The epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni where Biomphalaria tenagophila is the snail host

The epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni in the Municipality of Pedro de Toledo (State of S. Paulo, Brazil) since 1980, has been studied. In 1980 the prevalence evaluated by stool exams (Kato-Katz method) was 22.8% and no statistical difference at 5.0% level was observed between rural and urban zones. The intensity of infection was low (58.5 eggs/g of faeces); the highest prevalence and intensity of infection rates were observed within the group of from 5 to 29 years of age, respectively. The transmission of schistosomiasis usually occurred during leisure time. The majority of the carriers of the parasite were asymptomatic. Of the B. tenagophila examined only 0.4% were found to be infected. The control programme has been intensified from 1981 on resulting in a sharp decrease in the prevalence from 22.8% in 1980 to 6% at the present time. This result shows that, in spite of the control programme there is a residual human prevalence. A beginning has been made on the investigation into the possible causes of this residual prevalence (6.0% was maintained through out 1987).

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis in integrated control

The susceptibility of field collected Aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated in terms of median lethal time (LT50) and final mortality, when treated with temephos, Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis as well as mixtures of these two agents. Third instar larvae were shown to be more susceptible than early and late fourth instar ones to the entomopathogen. Survival of some individuals when exposed to temephos suggest possible resistance. Temporal synergism in early fourth instar larvae was detected when they were exposed to mixtures of Bti-temephos. The possibility of this integrated treatment is commented on.

Direct Power Control of Matrix Converter Based Unified Power Flow Controllers

This paper presents the Direct Power Control of Three-Phase Matrix Converters (DPC-MC) operating as Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC). Since matrix converters allow direct AC/AC power conversion without intermediate energy storage link, the resulting UPFC has reduced volume and cost, together with higher reliability. Theoretical principles of DPC-MC method are established based on an UPFC model, together with a new direct power control approach based on sliding mode control techniques. As a result, active and reactive power can be directly controlled by selection of an appropriate switching state of matrix converter. This new direct power control approach associated to matrix converters technology guarantees decoupled active and reactive power control, zero error tracking, fast response times and timely control actions. Simulation results show good performance of the proposed system.

Predictive Optimal Matrix Converter Control for a Dynamic Voltage Restorer with Flywheel Energy Storage

This paper presents a predictive optimal matrix converter controller for a flywheel energy storage system used as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The flywheel energy storage device is based on a steel seamless tube mounted as a vertical axis flywheel to store kinetic energy. The motor/generator is a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine driven by the AC-AC Matrix Converter. The matrix control method uses a discrete-time model of the converter system to predict the expected values of the input and output currents for all the 27 possible vectors generated by the matrix converter. An optimal controller minimizes control errors using a weighted cost functional. The flywheel and control process was tested as a DVR to mitigate voltage sags and swells. Simulation results show that the DVR is able to compensate the critical load voltage without delays, voltage undershoots or overshoots, overcoming the input/output coupling of matrix converters.

A case-control study on the association of hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in Northeast Brazil

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers were investigated in 40 incident cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in two age and sex matched control groups, comprising 40 patients with other cancers and 80 healthy individuals, resident in Bahia, Brazil. Serologic tests were done by radioimmunoassay. The study observed high proportion of seropositivity to HBsAg (42.5%) and of those presenting HBsAg or antiHBc (65.0%) among HCC cases, higher in men than women and in those aged 17 to 30 years old. HBsAg seropositivity among HCC patients was greater than in the control group with other cancers (7.5%) and in healthy controls (2.5%), corresponding to odds ratio estimates of 15.0 (95% CI 3.29, 68.30) and 33.0 (95% CI 9.13, 119.28), both statistically significant. HBeAg was not observed and antiHBe was present in 41.2% of cases, suggesting the absence of viral replication, possibly with viral DNA intergration into the hepatocyte genome. The presence of cirrhosis was associated with HBsAg seropositivity among HCC cases. A history of chronic alcoholism is shown to be more frequently related to those cases with cirrhosis. This study highlights the relevant association between HCC and HBV in Northeast Brazil, particularly for young individuals, and the high risk of development of HCC for HBsAg carriers.

