A EVOLUÇÃO DO MARKETING POLÍTICO NA TELEVISÃO BRASILEIRA: 1989 2002.

Esta tese baseia-se na análise das campanhas políticas presidenciais, especificamente nos programas de Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral veiculados na televisão brasileira de 1989 a 2002. Discorremos sobre os melhores momentos das campanhas políticas desse período, contudo, o enfoque mais abrangente é nas eleições de 2002. A presente pesquisa retrata pontos importantes relacionados à projeção da imagem dos candidatos à Presidência da República do Brasil. A comunicação, a trajetória, a televisão como veículo de comunicação de massa, a propaganda política, a publicidade eleitoral, o marketing político, o marketing eleitoral, em suma, as ferramentas utilizadas como aliadas imprescindíveis na conquista do poder.(AU)

A EVOLUÇÃO DO MARKETING POLÍTICO NA TELEVISÃO BRASILEIRA: 1989 2002.

Esta tese baseia-se na análise das campanhas políticas presidenciais, especificamente nos programas de Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral veiculados na televisão brasileira de 1989 a 2002. Discorremos sobre os melhores momentos das campanhas políticas desse período, contudo, o enfoque mais abrangente é nas eleições de 2002. A presente pesquisa retrata pontos importantes relacionados à projeção da imagem dos candidatos à Presidência da República do Brasil. A comunicação, a trajetória, a televisão como veículo de comunicação de massa, a propaganda política, a publicidade eleitoral, o marketing político, o marketing eleitoral, em suma, as ferramentas utilizadas como aliadas imprescindíveis na conquista do poder.(AU)

Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice

Running increases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, a brain structure that is important for memory function. Consequently, spatial learning and long-term potentiation (LTP) were tested in groups of mice housed either with a running wheel (runners) or under standard conditions (controls). Mice were injected with bromodeoxyuridine to label dividing cells and trained in the Morris water maze. LTP was studied in the dentate gyrus and area CA1 in hippocampal slices from these mice. Running improved water maze performance, increased bromodeoxyuridine-positive cell numbers, and selectively enhanced dentate gyrus LTP. Our results indicate that physical activity can regulate hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and learning.

Representing Clients in the Marijuana Industry: Navigating State and Federal Rules

As the number of states legalizing medicinal and recreational marijuana increases and marijuana emerges as a growing lawful industry, lawyers find themselves in an awkward position. In most states, lawyers who represent clients in the marijuana industry risk discipline for assisting clients in the commission of a (federal) crime. Even in jurisdictions like Colorado, where the rules of professional conduct have been amended to permit lawyers to assist clients who comply with marijuana state laws, lawyers who are admitted to practice in federal courts risk being disciplined by these tribunals for assisting clients in the commission of a crime pursuant to the courts’ local rules of conduct. This short article explores the thorny issue of navigating state and federal rules of professional conduct while representing clients in the marijuana industry.

Developing an Interdependent Relationship between Preservation and Recreation: Managing Mountain Bicycling in National Parks

Increasing demand from mountain bikers for greater access to riding in National Park Service (NPS) units is driving the need for park managers to seriously look at the impacts from and feasibility of permitting this recreational use. Currently, NPS units that permit mountain bicycling do not have formal mountain bicycling management plans. An analysis of recreational policies and existing research was conducted to identify criteria for effective mountain bicycling management strategies. Criteria were developed for trail selection, establishment, use, closures and rehabilitation. Criteria were also developed for user education, participatory planning and monitoring. This study shows that the NPS needs formal mountain bicycling management plans that focus on the preservation of natural and cultural resources and consider the appropriateness of proposed recreational uses.

Integration of Sustainable Development Principles into a Community Park

Characteristics of six operating hot spring recreational facilities were reviewed to identify opportunities for integrating a range of sustainable design and operation approaches into a community park. Potential operating cost savings were evaluated for a conceptual landscape project, bathhouse project, and swimming pool project that reduced the use of electricity, natural gas, water, the discharge of water, and solid waste generation. The projects showed a combined cost savings of approximately $40,000 per year by adopting passive solar design, energy efficient lighting, native vegetation, water efficient fixtures, and a natural swimming pool. The greatest potential operating cost reductions were observed for cutbacks in the use of swimming pool water and reductions in natural gas needed for building and swimming pool heating.

Nutrient Load Reduction: Challenges facing the Chesapeake 2000 Agreement

The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States supporting a complex ecosystem that sustains many habitats and the organisms that depend on them. The bay also supports economic, recreational, and cultural activities to over 16 million people residing in the watershed. Changes within the watershed have caused excessive levels of nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorous, to pollute the bay. The Chesapeake Bay Program, guided by a complex agreement, was created to address these and other issues and oversee the restoration of the bay. The most recent version of this agreement, the Chesapeake 2000, declares its continued commitment to restore the bay with over 100 goals to be met by the year 2010. Reports show that although intensive efforts have been made to promote nutrient reduction, very little reduction has actually resulted. This project described these efforts. The final results reveal obstacles affecting progress, shortcomings to current approaches and possible solutions for future implementation.

