999 resultados para SISTEMAS DE CONTROL POR RETROALIMENTACIÓN
Resumo:
Un sueño escaso o de mala calidad puede tener repercusiones negativas en la vida diaria. Si esta situación se prolonga en el tiempo, puede afectar al estado de ánimo e interferir en el trabajo y la vida social de una persona. Son muchos los factores que determinan la calidad del sueño. No es suficiente con dormir, sino que hay que dormir bien para que el sueño sea realmente reparador y se pueda uno levantar descansado y con energía. Muchos aspectos como la actividad física, las comidas y bebidas, los horarios, pueden alterar la calidad del sueño o generar dificultades para conciliarlo por lo que en los últimos años han salido al mercado varios dispositivos y aplicaciones cuantificadoras que ayudan a monitorizar el sueño. Existen dispositivos que solamente registran el movimiento y la temperatura corporal y aun así generan una gran cantidad de datos. Debido a esto, la información producida puede no ser fácilmente interpretable. En este proyecto usamos un dispositivo de monitorización que ofrece más información (como temperatura y flujo térmico) por lo que queremos mejorar la interpretabilidad de los datos que se generan para ayudar a facilitar el trabajo de los médicos que las utilizan con sus pacientes intentando descubrir trastornos metabólicos. Se aspira a simplificar el trabajo manual que ahora se realiza intentando que sea más automático. Para ello, en este proyecto se utilizan técnicas de minería de datos en series temporales que permiten hacer un análisis exploratorio de los datos y agrupar la información de forma que los resultados se muestren de una forma resumida y concreta y que pueda ser percibida de un vistazo. Utilizando estas técnicas creamos una aplicación que obtiene series temporales de los datos particionadas en distintos tipos de episodios, centrándonos en episodios de sueño y de actividad física, clasificando los episodios de sueño por su similitud y presentando un resumen de la actividad del paciente a lo largo de toda la monitorización.
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El origen del presente trabajo titulado “PROCESO DE AUDITORIA DE SISTEMAS BASADO EN EL DOMINIO ENTREGAR Y DAR SOPORTE DEL MODELO COBIT APLICADO AL SISTEMA DE ADMINISTRACION FINANCIERA INTEGRADO MUNICIPAL” se fundamenta en el auge del uso de tecnologías de información para el procesamiento de las operaciones y actividades de las instituciones públicas y privadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un proceso de Auditoría de Sistemas, tomando como base la metodología COBIT que específicamente está diseñada para la evaluación de Sistemas de Información. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se realizó un estudio analítico, con el fin de comprobar y comprender la problemática identificada, para lo cual se consideraron como unidades de observación las alcaldías que tienen implementado SAFIMU II, las cuales son: Antiguo Cuscatlán, Ciudad Arce, San Antonio del Monte, Acajutla, Juayua y San Martin; en tal sentido se desarrolló un cuestionario para recabar información, dirigido al personal de Tesorería, Contabilidad e Informática de las instituciones anteriormente mencionadas. Los resultados obtenidos se analizaron e interpretaron a través de la tabulación y gráficos de los mismos. La información obtenida reveló que las municipalidades tienen deficiencias con respeto al control interno debido a que no se practica auditorías al sistema donde se dé a conocer las vulnerabilidades, áreas a mejorar y áreas de oportunidad de sistema; esto conlleva a errores u omisiones en el procesamiento de la información, razón por la cual los usuarios consideran que la confiabilidad de la reportes que suministra el sistema se considera medio.
