Extração e caracterização qualitativa do óleo da polpa e amendoas de frutos de macaúba [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq) Lodd. ex Mart] coletada na região de Botucatu - SP

The international energy situation indicates to the depletion of oil reserves in the short term. Brazil, considering its potential, has sought through public policy, encourage the study of alternative forms of energy. Many of these forms are based on sub-products and agricultural products, especially the ethanol industry for fuel purposes. Another alternative of vegetable origin, most recently discussed, would be the production of fuel oil called biodiesel. The study aimed to extract and measure the pulp oil production of macaúba palm [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq) Lodd. ex Mart], collected in Botucatu (SP). In addition, the qualitative analysis of the pulp and almond oil are determined. The results showed low productivity in oils, compared to the reported for macauba natural populations of Minas Gerais. The qualitative analysis of the macauba pulp shows to be rich in long chain fatty acids, while the almond have significant amounts of lauric acid.

Perda de matéria seca em grãos de milho submetidos a sistemas de secagem natural e artificial.

The permanence of the corn grain in the field, after physiological maturity, is an important cause of crop losses, both in quantitative and qualitative aspect. By ceasing the supply of assimilated substances to grains, due to physiological maturity, the synthesis reactions are overcome by breathing, responsible for the maintenance of the living tissues of the grains, which occur at the expense of reserves accumulated during grain formation. In addition, there are losses from fungus and insects attack due to adverse weather conditions. Technological advances in recent decades, the develop of grain dryers with different capacities and efficiencies, has led to the early withdrawal of the product from the field, still damp, reducing spoilage. Moreover, the use of artificial drying systems can represent a significant cost to the producer. Thus, the present work aimed to study the effect of natural and artificial methods of drying on maize dry matter losses, for Botucatu, city of Sao Paulo state, Brazil. The cornfield production was conducted at the Experimental Farm “Lageado” and the experimental treatments were conducted in the Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, in the Department of Rural Engineering, where the drying systems were tested. The treatments were: shade (control), artificial with heated air, artificial unheated air and, drying attached to the plant. The following analyzes for quality monitoring were performed: weight test, thousand-grain weight test and, grain dry weight. The results showed significant loss in quality of drying beans attached to the plant, by assessing the dry matter loss and by the variation of the grain weight. The weight test showed that the worst performance was the artificial with heated air treatment. We used mathematical modeling techniques to describe the dry matter loss and adjusted the mathematical model to the experimental data analyzed. From the experimental data obtained during drying the grain attached to the plant, it was still possible to fit a regression model that estimates the loss of grain dry matter under the climate from Botucatu during the 2011/2012 harvest period.

Influência do ambiente no desenvolvimento de colônias iniciais de formigas cortadeiras (Atta sexdens rubropilosa)

Annually, mature colonies of Atta ants produce winged males and females, where leave the colony in which they were produced to form new colonies and thus continue the species perpetuation. The foundation of Atta spp. colonies always involves high queen effort, solely responsible for growing the fungus and the care with itself and its offspring. During the foundation there is consumption of body reserves. This study investigated how the environment influences the development of newly founded colonies of leaf cutting ant, Atta sexdens rubropilosa. Therefore, it was compared field colonies collected five months after the nuptial flight and colonies maintained in the laboratory since the nuptial flight. It was analyzed the weight and size of the population (number of workers, larvae, pupae and eggs), the workers size, the volume and weight of the fungus garden and queen effort for the nest foundation (lipid content and weight of queens). In comparison to the field colonies, the laboratory colonies showed higher values in the weight and size of population, the volume and weight of the fungus garden. Measures of workers by class size did not vary between colonies from field and laboratory. The queen effort for nest foundation was higher in field colonies, which showed a lower percentage of fat and lower weight compared to laboratory colonies. These results show that the environment has a strong influence on the colonies development during the foundation, as well as on the physiological status of the queens, and therefore the survival, development and success of the colony, it is a reflection of the queen efforts and of the environment conditions.