River Recreation Management in Western States: Results of a Recreation Management Survey

This Capstone represents a qualitative analysis of survey responses concerning river recreation management policies and techniques in the Western United States. Respondents were asked about management topics including permits and fees, monitoring, enforcement, resource management, recreational experience, and current and future demand for whitewater rafting. Responses with consistent results include those for questions concerning permits for commercial uses, justification of fees, and enforcement, while responses with variation in results were received for questions concerning permits for private uses, agency self-sufficiency, monitoring, and use capacity. Most respondents do not expect a significant increased demand for commercial or private boating in the next five years. Respondents that do expect an increase do not see a need for additional commercial outfitters.

Assessment of Natural and Manmade Materials in US Artificial Reef Programs

Natural coral reefs are in a state of serious decline worldwide. The pressures of over fishing, recreational activities, environmental pollutants, and global warming have stressed these marine ecosystems to the breaking point. One of the oldest methods of augmenting natural reef systems is the implementation of artificial reefs. These projects are not as simple as dumping waste or scrap materials in offshore areas. Proper material selection is vital to produce a healthy artificial marine habitat that is completed on schedule and on budget. This Capstone Project will evaluate the most commonly used materials and provide a comparison of their strengths and weaknesses. This comparison provides a valuable tool for project managers as they begin the reef planning process.

El efecto de la participación en actividades de ocio sobre la influencia de la distancia en la elección de destinos

En la elección de destinos, la distancia presenta un efecto negativo debido al esfuerzo que supone desplazarse y a que generalmente implica mayores costes. Este artículo analiza si los individuos están dispuestos a recorrer mayores distancias para ir a un destino en el que pueden practicar, por ejemplo, actividades de ocio distintas a las que hacen el resto del año, o aumentar la frecuencia de sus actividades preferidas. La idea es que la sensibilidad a la distancia está influenciada a la hora de elegir un destino por la motivación de búsqueda de destinos que poseen determinadas actividades de ocio disponibles.

Participation and performance trends in 6-hour ultra-marathoners – a retrospective data analysis of worldwide participation from 1991-2010

Participation trends in 6-hour ultra-marathons held word-wide were investigated to gain basic demographic data on 6-hour ultra-marathoners and where these races took place. Participation trends and the association between nationality and race performance were investigated in all 6-hour races held worldwide between 1991 and 2010. Participation increased linearly in both women and men across years. The annual number of finishes was significantly higher in men than in women (P=0.013). The male-to-female ratio remained stable at ~4 since 1991. Runners in age group 45-49 years showed the largest increase in participation for both men (800 participants in 18 years) and women (208 participants in 16 years). Europe attracted most of the runners from other continents (166 runners), more than all other continents combined (55 runners). European runners also showed the best top ten performances (73±3 km for women and 77±11 km for men), while African (with 65±9 km for men) and South American (54±4 km for women and 65±2 km for men) runners showed the weakest. To summarize, participation in 6-hour ultra-marathons increased across years. Most of the development took place in Europe and in athletes in the age group 45-49 years. Europe also attracted the most diverse field of athletes with runners from all other continents. European runners accounted for the most runners and achieved the best top ten performances.

Culture Industries in a Postindustrial Age: Entertainment, Leisure, Creativity, Design

This article reviews the evolution of the concept of culture industries, when neither industry nor culture themselves are today what they were at the time when the term was coined. It attempts to explain the dilution of the term into more nebulous terms (“leisure industries,” “entertainment industries” or “creative industries”) and suggests new challenges for the research on culture industries. What is at stake is no longer an application of a Fordist production to culture, a one-directional mass communication and a mediation by experts, but rather: (1) a cultural experience which is no longer clearly separated from other activities (leisure in general, consumption and even work); (2) the communicative explosion of all industrial production in a media environment, where industrialized symbolic products are mixed with culturalized industrial products; and (3) the empowerment of the recipient, which on one hand ignores the traditional experts and on the other leads to post-productive (recreational and even creative) cultural practices.