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The primary cementing is an important step in the oilwell drilling process, ensuring the mechanical stability of the well and the hydraulic isolation between casing and formation. For slurries to meet the requirements for application in a certain well, some care in the project should be taken into account to obtain a cement paste with the proper composition. In most cases, it is necessary to add chemicals to the cement to modify its properties, according to the operation conditions and thus obtain slurries that can move inside the jacket providing a good displacement to the interest area. New technologies of preparation and use of chemicals and modernization of technological standards in the construction industry have resulted in the development of new chemical additives for optimizing the properties of building materials. Products such as polycarboxylate superplasticizers provide improved fluidity and cohesion of the cement grains, in addition to improving the dispersion with respect to slurries without additives. This study aimed at adapting chemical additives used in civil construction to be used use in oilwell cement slurries systems, using Portland cement CPP-Special Class as the hydraulic binder. The chemical additives classified as defoamer, dispersant, fluid loss controller and retarder were characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses and technological tests set by the API (American Petroleum Institute). These additives showed satisfactory results for its application in cement slurries systems for oil wells. The silicone-based defoamer promoted the reduction of air bubbles incorporated during the stirring of the slurries. The dispersant significantly reduced the rheological parameters of the systems studied. The tests performed with the fluid loss controller and the retarder also resulted in suitable properties for application as chemical additives in cement slurries
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The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) methods applied to the lifting of oil present as an area with growing demand technical and scientific in view of the optimizations that can be carried forward with existing processes. This dissertation has as main objective to present the development of embedded systems dedicated to a wireless sensor network based on IEEE 802.15.4, which applies the ZigBee protocol, between sensors, actuators and the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), aiming to solve the present problems in the deployment and maintenance of the physical communication of current elevation oil units based on the method Plunger-Lift. Embedded systems developed for this application will be responsible for acquiring information from sensors and control actuators of the devices present at the well, and also, using the Modbus protocol to make this network becomes transparent to the PLC responsible for controlling the production and delivery information for supervisory SISAL
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Stimulation operations have with main objective restore or improve the productivity or injectivity rate in wells. Acidizing is one of the most important operations of well stimulation, consist in inject acid solutions in the formation under fracture formation pressure. Acidizing have like main purpose remove near wellbore damage, caused by drilling or workover operations, can be use in sandstones and in carbonate formations. A critical step in acidizing operation is the control of acid-formation reaction. The high kinetic rate of this reaction, promotes the consumed of the acid in region near well, causing that the acid treatment not achive the desired distance. In this way, the damage zone can not be bypassed. The main objective of this work was obtain stable systems resistant to the different conditions found in field application, evaluate the kinetic of calcite dissolution in microemulsion systems and simulate the injection of this systems by performing experiments in plugs. The systems were obtained from two non ionic surfactants, Unitol L90 and Renex 110, with sec-butanol and n-butanol like cosurfactants. The oily component of the microemlsion was xilene and kerosene. The acqueous component was a solution of HCl 15-26,1%. The results shown that the microemulsion systems obtained were stable to temperature until 100ºC, high calcium concentrations, salinity until 35000 ppm and HCl concentrations until 25%. The time for calcite dissolution in microemulsion media was 14 times slower than in aqueous HCl 15%. The simulation in plugs showed that microemulsion systems promote a distributed flux and promoted longer channels. The permeability enhancement was between 177 - 890%. The results showed that the microemulsion systems obtained have potential to be applied in matrix acidizing
Resumo:
