Number of discernible colors for color-deficient observers estimated from the MacAdam limits

We estimated the number of colors perceived by color normal and color-deficient observers when looking at the theoretic limits of object-color stimuli. These limits, the optimal color stimuli, were computed for a color normal observer and CIE standard illuminant D65, and the resultant colors were expressed in the CIELAB and DIN99d color spaces. The corresponding color volumes for abnormal color vision were computed using models simulating for normal trichromatic observers the appearance for dichromats and anomalous trichomats. The number of colors perceived in each case was then computed from the color volumes enclosed by the optimal colors also known as MacAdam limits. It was estimated that dichromats perceive less than 1% of the colors perceived by normal trichromats and that anomalous trichromats perceive 50%–60% for anomalies in the medium-wavelength-sensitive and 60%–70% for anomalies in the long-wavelength-sensitive cones. Complementary estimates obtained similarly for the spectral locus of monochromatic stimuli suggest less impairment for color-deficient observers, a fact that is explained by the two-dimensional nature of the locus.

Análisis mediante un sistema de información geográfica del desarrollo industrial de la ciudad de Alcoy

Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica nos permiten estudiar la evolución en el tiempo de cualquier fenómeno o hecho físico que se pueda referenciar geográficamente. En el presente trabajo se realiza un estudio, mediante un Sistema de Información Geográfica, del desarrollo industrial de la Ciudad de Alcoy en el P. G. O. U. de 1957. En el tiempo de duración de este plan, que abarca un período de 32 años, con una única revisión en 1982, la ciudad ha sufrido grandes transformaciones económicas, sociales, industriales y urbanísticas. El trabajo pretende, por una parte, elaborar la cartografía de la evolución que ha sufrido la localización de la industria alcoyana y realizar un análisis en el que quede de manifiesto la política industrial llevada a cabo por las Administraciones y las consecuencias que ha tenido para el desarrollo de la ciudad. En segundo lugar, se pretende estudiar las posibilidades de una aplicación GIS como GeoMedia en la realización de dicho estudio, así como analizar el proceso para la realización del trabajo: digitalización de mapas, referenciación geográfica, utilización de mapas digitales, definición de entidades y clases de entidad, bases de datos a utilizar, consultas a realizar etc.

Radiological impact of cement, concrete and admixtures in Spain

It has been analyzed samples of portland cement (PC) with and without admixtures, samples of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) with different content of Al2O3 and specimens of concrete made with PC and CAC using High Resolution Gamma Spectrometry. The activity concentration index (I) is much less than 0.5 mSv y-1 for all the concrete specimens according to the Radiation protection document 112 of the European Commission. The PC without admixtures (CEM I 52,5 R) and the PC with addition of limestone (CEM II/BL 32,5 N) also have an I value much lower than 0.5 and the PC with the addition of fly ash and blast furnace slag (CEM IV/B (V) 32,5 N and III/A 42.5 N/SR) have an I value close to 0.6. The I value of the CAC used in the manufacture of structural precast concrete is of the order of 1 mSv y-1. Some of the CAC used in refractory concrete reaches a value close to 2 mSv y-1.

Continuous flow nanocatalysis: reaction pathways in the conversion of levulinic acid to valuable chemicals

The selective production of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran from levulinic acid has been effectively conducted using designed Cu based catalysts and compared with a commercial Pd/C system under microwave irradiation. Optimised conditions for the most active catalysts Cu-MINT (>90% conversion, 75% selectivity to MTHF) and Pd/C (78% conversion, 92% selectivity to MTHF) were further translated into a continuous flow process using the proposed catalysts to find out the deactivation of Cu-MINT under flow conditions (79 vs. 13% conversion with a switch in selectivity to products after 30 min in flow), the high stability of Pd/C (73 vs. 70% conversion at stable selectivity under analogous conditions to those of Cu-MINT) but, most importantly, different relevant pathways to valuable products from levulinic acid depending on the type of catalyst employed.

The European Resonance of Napoleon’s Defeat in Spain

The military event that sealed the defeat of Napoleon in Spain was the Battle of Vitoria on 21st June 1813, which saw the allied British, Spanish and Portuguese troops led by Wellington gain victory over Joseph Bonaparte's forces. It was the last great battle of what is known in Spain as the Guerra de la Independencia, in the United Kingdom as the Peninsular War and in France as the Guerre d'Espagne. While a sliver of Spanish territory remained under French control and the war itself went on for a few more months, it was the Battle of Vitoria that marked the end of Napoleon's rule on the Iberian Peninsula, as symbolised by the departure from Spain of Joseph Bonaparte, the monarch who had been imposed five years earlier to remove the Bourbons from the Spanish throne.