Padrão de respostas metabólicas de Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe sob a aplicação de reguladores vegetais e em condições de deficiência hídrica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação da cinetica bacteriana na biolixiviação de calcopirita

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Características do aço API X70 utilizado em tubos de transporte de petróleo e gás

Having in mind that petroleum's history presents a huge growth, the exploration and production areas have been receiving lots of investments, in order to attend the increasing demand for gas and petroleum. Looking through that scenario, new technologies have been evolving in favor of discovering new natural petroleum deposits and act with effectiveness in truly deep waters without giving up the worldwide best operational security practices. The use of rigid pipes in marine installations have been rising quickly and, thanks to this reality, the many storage and pipe launching forms became study objects and are getting improved. The analysis of steel API X70 characteristics, proving that they are suitable for use in pipes developed to transport gas and petroleum is the theme of this presentation. A tensile test was conducted to determine the base metal's mechanical properties, draining's tension, traction's resistance, elasticity's modulus and maximum tension. An aspect that is concerning too is the metallographic analysis, in order to determine the studied iron's microstructure. Results of analyzes showed that the steel has high resistance, with good capacity for deformation and well defined yield point, concluding suitable for the application in question

Estudo da viabilidade da implantação de frotas de veículos elétricos e híbridos elétricos no atual cenário econômico, político, energético e ambiental brasileiro

Currently there are two car models that use electricity in their propulsion systems, the electric vehicle and the hybrid electric vehicle. The electric vehicles are classified as vehicles that use electric motors in their propulsion system and batteries as a power source, on the other hand, the hybrid vehicles are classified as vehicles that use both electric motors and internal combustion engines in their propulsion system, using both batteries and líquid fuels as a power source. The main goal of this work is to analyze the characteristics of electric and hybrid electric vehicles and demonstrate the unfeasibility of the electric vehicle in the current economic, political, energetic and environmental brazilian scenario, for this purpose it was realized a study about the current brazilian situation regarding to electricity generation, current conservation status of road network, lack of electrical infrastructure for charging batteries, national lithium reserves, environmental characteristics, tax incentives, economic scenario, oil market and political positioning related to the implantation of electric or hybrid electric fleets in nacional territory. The operational characteristics analysis of electric and hybrid electric vehicles in this current scenario leads to the conclusion that currently a growth of electric vehicles fleets on a national scale is totally impractical in the Brazil, Thus, the introduction of green vehicles probably will occur primarily with hybrid electric models, motivated mainly due the bigger autonomy of this models compared to electric models, lower cost of hybrid electric models compared to electric models, factors related to the lack of recharging infrastructure and also factors related to political positioning

Características do aço API X70 utilizado em tubos de transporte de petróleo e gás

Having in mind that petroleum's history presents a huge growth, the exploration and production areas have been receiving lots of investments, in order to attend the increasing demand for gas and petroleum. Looking through that scenario, new technologies have been evolving in favor of discovering new natural petroleum deposits and act with effectiveness in truly deep waters without giving up the worldwide best operational security practices. The use of rigid pipes in marine installations have been rising quickly and, thanks to this reality, the many storage and pipe launching forms became study objects and are getting improved. The analysis of steel API X70 characteristics, proving that they are suitable for use in pipes developed to transport gas and petroleum is the theme of this presentation. A tensile test was conducted to determine the base metal's mechanical properties, draining's tension, traction's resistance, elasticity's modulus and maximum tension. An aspect that is concerning too is the metallographic analysis, in order to determine the studied iron's microstructure. Results of analyzes showed that the steel has high resistance, with good capacity for deformation and well defined yield point, concluding suitable for the application in question

Estudo da viabilidade da implantação de frotas de veículos elétricos e híbridos elétricos no atual cenário econômico, político, energético e ambiental brasileiro

Currently there are two car models that use electricity in their propulsion systems, the electric vehicle and the hybrid electric vehicle. The electric vehicles are classified as vehicles that use electric motors in their propulsion system and batteries as a power source, on the other hand, the hybrid vehicles are classified as vehicles that use both electric motors and internal combustion engines in their propulsion system, using both batteries and líquid fuels as a power source. The main goal of this work is to analyze the characteristics of electric and hybrid electric vehicles and demonstrate the unfeasibility of the electric vehicle in the current economic, political, energetic and environmental brazilian scenario, for this purpose it was realized a study about the current brazilian situation regarding to electricity generation, current conservation status of road network, lack of electrical infrastructure for charging batteries, national lithium reserves, environmental characteristics, tax incentives, economic scenario, oil market and political positioning related to the implantation of electric or hybrid electric fleets in nacional territory. The operational characteristics analysis of electric and hybrid electric vehicles in this current scenario leads to the conclusion that currently a growth of electric vehicles fleets on a national scale is totally impractical in the Brazil, Thus, the introduction of green vehicles probably will occur primarily with hybrid electric models, motivated mainly due the bigger autonomy of this models compared to electric models, lower cost of hybrid electric models compared to electric models, factors related to the lack of recharging infrastructure and also factors related to political positioning

