Inovação tecnológica: análise comparativa entre dois métodos de coleta de dados sobre riscos e danos em enfermagem

Estudo de comparação entre dois métodos de coleta de dados, através da aplicação de um software, para avaliação dos fatores de risco e danos no trabalho de enfermagem em hospital. Objetiva analisar o uso do software (eletrônico) em comparação com o uso do instrumento impresso. Trata-se de um estudo estatístico, descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido nas enfermarias dos Serviços de Internações Clínicas e Serviços de Internações Cirúrgicas de um Hospital Universitário, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A população do estudo foram os trabalhadores de enfermagem das unidades. A amostra foi definida por meio de amostragem não-probabilística e alocação da amostra ocorreu de forma aleatória em dois grupos, denominados grupo impresso e grupo eletrônico, com 52 participantes cada. Previamente a coleta de dados foram implementadas estratégias de pesquisa denominada teaser, através da comunicação digital aos trabalhadores. Posteriormente, foi ofertado aos participantes do formato impresso o questionário impresso, e os participantes do formato eletrônico receberam um link de acesso a home page. Os dados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva simples. Após a aplicação do questionário nos dois formatos, obteve-se resposta de 47 trabalhadores do grupo impresso (90,3%), e 17 trabalhadores do grupo eletrônico (32,7%). A aplicação do questionário impresso revelou algumas vantagens como o número de pessoas atingidas pela pesquisa, maior interação pesquisador e participante, taxa de retorno mais alta, e quanto às desvantagens a demanda maior de tempo, erros de transcrição, formulação de banco de dados, possibilidades de resposta em branco e erros de preenchimento. No formato eletrônico as vantagens incluem a facilidade de tabulação e análise dos dados, impossibilidade de não resposta, metodologia limpa e rápida, e como desvantagens, o acesso à internet no período de coleta de dados, saber usar o computador e menor taxa de resposta. Ambos os grupos observaram que o questionário possui boas instruções e fácil compreensão, além de curto tempo para resposta. Os trabalhadores perceberam a existência dos riscos ocupacionais, principalmente os ergonômicos, biológicos e de acidentes. Os principais danos à saúde provocados ou agravos pelo trabalho percebidos pelos trabalhadores foram os problemas osteomusculares, estresse, transtornos do sono, mudanças de humor e alterações de comportamento e varizes. Pode-se afirmar que não ocorreram diferenças acentuadas de percentual ao comparar a percepção dos trabalhadores do grupo impresso e do grupo eletrônico frente aos riscos e danos à saúde. Conclui-se que os dois processos de coleta de dados tiveram boa aceitação, no entanto, deve ser indicada a aplicação do questionário eletrônico junto com a ferramenta de acesso, no caso o computador, tablet.

Modelagem do caminhar humano e avaliação de conforto humano de passarelas de pedestres.

Com o passar dos anos a engenharia estrutural passou a lidar com a exigência cada vez maior de estruturas que ocupem menos espaço e sejam consideravelmente mais leves. No caso de passarelas de pedestres, a esbeltez da estrutura aliada a um baixo peso pode acarretar em problemas de vibrações devido à ressonância com o caminhar dos pedestres. Estes problemas podem variar desde uma simples sensação de desconforto até problemas mais graves como o colapso estrutural. Com base nestas premissas, esta dissertação visa investigar dois modelos estruturais, um em concreto armado e outro misto, do tipo aço concreto, onde os modelos serão estudados mediante o emprego do método dos elementos finitos através do programa ANSYS. Os modelos numéricos permitem determinar as frequências naturais da estrutura e consequentemente estudar as respostas dos modelos mediante análises de vibrações forçadas. As respostas dinâmicas da estrutura serão obtidas em termos dos valores dos deslocamentos máximos e das acelerações de pico. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os principais guias que regem o conforto humano no caso de caminhar de pessoas em passarelas de pedestres, de forma que houve indicativos de possíveis desconfortos após a análise dos resultados obtidos ao longo da investigação. Finalmente, foi feito um estudo considerando-se movimentos aleatórios dos pedestres sobre as passarelas, objetivando estudar os níveis da resposta dinâmica das estruturas nestas situações.