Is health a right for all? An umbrella review of the barriers to health care access faced by migrants

Objective. To synthesise the scientific evidence concerning barriers to health care access faced by migrants. We sought to critically analyse this evidence with a view to guiding policies. Design. A systematic review methodology was used to identify systematic and scoping reviews which quantitatively or qualitatively analysed data from primary studies. The main variables analysed were structural and contextual barriers (health system organisation) as well as individual (patients and providers). The quality of evidence from the systematic reviews was critically appraised. From 2674 reviews, 79 were retained for further scrutiny, and finally 9 met the inclusion criteria. Results. The structural barriers identified were the lack of health insurance and the high cost of drugs (non-universal health system) and organisational aspects of health system (social insurance system and national health system). The individual barriers were linguistic and cultural. None of the reviews provided a quality appraisal of the studies. Conclusions. Barriers to health care for migrants range from entitlement in non-universal health systems to accessibility in universal ones, and determinants of access to the respective health services should be analysed within the corresponding national context. Generate social and institutional changes that eliminate barriers to access to health services is essential to ensure health for all.

El mito contrarrevolucionario de la «Restauración»

Durante la guerra de la independencia los sectores ultra-realistas construyeron la imagen de que el mundo anterior había sido atacado en sus bases y destruidos los elementos que lo sustentaban. Una amplia publicística fue creciendo en este contexto. Sin embargo, ante el inminente regreso del rey en 1814, vieron la oportunidad de recuperar el poder perdido y cambiaron de estrategia. El mito de la recuperación del orden perdido mediante la restauración de los Borbones va a ser el instrumento del que los realistas se valdrán para negar la magnitud de los cambios vividos durante aquellos años. El presente artículo intenta explicar la importancia que tuvo la construcción del mito de la restauración para sustentar el golpe contrarrevolucionario de mayo de 1814.

Composición corporal y somatotipo en triatletas universitarios

Introducción: el triatlón es un deporte de resistencia e individual que está formado por tres disciplinas diferentes: natación, ciclismo y carrera a pie. El objetivo del estudio es describir las características antropométricas en triatletas varones universitarios, además de analizar y describir la composición corporal y el somatotipo de dichos triatletas. Metodología: estudio observacional y descriptivo de las características antropométricas, la composición corporal y el somatotipo de 39 triatletas varones universitarios entre 24 ± 4,5 años, participantes en el campeonato de España universitario de triatlón, modalidad sprint (Alicante 2010), procedentes de diferentes universidades españolas. Según la técnicas de medición antropométrica adoptadas por la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) y el Grupo Español de Cineantropometría (GREC) por un evaluador acreditado ISAK de nivel II. Resultados: nos encontramos con deportistas de talla baja, en los que destacan valores inferiores a lo normal en los pliegues cutáneos subescapular, supraespinal, tricipital y bicipital, un porcentaje de masa muscular (45,27 ± 3,29%), de masa grasa (10,22 ± 2,92%) y de masa ósea (16,65 ± 1,34%) y un somatotipo en el que predomina la mesomorfia. Discusión: los triatletas y corredores presentan más baja talla que los ciclistas y nadadores. Los triatletas y ciclistas muestran un peso similar, siendo menor que el de los nadadores de fondo y mayor que el de los corredores de 10 km. Los pliegues cutáneos cresta ilíaca, abdominal y muslo frontal de los ciclistas son inferiores al de los triatletas. El porcentaje de masa grasa de triatletas corredores y nadadores son similares; sin embargo, el de la masa muscular de los triatletas suele ser inferior al de los ciclistas pero similar a las demás modalidades. El somatotipo del triatleta se asemeja al del ciclista (mesomorfo). El del corredor es mesomorfo-ectomorfo y el del nadador puede oscilar de mesomorfo a ectomorfo.