Proposal of non-invasive experimental model to induce scoliosis in rats

Background: In the literature, there are several experimental models that induce scoliosis in rats; however, they make use of drugs or invasive interventions to generate a scoliotic curve. Objectives: To design and apply a non-invasive immobilization model to induce scoliosis in rats. Methods: Four-week old male Wistar rats (85 +/- 3.3 g) were divided into two groups: control (CG) and scoliosis (SG). The animals in the SG were immobilized by two vests (scapular and pelvic) made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and externally attached to each other by a retainer that regulated the scoliosis angle for twelve weeks with left convexity. After immobilization, the abdominal, intercostal, paravertebral, and pectoral muscles were collected for chemical and metabolic analyses. Radiographic reports were performed every 30 days over a 16-week period. Results: The model was effective in the induction of scoliosis, even 30 days after immobilization, with a stable angle of 28 +/- 5 degrees. The chemical and metabolic analyses showed a decrease (p<0.05) in the glycogenic reserves and in the relationship between DNA and total protein reserves of all the muscles analyzed in the scoliosis group, being lower (p<0.05) in the convex side. The values for the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance indicated a resistance condition to insulin (p<0.05) in the scoliosis group (0.66 +/- 0.03), when compared to the control group (0.81 +/- 0.02). Conclusions: The scoliosis curvature remained stable 30 days after immobilization. The chemical and metabolic analyses suggest changes in muscular homeostasis during the induced scoliosis process.

Produção de painéis maciços de tábuas e cavilhas de madeira ("Stack-board"). Estudo de caso de uma fábrica austríaca

O trabalho tem como foco a análise do processo produtivo de painéis maciços feitos como tábuas e cavilhas de madeira ("stack-board") em uma fábrica austríaca, visando identificar seus pontos positivos e negativos e fornecer uma visão geral de algumas das principais variáveis envolvendo a manufatura desse produto.

Estratégia de corrida em média e longa distância: como ocorrem os ajustes de velocidade ao longo da prova?

A estratégia de corrida tem sido apontada como um fator decisivo para o sucesso do atleta. Durante corridas de média e longa duração, a melhor estratégia será aquela capaz de poupar as "reservas fisiológicas", permitindo ao atleta terminar a prova no menor tempo possível. O controle da estratégia de corrida parece ser influenciado por fatores fisiológicos e psicológicos, que são ajustados constantemente durante a corrida, permitindo ao atleta determinar a intensidade do esforço. Diversas variáveis fisiológicas têm sido relacionadas aos ajustes da estratégia de corrida, no entanto, os resultados observados são controversos e foco de grandes discussões. Assim, a presente revisão tem como objetivo propiciar aos profissionais do esporte um melhor entendimento de questões como: 1) quais as melhores estratégias adotadas para determinado tipo de prova?; 2) como os ajustes da estratégia de corrida são realizados?; e 3) quais variáveis fisiológicas influenciam no controle da estratégia de corrida?

Caracterização geoelétrica de arenitos asfálticos da Formação Pirambóia, Bacia do Paraná