Difficulties encountered in a community-based study of acute respiratory infections in Uruguay

A cohort study on acute respiratory infections, involving 270 children observed by pediatricians in their homes every 10 days over a period of 32 months, gave the opportunity to experience logistic and methodological problems seldom described in the literature. The purpose of this article is to alert researchers as to the difficulties faced when performing community-based studies in developing countries. Although a carefully planned project was undertaken, problem areas included the establishment of the target population, population dynamics, field related problems, laboratory aspects and data management. It is hoped that other investigators may benefit from the extensive experience gained from our program in foreseeing and coping with the difficulties involved.

Modeling, control and simulation of full-power converter wind turbines equipped with permanent magnet synchronous generator

In this paper, two wind turbines equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and respectively with a two-level or a multilevel converter are simulated in order to access the malfunction transient performance. Three different drive train mass models, respectively, one, two and three mass models, are considered in order to model the bending flexibility of the blades. Moreover, a fractional-order control strategy is studied comparatively to a classical integer-order control strategy. Computer simulations are carried out, and conclusions about the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the electric current injected into the electric grid are in favor of the fractional-order control strategy.

Power converter topologies for wind energy conversion systems: Integrated modeling, control strategy and performance simulation

This paper presents new integrated model for variable-speed wind energy conversion systems, considering a more accurate dynamic of the wind turbine, rotor, generator, power converter and filter. Pulse width modulation by space vector modulation associated with sliding mode is used for controlling the power converters. Also, power factor control is introduced at the output of the power converters. Comprehensive performance simulation studies are carried out with matrix, two-level and multilevel power converter topologies in order to adequately assert the system performance. Conclusions are duly drawn.

A Pitch Control Malfunction Analysis for Wind Turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Full-power Converters: Proportional Integral Versus Fractional-order Controllers

A transient analysis for two full-power converter wind turbines equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous generator is studied in this article, taking into consideration, as a new contribution to earlier studies, a pitch control malfunction. The two full-power converters considered are, respectively, a two-level and a multi-level converter. Moreover, a novel control strategy based on fractional-order controllers for wind turbines is studied. Simulation results are presented; conclusions are in favor of the novel control strategy, improving the quality of the energy injected into the electric grid.

Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma: a case-control study

A controlled trial was performed with the purpose of investigating which factors could be considered of significant risk for the development of basal cell carcinoma. A total of 259 cases of basal cell carcinoma diagnosed from July 1991 to July 1992 were compared with 518 controls matched for age and sex. All subjects in both groups were white. Protocol data were submitted to statistical analysis by the chi-square test and by multiple conditional logistic regression analysis and the following conclusions were reached: 1) light skin color (types I and II of the Fitzpatrick classification), odds ratio of 2.8; outdoor work under constant sunlight, odds ratio of 5.0; the presence of actinic lesions due to exposure to the sun, odds ratio of 4.9, are risk factors perse. 2) Type III skin in the Fitzpatrick classification only represents a risk factor when the patient reports a history of intense sunburns, but not in the absence of such a history. 3) Sunburns per se do not represent a risk factor althorig the point made in item 2 of these conclusions is valid. 4) Other suspected risk factors whose significance was not confirmed by multiple conditioned logistic regression analysis were: residence in rural areas, light eyes and blond hair color, extent of the awareness of the "sun x skin cancer" relationship, familial occurrence of skin cancer, excessive exposure to the sun, and freckles appearing in childhood.

WPAC: wireless payment and access control: dispositivos móveis no pagamento de serviços e controlo de acessos

