制订了分种检索表，同时，对该组一些形态相近容易混淆的种进行了对比研究，特别对一直存在争议的绢毛复合体（绢毛蔷薇R. sericea Lindl.和峨眉蔷薇R. omeiensis Rolfe）进行了大量宏观形态特征的研究，并用光学显微镜（LM）和扫描电镜(SEM)对二者的花粉及种子形态、微形态进行对比研究和分析，主要研究内容包括： 1. 芹叶组孢粉研究 对芹叶组的10个种及相关的4个组共17个种（18个样品）的植物花粉进行了光镜和扫描电镜观察和比较研究。研究结果表明：蔷薇属植物花粉粒大小为中等偏小，极轴长23.98[21.82(R. graciliflora Rehd. et Wils.)～29.18(R. tsinglingensis Pax. et Hoffm.)] μm，赤道轴长28.65[24.15（R. graciliflora）～34.70(R. davidii Crép.)] μm；花粉属辐射对称等极单花粉，花粉形态赤道面观呈球形到超长球形；极面观为三裂圆形或近圆形,三孔沟，孔缘加厚,具中部突起的桥状盖。花粉外壁纹饰为条纹状，光镜下形态特征相差不大；在电镜下外壁条纹和脊沟内穿孔的形状、大小和频度等特征，常具组至种水平上的可见变异，可作为组至种水平划分的依据。 根据花粉外壁条纹特征及穿孔形状和数目等特征，本研究将这些植物的花粉归为5个类型，并编制了分组检索表。同时，根据条纹状的清晰度，排列方式、条纹形状、穿孔大小及其频度等方面的差异，各有特点，对该组的10个种编制了分种检索表。 2. 芹叶组种子形态研究 应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对我国蔷薇属芹叶组14个种及相关组5个组共36种植物的种子宏观形态及种皮微形态特征进行了观察研究。结果显示，蔷薇属种子形态多样,形状分别为肾形、卵形或锥形等；种子颜色以淡棕色、褐色以及土黄色为主；种子大小种间相差悬殊，相对体积为（长×宽×厚）36.66（4.79～114.47) mm3。光镜下，种子宏观形态特征具组内一致性，在扫描电镜下种子表面结构特征因种而异，其纹饰以网纹为主，可分为3种类型，即近平滑型、负网纹型和网纹型。研究结果表明，蔷薇属种子表面纹饰与地理分布关系不大,具有组及种内稳定性。其种子形态、大小、表而纹饰类型等特征可作为蔷薇属组及种水平上的分类依据。 结合蔷薇属花粉形态研究结果，得出蔷薇属种皮微形态特征与花粉外壁纹饰特征相吻合，在代表组及种的特征上具相关性的结论。同时根据种子形态、微形态结构特征的组间区别和种间差异编制了分组及芹叶组14个种的分种检索表。 3. 绢毛蔷薇复合体的研究 通过对大量标本的研究、野外观察以及扫描电镜对绢毛蔷薇复合体的花粉形态和种皮表面结构进行研究，通过对小叶、花粉及种子的形态定量分析结果支持Rowley (1959)的观点，将峨眉蔷薇处理为绢毛蔷薇的一个变种。 综上研究结果得出，蔷薇属植物的小叶片数目、花被基数以及花粉及种子形态等性状是较为稳定的，这些特征可很好的作为分类学依据。 The morphology, pollen exine sculpture and seed coat structure of the species of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and related sections were studied.About 3,500 herbarium specimens at CDBI, KUN, PE, and SZ were examined. Field work in Sichuan and Yunnan were conducted. Revisions of some species were carried out and a new key to species of sect. Pimpinellifoliae was proposed based on morphology, pollen exine sculpture and seed coat structure, Detailed morphological descriptions, geographical distributions and the altitudinal ranges of some taxa are given. The systematics of the species complex, the Rosa sericea complex (R. sericea Lindl. & R. omeiensis Rolfe), was emphasized. This thesis focused on the following three aspects: 1. Pollen morphology of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae The pollen morphology of 18 samples representing 10 species of the Eurasian Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and 7 additional species of related sections was investigated under LM and SEM. The pollen grains are monadic, actinomorphic, equipolar, medium-sized, spheroidal to perprolate in equatorial view, 3-lobed circular or semi-circular in polar view, crassimarginate, pontoperculate, and with striate exine sculpture. The striate sculpture varies among sections and species. The equatorial axis ranges from 17.97 μm (R. sikangensis) to 29.18 μm (R. tsinglingensis) with an average of 23.98 μm in length, while polar axis varies from 24.15 μm (R. gracilifolra) to 34.70 μm (R. davidii) with an average of 28.65 μm in length. The pollens can be divided into five types based on striate sculpture and a key to the sections sampled was proposed accordingly. The pollen morphology of species of sect. Pimpinellifoliae is more homogeneous and different from other sections sampled and did not support the two-series subdivisions in sect. Pimpinellifoliae. A key is also provided based on characers of pollen morphology among species in sect. Pimpinellifoliae. 2. Seed coat structure of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae The seed coat structure of 39 samples representing 14 species of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and 12 additional species of related sections was investigated under LE and SEM. The seed relative volume (Length × width × thickness) ranges from 4.79 to 114.47 mm3 with an average of 36.66. mm3. The seeds are reniform, ovate or oblong in shape, with orange-brown, light brown or deep brown color. Seed coat sculpture was reticulate or striate-like reticulate. There was no difference in sculpture character of various speices under LM, while three types of seed coat sculpture were identified under SEM and a key to species based on the seed coat sculpture was provided. The three types of seed coat sculpture were nearly smooth, areolate and reticulate. The study of the seed coat sculpture of same species sampled from different populations showed that characters on the seed coat are stable, and thus the size, shape and seed coat sculpture can be used in species level identification. Interestingly, characters in the seed coat sculpture and the pollen morphology in sect. Pimpinellifoliae are consistent at in specific or sectional levels. A key to the 14 species sampled was given based on seed coat sculpture. 3. The study on Rosa sericea complex The Rosa sericea complex contains R. omeiensis and R. sericea. They are morphologically similar to one another and the systematic status of R. omeiensis has been controversial. In this study we examined large numbers of herbarium specimens of R. omeiensis and R. sericea and conducted field observations in the Hengduan Mts.. We also performed SEM study of pollen morphology and seed coat structure of R. omeiensis and R. sericea. We further carried out intensive morphometric study on the leaflet, pollen, and seed morphology. Our results showed that R. omeiensis should be sunk to be a variety of R. sericea, just as Rowley’s treatment in 1959. In conclusion, the features in the number of leaflet and petal, and the morphological character on pollen and seed are relatively stable. Therefore these characters are very useful in taxon delimition.