Os combustíveis fósseis respondem por cerca de 90% da matriz energética global, e apesar de ser consenso a necessidade de expansão da mesma e da redução do consumo de bens e energia em nossa cultura, esta mudança caminha a passos muito lentos, e a pesquisa relacionada aos recursos de combustíveis fósseis, inclusive o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que nos permitam explorar economicamente reservas antes inviáveis, ainda é extremamente necessária. As reservas mundiais de petróleo mais acessíveis ou economicamente viáveis, devido à sua extensão ou qualidade do óleo, têm sua vida útil contada e acumulações não convencionais tem sido exploradas. Os arenitos asfálticos da Formação Pirambóia, na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná, foram a acumulação de hidrocarbonetos escolhida para experimentar novos meios de investigação a serem usados na indústria de petróleo, aproveitando-se de métodos geofísicos com aplicações usuais em outras áreas da ciência, como geologia ambiental e geotecnia, testando sua potencialidade na identificação de áreas com presença de hidrocarbonetos. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar um comportamento elétrico em uma camada de arenito impregnado por betume distinguível do comportamento elétrico das camadas de arenito adjacentes, que não contém betume, estabelecendo assim uma assinatura geofísica associável à presença de hidrocarbonetos. Os métodos utilizados (Eletrorresistividade, Polarização Induzida e Eletromagnético Indutivo) mostraram o comportamento dos arenitos asfálticos em função de seus parâmetros físicos elétricos (resistividade, condutividade e cargabilidade) e possibilitaram a identificação e o mapeamento da camada asfáltica, em meio à camadas não impregnadas por betume, conforme pretendido. A boa correlação entre os perfis gerados após o processamento dos dados obtidos em campo e a geometria da camada observada em afloramento indica que os métodos geoelétricos podem constituir uma ferramenta de análise na pesquisa de hidrocarbonetos em bacias sedimentares continentais, possibilitando um diagnóstico inicial da presença de hidrocarbonetos em áreas pré definidas, com métodos não destrutivos, não poluentes e, comparativamente aos métodos convencionais utilizados na indústria de petróleo e gás, mais baratos e rápidos.

Lipid and glucose profiles of dairy buffaloes during lactation and dry period

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of lactation and dry period in the constituents of lipid and glucose metabolism of buffaloes. One hundred forty-seven samples of serum and plasma were collected between November 2009 and July 2010, from properties raising Murrah, Mediterranean and crossbred buffaloes, located in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Biochemical analysis was obtained by determining the contents of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBO), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and plasma glucose. Values for arithmetic mean and standard error mean were calculated using the SAS procedure, version 9.2. Tests for normality of residuals and homogeneity of variances were performed using the SAS Guide Data Analysis. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the SAS procedure Glimmix. The group information (Lactation), Farm and Age were used in the statistical models. Means of groups were compared using Least Square Means (LSMeans) of SAS, where significant difference was observed at P ≤ 0.05. It was possible to conclude that buffaloes during peak lactation need to metabolize body reserves to supplement the lower amounts of bloodstream lipids, when they remain in negative energy balance. In the dry period, there were significant changes in the lipid profile, characterized by decrease of nutritional requirements, with consequent improvement in the general conditions of the animals.

Condição corporal ao parto e produção de leite sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de vacas holandesas em lactação

O objetivo, neste estudo, foi avaliar os efeitos da condição corporal ao parto e da mudança de condição corporal sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras após o parto. Para tanto, 51 vacas holandesas, de 30 dias pré-parto até 150 dias após o parto, foram distribuídas aleatoriamente de acordo com a condição corporal ao parto nas classes 1 (condição corporal maior ou igual a 3,25) e 2 (condição corporal menor ou igual a 3,0). Dentro das classes de condição corporal ao parto, os animais foram distribuídos quanto à mudança de condição corporal (Categoria 1, igual ou menor que -0,50 e Categoria 2, igual ou maior que -0,75) e à média da produção de leite ajustada para 3,5% aos 150 dias (Grupo 1 = 22,61 e Grupo 2 = 31,65 kg/dia). Não houve diferenças da condição corporal ao parto e da produção de leite ajustada para 3,5% sobre o intervalo parto primeiro estro, intervalo parto primeiro serviço, período de serviço, número de serviço / concepção e taxa de gestação aos 150 dias de lactação. Vacas que ao parto apresentaram média de escore de condição corporal de 3,40 e 2,79 tiveram semelhante desempenho reprodutivo pósparto. Em relação à produção de leite ajustada para 3,5%, vacas com produção média de 22,61 e 31,65 apresentaram similares resultados. A mudança de condição corporal não influenciou o intervalo parto primeiro serviço, o período de serviço e o número de serviço por concepção, mas apresentaram maior intervalo parto primeiro estro e menor taxa de gestação