A rápida evolução dos dispositivos móveis e das tecnologias de comunicação sem fios transformou o telemóvel num poderoso dispositivo de computação móvel. A necessidade de estar sempre contactável, comum à civilização moderna, tem aumentado a dependência deste dispositivo, sendo transportado pela maioria das pessoas num ambiente urbano e assumindo um papel talvez mais importante que a própria carteira. A ubiquidade e capacidade de computação dos telemóveis aumentam o interesse no desenvolvimento de serviços móveis, além de tradicionais serviços de voz. Um telemóvel pode em breve tornar-se um elemento activo nas nossas tarefas diárias, servindo como um instrumento de pagamento e controlo de acessos, proporcionando assim novas interfaces para serviços existentes. A unificação de vários serviços num único dispositivo é um desafio que pode simplificar a nossa rotina diária e aumentar o conforto, no limite deixaremos de necessitar de dinheiro físico, cartões de crédito ou débito, chaves de residência e de veículos automóveis, ou inclusive documentos de identificação como bilhetes de identidade ou passaportes. O interesse demonstrado pelos intervenientes, desde os fabricantes de telemóveis e operadores de rede móvel até às instituições financeiras, levaram ao aparecimento de múltiplas soluções de serviços móveis. Porém estas soluções respondem geralmente a problemas específicos, apenas contemplando um fornecedor de serviços ou uma determinada operação de pagamento, como seja a compra de bilhetes ou pagamento de estacionamento. Estas soluções emergentes consistem também tipicamente em especificações fechadas e protocolos proprietários. A definição de uma arquitectura genérica, aberta interoperável e extensível é necessária para que os serviços móveis possam ser adoptados de uma forma generalizada por diferentes fornecedores de serviços e para diversos tipos de pagamento. A maior parte das soluções actuais de pagamento móvel depende de comunicações através da rede móvel, algumas utilizam o telemóvel apenas como uma interface de acesso à internet enquanto outras possibilitam o envio de um SMS (Short Message Service) para autorizar uma transacção, o que implica custos de comunicação em todas as operações de pagamento. Este custo de operação torna essas soluções inadequadas para a realização de micropagamentos e podem por isso ter uma aceitação limitada por parte dos clientes. As soluções existentes focam-se maioritariamente em pagamentos à distância, não tirando partido das características do pagamento presencial e não oferecendo por isso uma verdadeira alternativa ao modelo actual de pagamento com cartões de crédito/débito. As capacidades computacionais dos telemóveis e suporte de diversos protocolos de comunicação sem fio local não têm sido aproveitadas, vendo o telemóvel apenas como um terminal GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) e não oferecendo serviços adicionais como seja a avaliação dinâmica de risco ou controlo de despesas. Esta dissertação propõe e valida, através de um demonstrador, uma aquitectua aberta para o pagamento e controlo de acesso baseado em dispositivos móveis, intitulada WPAC (Wireless Payment and Access Control). Para chegar à solução apresentada foram estudadas outras soluções de pagamento, desde o aparecimento dos cartões de débito até a era de pagamentos electrónicos móveis, passando pelas soluções de pagamento através da internet. As capacidades dos dispositivos móveis, designadamente os telemóveis, e tecnologias de comunicação sem fios foram também analisadas a fim de determinar o estado tecnológico actual. A arquitectura WPAC utiliza padrões de desenho utilizados pela indústria em soluções de sucesso, a utilização de padrões testados e a reutilização de soluções com provas dadas permite aumentar a confiança nesta solução, um destes exemplos é a utilização de uma infra-estrutura de chave pública para o estabelecimento de um canal de comunicação seguro. Esta especificação é uma arquitectura orientada aos serviços que utiliza os Web Services para a definição do contracto do serviço de pagamento. A viabilidade da solução na orquestração de um conjunto de tecnologias e a prova de conceito de novas abordagens é alcançada com a construção de um protótipo e a