El proceso de modernización del Estado ha introducido cambios en los sistemas financieros, operativos, administrativos y de información; por lo que se han emitido nuevas Normas Técnicas de Control Interno, para establecer pautas generales que orienten el accionar de las entidades del sector público, en un adecuado sistema de control interno y probidad administrativa, para el logro de la eficiencia, efectividad, economía y transparencia en la gestión que desarrollan. Para el caso se tratan las NTCIE aplicables al sector de las Municipalidades, y con su entrada en vigencia al ser aprobadas se convierten en base legal para auditar las operaciones y actuaciones financieras internas, por parte de la Corte de Cuentas de la República de El Salvador a dichas entidades y poder comprobar su transparencia ante la ciudadanía. La falta de manuales que contengan procedimientos específicos aplicables a los activos, hace que las instituciones se expongan a efectuar un inadecuado uso y manejo de estos bienes, incluyendo el desconocimiento de la normativa por parte de los involucrados en el proceso de control, y la exposición a fraudes por parte de Concejos Municipales. A esto se le incluye el factor tiempo que es determinante, ya que la normativa señalada por La Corte de Cuentas de la República de El Salvador para las municipalidades, han sido aprobadas y enviadas al diario oficial para su respectiva publicación, momento en el cual serán de aplicabilidad obligatoria para cada institución. Las Municipalidades tienen la necesidad de establecer controles internos apropiados, de manera que den cumplimiento a las Normas Técnicas de Control Internos (NTCIE), y en vista de que no cuentan con los instrumentos que las NTCIE señalan, con el fin de establecer los parámetros de medición, verificación y control para el uso, manejo y salvaguarda de sus Activos Fijos, tampoco cuentan con recursos económicos para la contratación de personal que se dedique a preparar los instrumentos de control interno necesarios por cada área señaladas en las NTCIE de las municipalidades, se diseña el presente Manual de Control Interno para el área del Activo Fijo, habiéndose efectuado un estudio en las Municipalidades que conforman el área metropolitana de San Salvador. Con esto lograremos que las alcaldías del área metropolitana cuenten con políticas y procedimientos de control interno apropiados para verificar el uso, manejo y mantenimiento de sus activos fijos, acordes a la normativa legal que la Corte de Cuentas de la República de El Salvador les ha señalado.
Resumo:
El incremento permanente de las expectativas y necesidades relacionada con la informática, al igual que la actualización continua de los elementos que componen la tecnología de este campo, obliga a las entidades que la aplican a contar con controles, políticas y procedimientos que aseguren a la alta dirección que los recursos humanos, materiales y financieros involucrados, son protegidos adecuadamente y que se orienten a la rentabilidad y competitividad del negocio. La tecnología de informática, traducida en hardware, software, sistemas de información, investigación tecnológica, redes locales, bases de datos, ingeniería de software, telecomunicaciones, servicios y organización de informática es una herramienta estratégica que brinda rentabilidad y ventaja competitiva a los negocios frente a sus similares en el mercado; pero puede originar costos y desventajas competitivas si no es bien administrada y dirigida por el personal encargado. El desarrollo acelerado de la tecnología de computación y la significativa expansión del uso de computadoras para realizar tareas contables, han aumentado considerablemente la necesidad que tenemos de conocer con detalle los diversos sistemas de computación comúnmente en uso y los correspondientes procedimientos de control. Lo que resulta innegable es que la informática se convierte cada día en una herramienta permanente de los procesos principales de los negocios, en una fuerza estratégica, un aliado confiable y oportuno. Todo lo anterior es posible tenerlo en la empresa si se implantan controles y esquemas de seguridad requeridos para su aprovechamiento óptimo. Los contadores públicos en nuestro medio carecen de una guía práctica para la evaluación del control interno en informática que conlleve al desarrollo de la auditoria en forma eficiente, oportuna y profesional. La respuesta siempre ha existido: mediante evaluaciones oportunas y completas de dicha función por personal calificado (o sea, consultores externos, auditores en informática), o evaluaciones periódicas por el mismo personal de informática entre otras estrategias. El objetivo principal de la guía práctica para la evaluación del control interno en la auditoría en informática es el de brindar al auditor una idea de los aspectos de control que podrá encontrar en los diversos sistemas electrónicos de procesamiento de datos actualmente en uso. El trabajo está orientado a proporcionar una metodología específica para que sirva de guía al profesional de la contaduría pública en el desarrollo y diseño de la evaluación del control interno para auditoría de informática, así como para la captación de información en forma lógica, ordenada y comprensible para facilitar su uso posterior al Recomendar políticas y procedimientos que aseguren la calidad y eficiencia en cada una de las funciones de informática, así como los productos y servicios de esta área.