Efectos de los aminoácidos ramificados en deportes de larga duración: revisión bibliográfica

Introducción: El informe emitido por la Agencia Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (EFSA) en 2010 sobre las declaraciones nutricionales y propiedades saludables, muestra que no existen evidencias científicas que apoyen la suplementación con aminoácidos ramificados (BCAAs). El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los efectos del consumo de suplementos de BCAAs en deportes de larga duración (DLD). Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de revisión bibliográfica sobre el estado actual del efecto del consumo de suplementos de BCAAs. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed y estrategia de bola de nieve. Criterios de inclusión: Estudios realizados en humanos, ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados (ECCA) en castellano/inglés relacionados con el consumo de BCAAs, leucina, valina e isoleucina en DLD y sus efectos sobre el daño muscular, rendimiento deportivo, fatiga central, respuesta anabólica y sistema inmunológico publicados en cualquier país hasta mayo 2014. Resultados: De los 330 estudios identificados, 14 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. La media de sujetos participantes en los estudio es igual a (11,36 ± 7,43). Sólo dos estudios incluyen un grupo de mujeres. Las disciplinas deportivas que se encontraron en los estudios fueron carrera a pie, ciclismo, combinación ciclismo y carrera a pie, triatlón distancia olímpica y un estudio que incluía 2 grupos de deportistas (triatlón distancia olímpica y carrera a pie). Se estudian los efectos de los BCAAs y daño muscular, rendimiento deportivo, fatiga central, respuesta anabólica en periodo de recuperación y respuesta inmunológica en periodos diferentes del entrenamiento: antes, durante y después o una combinación de éstos. Discusión: Se observa que existe un menor grado de dolor y daño muscular, menor percepción del esfuerzo y fatiga mental, mayor respuesta anabólica en periodo de recuperación y mejora de la respuesta inmunológica cuando se suplementa con BCAAs, no obstante su toma antes o durante la actividad física no mejora el rendimiento deportivo. No se ha encontrado consenso en la dosis y cronología de la toma más eficaz, aunque es más efectivo si hay una relación 2-3/1/1g, entre los aminoácidos Leucina/ Isoleucina y Valina.

Composición corporal y somatotipo en triatletas universitarios

Introducción: el triatlón es un deporte de resistencia e individual que está formado por tres disciplinas diferentes: natación, ciclismo y carrera a pie. El objetivo del estudio es describir las características antropométricas en triatletas varones universitarios, además de analizar y describir la composición corporal y el somatotipo de dichos triatletas. Metodología: estudio observacional y descriptivo de las características antropométricas, la composición corporal y el somatotipo de 39 triatletas varones universitarios entre 24 ± 4,5 años, participantes en el campeonato de España universitario de triatlón, modalidad sprint (Alicante 2010), procedentes de diferentes universidades españolas. Según la técnicas de medición antropométrica adoptadas por la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) y el Grupo Español de Cineantropometría (GREC) por un evaluador acreditado ISAK de nivel II. Resultados: nos encontramos con deportistas de talla baja, en los que destacan valores inferiores a lo normal en los pliegues cutáneos subescapular, supraespinal, tricipital y bicipital, un porcentaje de masa muscular (45,27 ± 3,29%), de masa grasa (10,22 ± 2,92%) y de masa ósea (16,65 ± 1,34%) y un somatotipo en el que predomina la mesomorfia. Discusión: los triatletas y corredores presentan más baja talla que los ciclistas y nadadores. Los triatletas y ciclistas muestran un peso similar, siendo menor que el de los nadadores de fondo y mayor que el de los corredores de 10 km. Los pliegues cutáneos cresta ilíaca, abdominal y muslo frontal de los ciclistas son inferiores al de los triatletas. El porcentaje de masa grasa de triatletas corredores y nadadores son similares; sin embargo, el de la masa muscular de los triatletas suele ser inferior al de los ciclistas pero similar a las demás modalidades. El somatotipo del triatleta se asemeja al del ciclista (mesomorfo). El del corredor es mesomorfo-ectomorfo y el del nadador puede oscilar de mesomorfo a ectomorfo.

Caza y espacios naturales protegidos en Extremadura

La superficie protegida ha crecido, en poco más de un siglo, de forma muy rápida, logrando alcanzar cifras significativas que, no obstante, pueden oscilar de forma muy notable entre unos países y otros. Este interés por proteger los espacios naturales responde, en el contexto actual, a la consecución de una amplia serie de fines de carácter científico, educativo, recreativo y socioeconómico. Como consecuencia de ello, ha surgido un nuevo escenario en el que determinados aprovechamientos tradicionales se están viendo afectados. La caza es, sin duda, uno de los mejores ejemplos de actividad tradicional que se está viendo perjudicada por este proceso. Con estos antecedentes, en el presente trabajo se analiza con carácter general la situación de los espacios naturales protegidos en Extremadura en relación con la actividad cinegética. Este análisis se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta que un tercio de la superficie regional está protegida por algunas de las figuras existentes y que, además, estos espacios se distribuyen por áreas en las que la caza ha sido un aprovechamiento tradicional que ha contribuido a mantener los espacios en mejor estado de conservación.