realização de testes. A arquitectura WPAC possibilita a realização de pagamentos móveis presenciais, isto é, junto do fornecedor de bens ou serviços, seguindo o modelo de pagamento com cartões de crédito/débito no que diz respeito aos intervenientes e relações entre eles. Esta especificação inclui como aspecto inovador a avaliação dinâmica de risco, que utiliza o valor do pagamento, a existência de pagamentos frequentes num período curto de tempo, e a data, hora e local do pagamento como factores de risco; solicitando ao cliente o conjunto de credenciais adequado ao risco avaliado, desde códigos pessoais a dados biométricos. É também apresentada uma alternativa ao processo normal de pagamento, que apesar de menos cómoda permite efectuar pagamentos quando não é possível estabelecer um canal de comunicação sem fios, aumentando assim a tolerância a falhas. Esta solução não implica custos de operação para o cliente na comunicação com o ponto de venda do comerciante, que é realizada através de tecnologias de comunicação local sem fios, pode ser necessária a comunicação através da rede móvel com o emissor do agente de pagamento para a actualização do agente de software ou de dados de segurança, mas essas transmissões são ocasionais. O modelo de segurança recorre a certificados para autenticação dos intervenientes e a uma infra-estrutura de chave pública para cifra e assinatura de mensagens. Os dados de segurança incluídos no agente de software móvel, para desabilitar a cópia ou corrupção da aplicação mas também para a comparação com as credenciais inseridas pelo cliente, devem igualmente ser encriptados e assinados de forma a garantir a sua confidencialidade e integridade. A arquitectura de pagamento utiliza o standard de Web Services, que é amplamente conhecido, aberto e interoperável, para definição do serviço de pagamento. Existem extensões à especificação de Web Services relativas à segurança que permitem trocar itens de segurança e definem o modo de cifra e assinatura de mensagens, possibilitando assim a sua utilização em aplicações que necessitem de segurança como é o caso de serviços de pagamento e controlo de acesso. O contracto de um Web Service define o modo de invocação dos serviços, transmissão de informação e representação de dados, sendo normalmente utilizado o protocolo SOAP que na prática não é mais que um protocolo de troca de mansagens XML (eXtensible Markup Language). O envio e recepção de mensagens XML; ou seja, a transmissão de simples sequências de caracteres, é suportado pela maioria dos protocolos de comunicação, sendo portanto uma solução abrangente que permite a adopção de diversas tecnologias de comunicação sem fios. O protótipo inclui um agente de software móvel, implementado sobre a forma de uma MIDlet, aplicação Java para dispositivos móveis, que implementa o protocolo de pagamento comunicando sobre uma ligação Bluetooth com o ponto de venda do comerciante, simulado por uma aplicação desenvolvida sobre a plataforma .NET e que por isso faz prova da heterogeneidade da solução. A comunicação entre o comerciante e o seu banco para autorização do pagamento e transferência monetária utiliza o protocolo existente para a autorização de pagamentos, com base em cartões de crédito/débito. A definição desta especificação aberta e genérica em conjunto com o forte interesse demonstrado pelos intervenientes, proporciona uma boa perspectiva em termos de adopção da solução, o que pode impulsionar a implementação de serviços móveis e dessa forma simplificar as rotinas diárias das pessoas. Soluções móveis de pagamento reduzem a necessidade de transportar vários cartões de crédito/débito na nossa carteira. A avaliação dinâmica de risco permite aumentar a segurança dos pagamentos, com a solicitação de mais credenciais ao cliente para pagamentos com um maior risco associado, sendo um ponto importante quer para os clientes quer para as instituições financeiras pois diminui o risco de fraude e aumenta a confiança no sistema. Esta solução de pagamento electrónico pode também facilitar a consulta de pagamentos efectuados e saldos, mantendo um histórico dos movimentos, o que não é possível nos cartões de crédito/débito sem uma visita a uma ATM (Automated Teller Machine) ou utilização de homebanking.