Estudo e desenvolvimento de um modelo de análise de risco para Radiocirurgia intracraniana

Mundialmente, eventos relatados constituídos por incidentes e acidentes em radioterapia, tem aumentado ao longo dos últimos 25 anos e a maioria destes eventos são resultados de falha humana, além de terem ocorrido com maior frequência em centros sofisticados que utilizam alta tecnologia. Em radioterapia a Gestão da Qualidade necessita de uma abordagem prospectiva através de análise de risco. Esta abordagem é defendida por recentes publicações por ser atualmente uma urgência em virtude do expressivo número de acidentes ocorridos. Dada a complexidade do processo em radioterapia, a busca pela qualidade do tratamento de forma a garantir a segurança do paciente é um dos assuntos mais discutidos mundialmente. Embora apenas 14% dos centros de radioterapia no Brasil ofereçam tratamentos com a técnica de radiocirurgia intracranial (SRS), estudos relativos a qualidade do tratamento relacionada a segurança do paciente submetido à esta técnica, é de relevante importância, pois qualquer desvio da dose prescrita é considerado muito mais crítico que em outras modalidades de tratamento radioterápico, já que são utilizadas altas doses de radiação que em geral variam de 10 Gy a 40 Gy para lesões até 50 mm de diâmetro, que são aplicadas em uma única fração ou até cinco frações. Tendo em vista tais conhecimentos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi atender um novo paradigma de Gestão da Qualidade, através do desenvolvimento de um modelo de análise de risco e de um Índice de Qualidade para a SRS no Brasil, a partir da técnica de Mapa do Processo e FMEA utilizadas pelo TG 100/AAPM. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em três centros de radioterapia de referência em alta tecnologia, dois localizados no Rio de Janeiro e um em São Paulo. Um Mapa do Processo de SRS foi identificado em cada centro de radioterapia e em seguida foi aplicada a técnica FMEA para todos os subprocessos identificados no mapa. A partir dos valores de NPR obtidos pela FMEA foi realizado um ranqueamento dos modos de falha. Modos de falha com NPR ≥ 100 e S ≥ 7 foram escolhidos como prioridade para implementação de estratégias de segurança. A partir das pontuações do parâmetro S atribuídas na aplicação da FMEA foi criado o Índice de Severidade (IS) e um Índice de Qualidade (IQ) foi criado a partir de uma relação entre o NPR e o IS. O resultado deste estudo, indica que as estratégias de segurança sejam implementadas para os 10 primeiros modos de falha do ranking e uma reavaliação do processo deve ocorrer a cada 1 ano. É também indicado que o IQ obtenha uma melhora mínima de 9% após a reavaliação do processo. De forma geral, o estudo mostrou que a adoção da ferramenta FMEA juntamente com o IQ são de fato justificadas, por minimizar os riscos para o paciente, melhorando a qualidade do tratamento aprimorando a segurança, criando mecanismos que permitam a garantia de que a dose será entregue de forma precisa e exata, e consequentemente, aumentando as chances de cura ou do controle local com uma desejada qualidade de vida para estes pacientes.

Crime de perigo abstrato e constitucionalidade: embriaguez ao volante e as decisões dos tribunais de justiça dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de Rondônia