Resumo:
The program PROBIODIESEL from the Ministry of Science and Technology has substantially increased glycerine, obtained as a sub-product of biodiesel production process, making it necessary to seek alternatives for the use of this co-product. On the other hand, herbicides although play a role of fundamental importance in the agricultural production system in force, have been under growing concern among the various segments of society because of their potential environmental risk. In this work, we used glycerin in microemulsion systems for application of herbicides, to improve efficiency and lower environmental pollution caused by the loss of those products to the environment. To obtain the systems of microemulsinados were used Unitol L90 NP and Renex 40 as surfactants, butanol as co-surfactant, coconut oil as oil phase and aqueous phase as we used solutions of glycerin + water. Through the determination of phase diagrams, the microemulsion region was found in the system E (L90 Unitol, coconut oil and glycerin + water 1:1). Three points were chosen to the aqueous phase rich in characterization and application in the solubilization of glyphosate and atrazine. Three experiments were performed in Horta, Department of Plant Sciences, Plant Science Sector, UFERSA, Mossoró-RN. The first experiment was conducted in randomized complete blocks with 20 treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of five doses of the herbicide glyphosate (0.0, 0.45, 0.9, 1.35 and 1.8 L ha-1) diluted with four sauces: C1, C2, C3 (microemulsions) and C4 (water). The phytotoxicity of Brachiaria brizantha was measured at 7, 14, 28 and 60 DAA (days after application). At 60 DAA, we evaluated the biomass of plants. The second experiment was developed in randomized complete blocks with 20 treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of five doses of the herbicide atrazine (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 2.4 L ha-1) diluted with four sauces: C1, C2, C3 (microemulsions) and C4 (water). The phytotoxicity on Zea mays and Talinum paniculatum was evaluated at 2, 7, 20 DAA. The experiment III was developed in randomized complete blocks with 16 treatments and three repetitions. The treatments consisted of 16 combinations among the constituents of the microemulsion: Unitol L90 surfactant (0.0, 1.66, 5.0, 15 %) and glycerin (0.0, 4.44, 13.33 and 40.0 %). The phytotoxicity on Zea mays was evaluated at 1, 7 and 14 DAA. At 14 DAA, we evaluated the biomass of plants. The control plants using the microemulsions was lower than in the water due to the poisoning caused by the initial microemulsions in the leaves of the plants, a fact that hinders the absorption and translocation of the herbicide. There was no toxicity in Zea mays plants caused by the herbicide, however, were highly intoxicated by microemulsions. T. paniculatum was better controlled in spraying with the microemulsions, regardless of the dose of the herbicide. The glycerine did not cause plant damage. Higher poisoning the plants are caused by tensoactive Unitol L90 and higher rates occur with the use of higher concentrations of surfactant and glycerin, or microemulsion. The microemulsions used hampered the action of glyphosate in controlling B. brizantha and caused severe poisoning in corn, and these poisonings attributed mainly to the action of surfactant
Resumo:
41 p.
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En estos documentos se explican los aspectos generales sobre el control y la gestión de la calidad en las organizaciones. Comprenden una introducción sobre las organizaciones, su estructura y naturaleza, conceptos básicos sobre calidad, como se debe implantar una norma de calidad, en concreto la más utilizada a nivel mundial como es la ISO 9001 y, por último, se presenta como se debe realizar ese proceso de implantación y el de certificación del sistema de gestión de la calidad ISO 9001.
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The control of energy homeostasis relies on robust neuronal circuits that regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Although the physiology of these circuits is well understood, the molecular and cellular response of this program to chronic diseases is still largely unclear. Hypothalamic inflammation has emerged as a major driver of energy homeostasis dysfunction in both obesity and anorexia. Importantly, this inflammation disrupts the action of metabolic signals promoting anabolism or supporting catabolism. In this review, we address the evidence that favors hypothalamic inflammation as a factor that resets energy homeostasis in pathological states.