The role of mesoporosity and Si/Al ratio in the catalytic etherification of glycerol with benzyl alcohol using ZSM-5 zeolites

A comparative study of the influence of three different acid solids as catalysts (conventional zeolites Z15c with Si/Al = 19.5 and Z40c with Si/Al = 48.2, and a hierarchical zeolite Z40c-H with Si/Al = 50.0) for the etherification of glycerol with benzyl alcohol was performed. The catalytic activity and selectivity of these zeolites was elucidated at different catalyst contents. Three different ethers (3-benzyloxy-1,2-propanediol, which is a mono-benzyl-glycerol ether (MBG) and 1,3-dibenzyloxy-2-propanol, which is a di-benzyl-glycerol ether (DBG) and dibenzyl ether (DBz) were identified as the main products. MBG was the major product of the reaction catalyzed by the microporous Z15c zeolite with low Si/Al molar ratio, whereas DBG was formed in higher yield with the use of microporous Z40c and hierarchical Z40c-H zeolites, both of them having a similar high Si/Al molar ratio (≈50). MBG is a value-added product and it is obtained with good yield and selectivity when using the conventional zeolite Z15c as a catalyst. Under the best conditions tested, i.e., 25 mg of catalyst for 8 h at 120 °C, a 62% of conversion was obtained without the need of solvent, with an excellent 84% selectivity toward the MBG and no formation of DBz.

Realizing the Commercial Potential of Hierarchical Zeolites: New Opportunities in Catalytic Cracking

Many approaches to mesoporous zeolites have been reported. The preparation of mesoporous zeolite Y, as the most widely used zeolite in catalysis, its properties, and its application in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and hydrocracking are reviewed. Finally, the scale-up and use of mesostrutured zeolite Y on an industrial scale are described, as the first commercial application of hierarchical zeolites.

El levantamiento de la planimetría urbana de Cartagena, 1867-1871

Entre 1867 y 1869, en el marco del proyecto topográfico-catastral diseñado por Francisco Coello, la Junta General de Estadística lleva a cabo el levantamiento de cartografía urbana de nueve localidades no madrileñas, entre ellas Cartagena. Esa cartografía se conserva en el Archivo técnico del Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Aunque finalmente el levantamiento quedó inconcluso, se cartografió toda la ciudad y el resultado es una planimetría urbana de gran valor geo-histórico y calidad técnica. El presente trabajo estudia el contexto histórico en se cartografía la ciudad, cómo que realiza el levantamiento catastral, el espacio urbano cartografiado y la cartografía resultante.

Global behavior of the Douglas–Rachford method for a nonconvex feasibility problem

In recent times the Douglas–Rachford algorithm has been observed empirically to solve a variety of nonconvex feasibility problems including those of a combinatorial nature. For many of these problems current theory is not sufficient to explain this observed success and is mainly concerned with questions of local convergence. In this paper we analyze global behavior of the method for finding a point in the intersection of a half-space and a potentially non-convex set which is assumed to satisfy a well-quasi-ordering property or a property weaker than compactness. In particular, the special case in which the second set is finite is covered by our framework and provides a prototypical setting for combinatorial optimization problems.

Buildings records, bound volume, 1811-1838

This bound volume, likely assembled by the Corporation in the 1850s, contains documents related to Harvard buildings which have been pasted onto the pages. The volume consists of correspondence and memoranda pertaining to the construction of Holworthy Hall, 1811-1812; contracts and correspondence relating to the construction of University Hall, 1813-1814; and correspondence regarding repairs to Massachusetts Hall overseen by Loammi Baldwin in 1812. Additional records pertaining to the construction of Gore Hall, 1834-1838; and the repairs to the Medical College on Mason Street in Boston, 1824 are also located in this volume.

Annotated almanac, 1775

Almanac containing one laid-in leaf and interleaved pages with entries in John Winthrop's hand. The interleaved pages include entries include brief, nearly daily notes of social engagements and travel by Winthrop during the year the Winthrops were forced to evacuate Cambridge because of the Revolutionary War. The short entries include notes of the Battle of Concord (April 19), a fire in Boston (May 17), the Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17), the choosing of councillors at Concord (June 21), and the notable entries "wth Genl Washington (August 12)" and "All day packg up Apparatus & Library" (June 16). The laid-in leaf contains an account of household purchases made while the Winthrops were living with Nehemiah Abbot Andover from May to June and later in Concord. The laid-in leaf is written on a note beginning "Mr. Winthrop presents his most respectful compliments to the Hon'ble Col. Hancock and to the rest of the Gentlemen Select-men..."

Account book of Mary Hains as executrix of the estate of her husband, James Hains, 1784-1786

James and Mary Hains were residents of Mamaroneck, N.Y.