Esta pesquisa aborda em primeiro momento os conceitos de crimes de perigo abstrato e concreto. Estendeu a ideia de crime e as funções do Direito Penal na sociedade contemporânea, como ainda evidencia esta área do Direito no sistema e/ou estrutura do mundo da vida. Os dois casos de crimes de perigo abstrato e concreto foram propostos nos estudos acerca do artigo 306 do Código de Trânsito Brasileiro CTB no tratado à embriaguez ao volante e a constitucionalidade ou não da aplicação do crime de perigo abstrato ao caso em específico. Nesta perspectiva as análises se configuraram nos relatos dos Tribunais de Justiça dos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e de Rondônia a fim de significar as tipificações em tela, bem como às relações intersubjetivas dos desembargadores e à própria organização de cada órgão judiciário. Dessas análises foi possível chegar à interpretação das diferenças entre o crime de perigo abstrato e concreto presentes nas incidências e/ou ocorrências de acidentes de trânsito nos dois Estados respectivamente. Em um terceiro momento centrou-se as análises nos estudos socioeconômicos e culturais que tratam de entender o fenômeno do trânsito nos municípios de Porto Velho-RO e Rio de Janeiro-RJ, cujos acidentes nas vias públicas modificam os modos de ser e de viver nos locais. Do ponto de vista metodológico a ideia é conceituar os crimes de perigo concreto e abstrato; os riscos da sociedade atual, se utilizando muitas vezes de Niklas Luhmann e Raffaele De Giorgi; Leonel S. Rocha; Renato de Mello Jorge Silveira; Jorge Luis Fortes Pinheiro da Câmara; Aparecida Luzia Alzira Zuin, Jürgen Habermas, Juarez Estevam Xavier Tavares; Eduardo Sanz de Oliveira Silva; Winfried Hassemer; Antônio Carlos Wolkmer e José Rubens Morato Leite; Diego Romero, entre outros. A fim de entender o que é perigo no escopo abrangido pelo Direito Penal, tomamos como embasamentos teóricos Luiz H. Merlin; Sánchez Silva, Luís Greco, Claus Roxin, Nilo Batista etc. Além desses autores, a tese se apoia nos teóricos: Juarez Tavares, Luiz Alberto Machado; E. Raúl Zaffaroni; Alexandre de Moraes. Ainda, complementamos as referências com Luiz Regis Prado; Nilo Batista. Estende-se à ideia aos crimes de perigo abstrato e direito penal brasileiro; aqui, encontramos subsídios em: Celso Delmanto; Luiz Flávio Gomes, dentre outros. Vale mencionar que neste diapasão, a proposta é conceituar e exemplificar os princípios legitimadores do Direito Penal frente à proposta fundamental da Constituição Federal de 1988. Ainda, conceituar e descrever os objetivos do CTB; as aplicações legais ou não do Art. 306 do CTB; e a definição e/ou classificação de embriaguez nesta linha de pensamento.

Intergroup interactions in Tibetan macaques at Mt. Emei, China

Data on intergroup-interactions (I-I) were collected in 5 seasonally provisioned groups (A, B, D, D-1, and E) of Tibetan macaques (Macaca Thibetana) at Mt. Emei in three 70-day periods between 1991 April-June (P1), September-November (P2), December-1992 February (P3). The I-I were categorized as forewarning made by high-ranking males (including Branch Shaking and/or Loud Calls), long-distance interactions in space (specified by changes in their foraging movements), and close encounters (with Affinitive Behavior, Male's Herding Female, Sexual Interaction, Severe Conflict, Adult Male-male Conflict, Opportunistic Advance and Retreat, etc. performed by different age-sex classes). From periods Fl to P3, the I-I rate decreased with reduction in population density as a positive correlate of food clumpedness or the number of potential feeders along a pedestrian trail. On the other hand, from the birth season (BS, represented by P1 and P3) to the mating season (MS, represented by P2) the dominance relation between groups, which produced a winner and a loser in the encounters, became obscure; the proportion of close encounters in the I-I increased; the asymmetry (local groups over intruders) of forewarning signals disappeared; the rate of branch shaking decreased; and sometimes intergroup cohesion appeared. Considering that sexual interactions also occurred between the encountering groups, above changes in intergroup behaviors may be explained with a model of the way in which the competition for food (exclusion) and the sexual attractiveness between opposite sexes were in a dynamic equilibrium among the groups, with the former outweighing the latter in the BS, and conversely in the MS. Females made 93% of severe conflicts, which occurred in 18% of close encounters. Groups fissioned in the recent past shared the same home range, and showed the highest hostility to each other by females. In conspicuous contrast with females' great interest in intergroup food/range competition, adult male-male conflicts that were normally without body contact occurred in 66% bf close encounters; high-ranking male herding of females, which is typical in baboons, appeared in 83% of close encounters, and showed no changes with season and sexual weight-dimorphism; peripheral juvenile and subadult males were the main performers of the affinitive behaviors, opportunistic advance and retreat, and guarding at the border. In brief, all males appeared to "sit on the fence" at the border, likely holding out hope of gaining the favor of females both within and outside the group. Thus, females and males attempted to maximize reproductive values in different ways, just as expected by Darwin-Trivers' theory of sexual selection. In addition, group fission was observed in the largest and highest-ranking group for two times (both in the MS) when its size increased to a certain level, and the mother group kept their dominant position in size and rank among the groups that might encounter, suggesting that fission takes a way of discarding the "superfluous part" in order to balance the cost of competition for food and mates within a group, and the benefit of cooperation to access the resources for animals in the mother group. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Responses to seasonal changes in nutrient quality and patchiness of food in a multigroup community of Tibetan macaques at Mt. Emei