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Paraquat is a fast acting nonselective contact herbicide that is extensively used worldwide. However, the aqueous solubility and soil sorption of this compound can cause problems of toxicity in nontarget organisms. This work investigates the preparation and characterization of nanoparticles composed of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) to produce an efficient herbicidal formulation that was less toxic and could be used for safer control of weeds in agriculture. The toxicities of the formulations were evaluated using cell culture viability assays and the Allium cepa chromosome aberration test. The herbicidal activity was investigated in cultivations of maize (Zea mays) and mustard (Brassica sp.), and soil sorption of the nanoencapsulated herbicide was measured. The efficiency association of paraquat with the nanoparticles was 62.6 ± 0.7%. Encapsulation of the herbicide resulted in changes in its diffusion and release as well as its sorption by soil. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays showed that the nanoencapsulated herbicide was less toxic than the pure compound, indicating its potential to control weeds while at the same time reducing environmental impacts. Measurements of herbicidal activity showed that the effectiveness of paraquat was preserved after encapsulation. It was concluded that the encapsulation of paraquat in nanoparticles can provide a useful means of reducing adverse impacts on human health and the environment, and that the formulation therefore has potential for use in agriculture.
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The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is complex and involves, besides the secretion and action of insulin and glucagon, a hormonal and neural mechanism, regulating the rate of gastric emptying. This mechanism depends on extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion regulates the speed of gastric emptying, contributing to the control of postprandial glycemia. The pharmacodynamic characteristics of various agents of this class can explain the effects more relevant in fasting or postprandial glucose, and can thus guide the individualized treatment, according to the clinical and pathophysiological features of each patient.
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The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of diabetes in older people and the adopted control measures. Data regarding older diabetic individuals who participated in the Health Surveys conducted in the Municipality of Sao Paulo, SP, ISA-Capital, in 2003 and 2008, which were cross-sectional studies, were analyzed. Prevalences and confidence intervals were compared between 2003 and 2008, according to sociodemographic variables. The combination of the databases was performed when the confidence intervals overlapped. The Chi-square (level of significance of 5%) and the Pearson's Chi-square (Rao-Scott) tests were performed. The variables without overlap between the confidence intervals were not tested. The age of the older adults was 60-69 years. The majority were women, Caucasian, with an income of between > 0.5 and 2.5 times the minimum salary and low levels of schooling. The prevalence of diabetes was 17.6% (95%CI 14.9;20.6) in 2003 and 20.1% (95%CI 17.3;23.1) in 2008, which indicates a growth over this period (p at the limit of significance). The most prevalent measure adopted by the older adults to control diabetes was hypoglycemic agents, followed by diet. Physical activity was not frequent, despite the significant differences observed between 2003 and 2008 results. The use of public health services to control diabetes was significantly higher in older individuals with lower income and lower levels of education. Diabetes is a complex and challenging disease for patients and the health systems. Measures that encourage health promotion practices are necessary because they presented a smaller proportion than the use of hypoglycemic agents. Public health policies should be implemented, and aimed mainly at older individuals with low income and schooling levels. These changes are essential to improve the health condition of older diabetic patients.
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A retrospective case-control study based on craniometrical evaluation was performed to evaluate the incidence of basilar invagination (BI). Patients with symptomatic tonsillar herniation treated surgically had craniometrical parameters evaluated based on CT scan reconstructions before surgery. BI was diagnosed when the tip of the odontoid trespassed the Chamberlain's line in three different thresholds found in the literature: 2, 5 or 6.6 mm. In the surgical group (SU), the mean distance of the tip of the odontoid process above the Chamberlain's line was 12 mm versus 1.2 mm in the control (CO) group (p<0.0001). The number of patients with BI according to the threshold used (2, 5 or 6.6 mm) in the SU group was respectively 19 (95%), 16 (80%) and 15 (75%) and in the CO group it was 15 (37%), 4 (10%) and 2 (5%).