Seasonal variation of total particulate matter and children respiratory diseases at Lisbon primary schools using passive methods

In this work, 14 primary schools of Lisbon city, Portugal, followed a questionnaire of the ISAAC - International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Program, in 2009/2010. The questionnaire contained questions to identify children with respiratory diseases (wheeze, asthma and rhinitis). Total particulate matter (TPM) was passively collected inside two classrooms of each of 14 primary schools. Two types of filter matrices were used to collect TPM: Millipore (IsoporeTM) polycarbonate and quartz. Three campaigns were selected for the measurement of TPM: Spring, Autumn and Winter. The highest difference between the two types of filters is that the mass of collected particles was higher in quartz filters than in polycarbonate filters, even if their correlation is excellent. The highest TPM depositions occurred between October 2009 and March 2010, when related with rhinitis proportion. Rhinitis was found to be related to TPM when the data were grouped seasonally and averaged for all the schools. For the data of 2006/2007, the seasonal variation was found to be related to outdoor particle deposition (below 10 μm).

The use of wide-mesh gauze impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin covering wall openings in huts as a vector control method in Suriname

An alternative vector control method, using lambda-cyhalothrin impregnated wide-mesh gauze covering openings in the walls of the houses was developed in an area in the Eastern part of the interior of Suriname. Experimental hut observations showed that Anopheles darlingi greatly reduced their biting activity (99-100%) during the first 5 months after impregnation. A model assay showed high mortality both of mosquitoes repelled by the gauze as well as of those that succeeded in getting through it. A field application test in 270 huts showed good acceptance by the population and good durability of the applied gauze. After introducing the method in the entire working area, replacing DDT residual housespraying, the malaria prevalence, of 25-37% before application dropped and stabilized at between 5 and 10% within one year. The operational costs were less than those of the previously used DDT housespraying program, due to a 50% reduction in the cost of materials used. The method using widemesh gauze impregnated with lambdacyhalothrin strongly affects the behavior of An. darlingi. It is important to examine the effect of the method on malaria transmission further, since data indirectly obtained suggest substantial positive results.

Occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in hospitality venues: are genetic- or proteomics-based biomarkers predictive of respiratory diseases?

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is recognized as an occupational hazard in the hospitality industry. Although Portuguese legislation banned smoking in most indoor public spaces, it is still allowed in some restaurants/bars, representing a potential risk to the workers’ health, particularly for chronic respiratory diseases. The aims of this work were to characterize biomarkers of early genetic effects and to disclose proteomic signatures associated to occupational exposure to ETS and with potential to predict respiratory diseases development. A detailed lifestyle survey and clinical evaluation (including spirometry) were performed in 81 workers from Lisbon restaurants. ETS exposure was assessed through the level of PM 2.5 in indoor air and the urinary level of cotinine. The plasma samples were immunodepleted and analysed by 2D-SDSPAGE followed by in-gel digestion and LC-MS/MS. DNA lesions and chromosome damage were analysed innlymphocytes and in exfoliated buccal cells from 19 cigarette smokers, 29 involuntary smokers, and 33 non-smokers not exposed to tobacco smoke. Also, the DNA repair capacity was evaluated using an ex vivo challenge comet assay with an alkylating agent (EMS). All workers were considered healthy and recorded normal lung function. Interestingly, following 2D-DIGE-MS (MALDI-TOF/TOF), 61 plasma proteins were found differentially expressed in ETS-exposed subjects, including 38 involved in metabolism, acute-phase respiratory inflammation, and immune or vascular functions. On the other hand, the involuntary smokers showed neither an increased level of DNA/chromosome damage on lymphocytes nor an increased number of micronuclei in buccal cells, when compared to non-exposed non-smokers. Noteworthy, lymphocytes challenge with EMS resulted in a significantly lower level of DNA breaks in ETS-exposed as compared to non-exposed workers (P<0.0001) suggestive of an adaptive response elicited by the previous exposure to low levels of ETS. Overall, changes in proteome may be promising early biomarkers of exposure to ETS. Likewise, alterations of the DNA repair competence observed upon ETS exposure deserves to be further understood. Work supported by Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, ACSS and FCT/Polyannual Funding Program.

Evaluation and additional recommendations for preparing a whole blood control material

OBJECTIVE: The assessment of an easy to prepare and low cost control material for Hematology, available for manual and automated methods. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Aliquots of stabilized whole blood were prepared by partial fixation with aldehydes; the stability at different temperatures (4. 20 and 37 °C) during periods of up to 8-9 weeks and aliquot variability with both methods were controlled. RESULTS: Aliquot variability with automated methods at day 1, expressed as CV% (coefficient of variation) was: white blood cells (WBC) 2.7, red blood cells (RBC) 0.7, hemoglobin (Hb) 0.6, hematocrit (Hct) 0.7, mean cell volume (MCV) 0.3, mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) 0.6, mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 0.7, and platelets (PLT) 4.6. The CV (coefficient of variation) percentages obtained with manual methods in one of the batches were: WBC 23, Hct 2.8, Hb 4.5, MCHC 5.9, PLT 41. Samples stored at 4ºC and 20ºC showed good stability, only a very low initial hemolysis being observed, whereas those stored at 37ºC deteriobed a rapidly (metahemoglobin formation, aggregation of WBC and platelets, as well as alteration of erythrocyte indexes). CONCLUSIONS: It was confirmed that, as long as there is no exposure to high temperatures during distribution, this material is stable, allowing assessment, both esternal and internal, for control purposes, with acceptable reproductivity, both for manual and auttomatic methods.