Provisioning along pedestrian trails by tourists much increased the nutrient quality and patchiness of food (NqPF)for Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt Emei in spring and summer. In the habitat at a temperate-subtropical transition zone, the mncaque's NqPF could be ordered in a decreasing rank from spring summer to autumn to winter With the aid of a radio-tracking system, I collected ranging data on a multigroup community in three 70-day periods representing the different seasons in 1991-92, Rank-order correlation on the data show that with the decline of NqPF; the groups tended to increase days away from the trail, their effective range size (ERS) their exclusive area (EA) and the number of days spent in the EA, and reduced their group/community density and the ratio of the overlapped range to the seasonal range (ROR). In icy/snowy winter; the macaques searched for mature leaves slowly and carefully in the largest seasonal range with a considerable portion that was nor used in other seasons. Of the responses, the ROR decreased with the reduction in group/community density; and the ERS was the function of both group size (+) and intergroup rank (-) when favorite food was highly clumped. All above responses were clearly bound to maximize foraging effectiveness and minimize energy expenditure, and their integration in term of changes in time and space leads to better understanding macaque ecological adaptability. Based on this study and previous work on behavioral and physiological factors, I suggest a unifying theory of intergroup interactions. Ir! addition, as the rate of behavioral interactions,was also related to the group density, I Waser's (1976) gas model probably applies to behavioral, as well as spatial, data on intergroup interactions.

A new apparatus for modelling excavations

Underground space is commonly exploited both to maximise the utility of costly land in urban development and to reduce the vertical load acting on the ground. Deep excavations are carried out to construct various types of underground infrastructure such as deep basements, subways and service tunnels. Although the soil response to excavation is known in principle, designers lack practical calculation methods for predicting both short- and long-term ground movements. As the understanding of how soil behaves around an excavation in both the short and long term is insufficient and usually empirical, the judgements used in design are also empirical and serious accidents are common. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in soil excavation, a new apparatus for the centrifuge model testing of deep excavations in soft clay has been developed. This apparatus simulates the field construction sequence of a multi-propped retaining wall during centrifuge flight. A comparison is given between the new technique and the previously used method of draining heavy fluid to simulate excavation in a centrifuge model. The new system has the benefit of giving the correct initial ground conditions before excavation and the proper earth pressure distribution on the retaining structures during excavation, whereas heavy fluid only gives an earth pressure coefficient of unity and is unable to capture any changes in the earth pressure coefficient of soil inside the zone of excavation, for example owing to wall movements. Settlements of the ground surface, changes in pore water pressure, variations in earth pressure, prop forces and bending moments in the retaining wall are all monitored during excavation. Furthermore, digital images taken of a cross-section during the test are analysed using particle image velocimetry to illustrate ground deformation and soil-structure interaction mechanisms. The significance of these observations is discussed.

MCBoost: Multiple classifier boosting for perceptual co-clustering of images and visual features

We present a new co-clustering problem of images and visual features. The problem involves a set of non-object images in addition to a set of object images and features to be co-clustered. Co-clustering is performed in a way that maximises discrimination of object images from non-object images, thus emphasizing discriminative features. This provides a way of obtaining perceptual joint-clusters of object images and features. We tackle the problem by simultaneously boosting multiple strong classifiers which compete for images by their expertise. Each boosting classifier is an aggregation of weak-learners, i.e. simple visual features. The obtained classifiers are useful for object detection tasks which exhibit multimodalities, e.g. multi-category and multi-view object detection tasks. Experiments on a set of pedestrian images and a face data set demonstrate that the method yields intuitive image clusters with associated features and is much superior to conventional boosting classifiers in object detection tasks.