74 Front Street (for solo cello)

74 Front Street is intended as a musical response to the work of American sculptor Fred Sandback (1943-2003), in particular his string sculptures which are intentionally uncomplicated, minimal and strikingly beautiful. The relationship between these string works and music is rather distinct; indeed, before formally studying sculpture Sandback made a number of string instruments. He has said that his string works evolved from a desire to rid art of excessive decoration and, while there are instances of activity in 74 Front Street, much of the piece aims to reflect the simplicity of Sandback’s work.

Świadomość językowa i stosunek do holenderskiej i belgijskiej odmiany języka niderlandzkiego wśród polskich studentów niderlandystki

Wydział Anglistyki

Gestão construtiva de conflitos em contexto de saúde

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia, ramo de Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde

Handheld laser profilometry of certain medieval inscribed stones

Higher Education Authority (PRTLI as part of National Development Plan)

Career choice in medicine

Background: Career Choice in Medicine is an important and problematic topic. Medical education has been framed as professional identity development, yet career choice has not been viewed as a matter of identity. My primary aim was to offer new insights by exploring career choice using Figured Worlds theory, a socio-cultural theory of identity. Graduate retention is a challenge for many countries, including Ireland. My secondary aim was to address a gap in the data on postgraduate trainees in Ireland and to use the Irish case to illustrate points transferable to other contexts. Methodology & Methods: This was a predominantly qualitative Mixed Methods programme of research. My qualitative studies were oriented towards social constructionism. I collated existing data from the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (RCPI) and HSE-MET to describe trainees and their career paths. I surveyed Basic Specialist Training trainees (n=333) about their career plans. I surveyed new trainees (n=527) about their expectations of training and all RCPI trainees about their experiences of training (n=1246). I conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 medical students and doctors. A subgroup (n=6) provided longitudinal data. Figured Worlds theory and Gee’s discourse tools were used for analysis. Results: I have used the case of medical training and career choice in Ireland to explain how social, political and cultural context, and day to day experiences in the cultural world of medicine, shaped doctors’ career choices. My qualitative findings described a unifying model of career choice, consisting of priming, exposure, positioning and open-endedness, which can guide the design of interventions to shape and support career choice. Conclusion: My original contribution has been to demonstrate the fruitfulness of framing career choice in terms of identity development. This represents a turn in the conversation about career choice, which brings new starting points and moves the dialogue forward.

Age Effects in Cultural Life Scripts.

Life scripts are culturally shared expectations about the timing of life events in an idealized life course. Because they are cultural semantic knowledge, they should be known by all adult age groups including those who have not lived through all events in the life script, but this has not been tested previously. Young, middle-aged and older adults from the Netherlands were therefore asked in this online study to imagine an ordinary Dutch infant and to name the seven most important events that were likely to take place in the life of this prototypical child. Participants subsequently answered questions about at what ages these events were expected to occur and about their prevalence, importance and valence. We found that the cultural life script was similar for young, middle-aged and older adults and for adults with different educational attainment.

The reminiscence bump in the temporal distribution of the best football players of all time: Pelé, Cruijff or Maradona?

The reminiscence bump is the tendency to recall more autobiographical memories from adolescence and early adulthood than from adjacent lifetime periods. In this online study, the robustness of the reminiscence bump was examined by looking at participants' judgements about the quality of football players. Dutch participants (N = 619) were asked who they thought the five best players of all time were. The participants could select the names from a list or enter the names when their favourite players were not on the list. Johan Cruijff, Pelé, and Diego Maradona were the three most often mentioned players. Participants frequently named football players who reached the midpoint of their career when the participants were adolescents (mode = 17). The results indicate that the reminiscence bump can also be identified outside the autobiographical memory domain.

Immune response to B. pertussis infection and vaccine in infants

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished