A new species of Moenkhausia from the rio Amazonas and rio Orinoco basins (Characiformes: Characidae)

A new species of Moenkhausia is described from the rio Amazonas and rio Orinoco basins. The new species can be distinguished from congeners mainly by the combination of a conspicuous, relatively small and circular humeral spot, a black spot on the upper caudal-fin lobe, lower caudal-fin lobe without spot or a faint one, and middle caudal-fin rays hyaline or with dark tips. Mature males have a unique combination of two large-sized bony hooks on the anal-fin rays and tiny spines on the distal portion of all fins, which distinguishes the new species from any other species of Characidae.

(65)Zn(2+) transport by isolated gill epithelial cells of the American lobster, Homarus americanus

Gills are the first site of impact by metal ions in contaminated waters. Work on whole gill cells and metal uptake has not been reported before in crustaceans. In this study, gill filaments of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, were dissociated in physiological saline and separated into several cell types on a 30, 40, 50, and 80% sucrose gradient. Cells from each sucrose solution were separately resuspended in physiological saline and incubated in (65)Zn(2+) in order to assess the nature of metal uptake by each cell type. Characteristics of zinc accumulation by each kind of cell were investigated in the presence and absence of 10 mM calcium, variable NaCl concentrations and pH values, and 100 mu M verapamil, nifedipine, and the calcium ionophore A23187. (65)Zn(2+) influxes were hyperbolic functions of zinc concentration (1-1,000 mu M) and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Calcium reduced both apparent zinc binding affinity (K (m)) and maximal transport velocity (J (max)) for 30% sucrose cells, but doubled the apparent maximal transport velocity for 80% sucrose cells. Results suggest that calcium, sodium, and protons enter gill epithelial cells by an endogenous broad-specificity cation channel and trans-stimulate metal uptake by a plasma membrane carrier system. Differences in zinc transport observed between gill epithelial cell types appear related to apparent affinity differences of the transporters in each kind of cell. Low affinity cells from 30% sucrose were inhibited by calcium, while high affinity cells from 80% sucrose were stimulated. (65)Zn(2+) transport was also studied by isolated, intact, gill filament tips. These intact gill fragments generally displayed the same transport properties as did cells from 80% sucrose and provided support for metal uptake processes being an apical phenomenon. A working model for zinc transport by lobster gill cells is presented.

Molecular characterization of a retrotransposon in the Rhynchosciara americana genome and its association with telomere

Non-LTR retrotransposons, also known as long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), are transposable elements that encode a reverse transcriptase and insert into genomic locations via RNA intermediates. The sequence analysis of a cDNA library constructed from mRNA of the salivary glands of R. americana showed the presence of putative class I elements. The cDNA clone with homology to a reverse transcriptase was the starting point for the present study. Genomic phage was isolated and sequenced and the molecular structure of the element was characterized as being a non-LTR retrotransposable element. Southern blot analysis indicated that this transposable element is represented by repeat sequences in the genome of R. americana. Chromosome tips were consistently positive when this element was used as probe in in-situ hybridization. Real-time RT-PCR showed that this retrotransposon is transcribed at different periods of larval development. Most interesting, the silencing of this retrotransposon in R. americana by RNA interference resulted in reduced transcript levels and in accelerated larval development.

Comparison of two methods for collecting free-living ticks in the Amazonian forest

In the present study, we compared 2 methods for collecting ixodid ticks on the verges of animal trails in a primary Amazon forest area in northern Brazil. (i) Dragging: This method was based on passing a 1-m(2) white flannel over the vegetation and checking the flannel for the presence of caught ticks every 5-10 m. (ii) Visual search: This method consisted of looking for guesting ticks on the tips of leaves of the vegetation bordering animal trails in the forest. A total of 103 adult ticks belonging to 4 Amblyomma species were collected by the visual search method on 5 collecting dates, while only 44 adult ticks belonging to 3 Amblyomma species were collected by dragging on 5 other collecting dates. These values were statistically different (Mann-Whitney Test, P = 0.0472). On the other hand, dragging was more efficient for subadult ticks, since no larva or nymph was collected by visual search, whereas 18 nymphs and 7 larvae were collected by dragging. The visual search method proved to be suitable for collecting adult ticks in the Amazon forest: however, field studies should include a second method, such as dragging in order to maximize the collection of subadult ticks. Indeed, these 2 methods can be performed by a single investigator at the same time, while he/she walks on an animal trail in the forest. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Hydrogen adsorption on boron doped graphene: an ab initio study

(i) The electronic and structural properties of boron doped graphene sheets, and (ii) the chemisorption processes of hydrogen adatoms on the boron doped graphene sheets have been examined by ab initio total energy calculations. In (i) we find that the structural deformations are very localized around the boron substitutional sites, and in accordance with previous studies (Endo et al 2001 J. Appl. Phys. 90 5670) there is an increase of the electronic density of states near the Fermi level. Our simulated scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images, for occupied states, indicate the formation of bright (triangular) spots lying on the substitutional boron (center) and nearest-neighbor carbon (edge) sites. Those STM images are attributed to the increase of the density of states within an energy interval of 0.5 eV below the Fermi level. For a boron concentration of similar to 2.4%, we find that two boron atoms lying on the opposite sites of the same hexagonal ring (B1-B2 configuration) represents the energetically most stable configuration, which is in contrast with previous theoretical findings. Having determined the energetically most stable configuration for substitutional boron atoms on graphene sheets, we next considered the hydrogen adsorption process as a function of the boron concentration, (ii). Our calculated binding energies indicate that the C-H bonds are strengthened near boron substitutional sites. Indeed, the binding energy of hydrogen adatoms forming a dimer-like structure on the boron doped B1-B2 graphene sheet is higher than the binding energy of an isolated H(2) molecule. Since the formation of the H dimer-like structure may represent the initial stage of the hydrogen clustering process on graphene sheets, we can infer that the formation of H clusters is quite likely not only on clean graphene sheets, which is in consonance with previous studies (Hornekaer et al 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 186102), but also on B1-B2 boron doped graphene sheets. However, for a low concentration of boron atoms, the formation of H dimer structures is not expected to occur near a single substitutional boron site. That is, the formation (or not) of H clusters on graphene sheets can be tuned by the concentration of substitutional boron atoms.

The role of carbon impurities on the Si(001)-c(4 x 4) surface reconstruction: Theoretical calculations

In this work we employ the state-of-the-art pseudopotential method, within a generalized gradient approximation to the density functional theory, combined with a recently developed method for the calculation of HREELS spectra to study a series of different proposed models for carbon incorporation on the silicon (001) surface. A fully discussion on the geometry, energetics and specially the comparison between experimental and theoretical STM images and electron energy loss spectra indicate that the Si(100)-c(4 x 4) is probably induced by Si-C surface dinners, in agreement with recent experimental findings. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Furan interaction with the Si(001)-(2 x 2) surface: structural, energetics, and vibrational spectra from first-principles

In this work we employ the state of the art pseudopotential method, within a generalized gradient approximation to the density functional theory, to investigate the adsorption process of furan on the silicon (001) surface. A direct comparison of different adsorption structures with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), and high resolution spectroscopy experimental data allows us to identify the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction as the most probable adsorbate. In addition, theoretical scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) images are presented, with a view to contributing to further experimental investigations.

Influence of light guide tip used in the photo-activation on degree of conversion and hardness of one nanofilled dental composite

The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion and hardness of a dental composite resin Filtek (TM) Z-350 (3M ESPE, Dental Products St. Paul, MN) photo-activated for 20 s of irradiation time with two different light guide tips, metal and polymer, coupled on blue LED Ultraled LCU (Dabi Atlante, SP, Brazil). With the metal light tip, power density was of 352 and with the polymer was of 456 mW/cm(2), respectively. Five samples (4 mm in diameter and 2mm in thickness-ISO 4049), were made for each Group evaluated. The measurements for DC (%) were made in a Nexus-470 FT-IR, Thermo Nicolet, E.U.A. Spectroscopy (FTIR). Spectra for both uncured and cured samples were analyzed using an accessory of reflectance diffuse. The measurements were recorded in absorbance operating under the following conditions: 32 scans, 4 cm(-1) resolution, 300-4000 cm(-1) wavelength. The percentage of unreacted carbon double bonds (% C=C) was determined from the ratio of absorbance intensities of aliphatic C=C (peak at 1637 cm(-1)) against internal standard before and after curing of the sample: aromatic C-C (peak at 1610 cm(-1)). The Vickers hardness measurements (top and bottom surfaces) were performed in a universal testing machine (Buehler MMT-3 digital microhardness tester Lake Bluff, Illinois USA). A 50 gf load was used and the indenter with a dwell time of 30 s. The data were submitted to the test t Student at significance level of 5%. The mean values of degree of conversion for the polymer and metal light guide tip no were statistically different (p = 0.8389). The hardness mean values were no statistically significant different among the light guide tips (p = 0.6244), however, there was difference between top and bottom surfaces (p < 0.001). The results show that so much the polymer light tip as the metal light tip can be used for the photo-activation, probably for the low quality of the light guide tip metal.

Thionicotinamide SAM on Gold: Adsorption Studies and Electroactivity

STM and impedance results of the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formed with thionicotinamide (TNA) on gold indicate the presence of defects that increase with the immersion time of the electrode in the TNA solution affecting the SAM electroactivity toward the electron transfer reaction of the cytochrome e metalloprotein and [Fe(CN)(6)](4-) and [Ru(NH(3))(6)](3+) complexes. It was observed that this electroactivity was also affected by the pH of the electrolyte solution. SERS and STM data indicate sulfur coordination to the surface with contribution of the NH(2) group. From the dependence of the TNA surface coverage on the temperature and concentration in solution, thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were determined.

Comparison of SERS performances of Co and Ni ultrathin films over silver to electrochemically activated Co and Ni electrodes

In this work, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of pyridine (py) on thin films of Co and Ni electrodeposited on an Ag electrode activated by oxidation-reduction cycles (ORC) are presented. The SERS spectra from the thin films were compared to those of py on activated bare transition metal electrodes. It was verified that the SERS spectra of py on 3 monolayers (ML)-thick films of Ni and Co presented only bands assignable to the py adsorbed on transition metal surfaces. It was also observed that even for 50 ML-thick transition metal films, the py SERS intensity was ca. 40% of the intensity from the 3 ML-thick films. The relative intensities of the SERS bands depended on the thickness of the films, and for films thicker than 7 ML for Co and 9 ML for Ni they were very similar to those of the bare transition metal electrodes. The transition metal thin films over Ag activated electrodes presented SERS intensities 3 orders of magnitude higher than the ones from bare transition metal electrodes. These films are more suitable to study the adsorption of low Raman cross-section molecules than are ORC-activated transition metal electrodes.

Optical changes and writing on hydrotalcite supported gold nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) incorporated into hydrotalcite (HT), provide an interesting type of pigment in which temperature can modulate the plasmon resonance and the aggregation phenomenon. As inferred from microscopy techniques, the preferential binding sites are located at the border of the HT external basal surface, leading to aggregates of gold nanoparticles displaying characteristic plasmon resonance and interference bands around 520 and 700 nm, respectively. The thermally induced color changes in the HT-supported gold material arise from the competition between of nanoparticles aggregation and fusion processes, as characterized by TEM and STM. A laser beam can also induce such changes, allowing the writing of optical information on this type of material.

Andragogy vs Pedagogy: Teaching the Adult Learner in an Online Environment

The purpose of this presentation is to offer a deeper understanding of adult learning and provide tips on how to effectively teach in the online environment. The presenter will compare and contrast two learning theories: andragogy and pedagogy. Furthermore, the roles of the online instructor and e-learner will be outlined. An open discussion at the end of the presentation will allow participants to make implications as to which learning theory is more effective for online learning.

Dysfagi efter stroke : Omvårdnadsåtgärder för att underlätta näringsintag och måltidssituationer

Dysfagi betyder svårt att svälja och innefattar många olika problem. Det kan vara svårigheter med att få födan att passera från munnen bakåt till svalget, att riskera att få ner mat och dryck i lungorna vilket ger lungkomplikationer. En känsla av att maten fastnar i bröstet men också ett hot om isolering. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka patientens egna upplevelser av måltidssituationer, hur malnutrition kan förebyggas samt vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som underlättar ätandet för patienter som i samband med en stroke drabbats av dysfagi. Artiklar har sökts i databaserna Blackwell Synergy, Swemed+, Elin@Dalarna och Medline. Manuellt har litteratur sökts på Ludvika Kommuns bibliotek och bland tidigare studielitteratur. Urvalet begränsades till att beröra patienter som fått dysfagi i samband med en stroke vidare skulle artiklarna ha en relevans till syfte och frågeställning. Till resultat delen har 12 artiklar använts. Munvård och konsistensanpassning av mat och dryck är omvårdnadsåtgärder som visat sig ge bra resultat vidare är det viktigt med lugn vid matbordet och att måltiden får ta den tid den tar. Att dricka en kopp kaffe kan ta en timme för en person med dysfagi. Nyttan av information och tips om olika knep, tekniska hjälpmedel och träning är inte att förringa.

Simulering av olika underhållsstrategier inom processindustri

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utvärdera om simulering av flöden på en emballeringsavdelning kan vara till hjälp för att kunna planera in stopp av packmaskiner så att förebyggande underhåll kan utföras. Med hjälp av simulering har kölängder, kötider och beläggningsgrader hos emballeringsavdelningen kunnat predikteras. Genom att skapa olika hypotesgrundade scenarion i simuleringsmodellen har ett antal resultat genererats.Resultaten av simuleringarna har gett värdefull information till underhållsavdelningens planerare. Informationen bör kunna vara ett viktigt beslutsunderlag för att kunna avgöra vid vilka tillfällen som de planerade stoppen kommer att ge upphov till minst störning av driften. Arbetet har visat att simulering av flöden är ett bra hjälpmedel för att kunna planera in stopp för förebyggande underhåll.För att kunna uppfylla syftet har en simuleringsmodell skapats över emballeringsavdelningen. Genom studier av processer och genom informationshämtning från kunnig personal har en användbar modell kunnat skapas. Även studier av underhållsteorier och simuleringslitteratur har varit till hjälp för att kunna uppfylla syftet med detta examensarbete.De utförda analyserna bygger till stor del på rekommendationer hämtade från den simuleringslitteratur som studerats men även på tips och stöd från författarnas handledare som har lång erfarenhet inom området.

Sistema purinérgico na memória da tarefa de esquiva inibitória em córtex cingulado e córtex pré-frontal de ratos

A memória pode ser definida como o armazenamento e a evocação de uma informação aprendida. Sendo um processo dinâmico, requer a ativação de diversos sistemas para que a informação adquirida seja consolidada. O ATP é um importante neurotransmissor que, após a sua liberação e conseqüente ativação de seus receptores específicos, precisa ser inativado. Esta remoção do ATP da fenda sináptica ocorre através de sua hidrólise promovida pelas ectonucleotidases. Como um dos produtos da hidrólise do ATP, a adenosina é considerada um potente neuromodulador e exerce suas ações através de receptores específicos com ações excitatórias (A2A e A2B ) ou inibitórias (A1 e A3). Vários trabalhos já demonstraram a participação do sistema purinérgico nos processos relacionados a memória da tarefa da esquiva inibitória. Estudos realizados em nosso laboratório mostraram a participação das ectonucleotidases sinaptossomais de hipocampo, córtex entorrinal e córtex parietal na consolidação da memória para esquiva inibitória. No entanto, existem poucos estudos a respeito do sistema purinérgico nos mecanismos de consolidação da memória em outras regiões cerebrais, tais como o córtex cingulado anterior (CA) e posterior (CP) e a área pré-central medial (FR2). Portanto, na primeira parte deste estudo, avaliamos as atividades ectonucleotidásicas em sinaptossomas de CA, CP e FR2 de ratos submetidos à tarefa de esquiva inibitória. Nossos resultados demonstraram um aumento na hidrólise de ATP em sinaptossomas de FR2 e CA; e na hidrólise de ADP em sinaptossomas de FR2 e CP. Este aumento na hidrólise de ATP e ADP ocorreu devido ao choque administrado na tarefa, já que o grupo de animais que não recebeu choque não apresentou alterações na hidrólise de ATP e ADP. Este efeito observado provavelmente não está associado à consolidação da memória, mas a mudanças neuroquímicas e neurohumorais induzidas pelo estresse após o choque. Além disso, foi observado um aumento relacionado ao aprendizado na atividade ATPásica e ADPásica em CP e CA, respectivamente. Estes resultados sugerem fortemente que estas enzimas participam da consolidação da memória em CP e CA. O aumento na hidrólise de ATP e ADP sugere um possível aumento na concentração de adenosina nestas regiões. Portanto, na segunda parte deste estudo, verificamos a influência de agonistas e antagonistas de receptores de adenosina nas memórias de curta (STM) e de longa (LTM) duração na tarefa de esquiva inibitória. Então, neste estudo administramos intrafusões de análogos de adenosina em CP, imediatamente após o treino em esquiva inibitória. Os resultados demonstraram que a intrafusão de DPCPX, um antagonista de receptores A1, em CP, na concentração de 50 nM, aumentou significativamente a retenção da tarefa em ambas STM e LTM. Além disso, a administração de CPA, um agonista de receptores A1 de adenosina, não alterou ambas STM e LTM nas concentrações testadas. Portanto, este estudo sugere que os receptores A1 exercem uma modulação inibitória em CP tanto na STM quanto na LTM para o aprendizado de esquiva inibitória. A regulação dos níveis de ATP e adenosina pelas ectonucleotidases em CP, CA e FR2 controlaria a ativação dos receptores A1 nestas estruturas, podendo exercer efeitos modulatórios na consolidação da memória nestas estruturas.