Comprehensive Property Retrieval and Measurement of Concrete Spalling Using Machine Vision for Post-Earthquake Safety Assessments

Active vibration control (AVC) is a relatively new technology for the mitigation of annoying human-induced vibrations in floors. However, recent technological developments have demonstrated its great potential application in this field. Despite this, when a floor is found to have problematic floor vibrations after construction the unfamiliar technology of AVC is usually avoided in favour of more common techniques, such as Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) which have a proven track record of successful application, particularly for footbridges and staircases. This study aims to investigate the advantages and disadvantages that AVC has, when compared with TMDs, for the application of mitigation of pedestrian-induced floor vibrations in offices. Simulations are performed using the results from a finite element model of a typical office layout that has a high vibration response level. The vibration problems on this floor are then alleviated through the use of both AVC and TMDs and the results of each mitigation configuration compared. The results of this study will enable a more informed decision to be made by building owners and structural engineers regarding suitable technologies for reducing floor vibrations.

Development of a new apparatus for modeling deep excavation related problems in geotechnical centrifuge

Underground space is commonly exploited both to maximise the utility of costly land in urban development and to reduce the vertical load acting on the ground. Deep excavations are carried out to construct various types of underground infrastructure such as deep basements, subways and service tunnels. Although the soil response to excavation is known in principle, designers lack practical calculation methods for predicting both short- and long-term ground movements. As the understanding of how soil behaves around an excavation in both the short and long term is insufficient and usually empirical, the judgements used in design are also empirical and serious accidents are common. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in soil excavation, a new apparatus for the centrifuge model testing of deep excavations in soft clay has been developed. This apparatus simulates the field construction sequence of a multi-propped retaining wall during centrifuge flight. A comparison is given between the new technique and the previously used method of draining heavy fluid to simulate excavation in a centrifuge model. The new system has the benefit of giving the correct initial ground conditions before excavation and the proper earth pressure distribution on the retaining structures during excavation, whereas heavy fluid only gives an earth pressure coefficient of unity and is unable to capture any changes in the earth pressure coefficient of soil inside the zone of excavation, for example owing to wall movements. Settlements of the ground surface, changes in pore water pressure, variations in earth pressure, prop forces and bending moments in the retaining wall are all monitored during excavation. Furthermore, digital images taken of a cross-section during the test are analysed using particle image velocimetry to illustrate ground deformation and soil–structure interaction mechanisms. The significance of these observations is discussed.

Cross-comparison of fast reactor concepts with various coolants

Four fast reactor concepts using lead (LFR), liquid salt, NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 (LSFR), sodium (SFR), and supercritical CO2 (GFR) coolants are compared. Since economy of scale and power conversion system compactness are the same by virtue of the consistent 2400 MWt rating and use of the S-CO2 power conversion system, the achievable plant thermal efficiency, core power density and core specific powers become the dominant factors. The potential to achieve the highest efficiency among the four reactor concepts can be ranked from highest to lowest as follows: (1) GFR, (2) LFR and LSFR, and (3) SFR. Both the lead- and salt-cooled designs achieve about 30% higher power density than the gas-cooled reactor, but attain power density 3 times smaller than that of the sodium-cooled reactor. Fuel cycle costs are favored for the sodium reactor by virtue of its high specific power of 65 kW/kgHM compared to the lead, salt and gas reactor values of 45, 35, and 21 kW/kgHM, respectively. In terms of safety, all concepts can be designed to accommodate the unprotected limiting accidents through passive means in a self-controllable manner. However, it does not seem to be a preferable option for the GFR where the active or semi-passive approach will likely result in a more economic and reliable plant. Lead coolant with its superior neutronic characteristics and the smallest coolant temperature reactivity coefficient is easiest to design for self-controllability, while the LSFR requires special reactivity devices to overcome its large positive coolant temperature coefficient. The GFR required a special core design using BeO diluent and a supercritical CO2 reflector to achieve negative coolant void worth-one of the conditions necessary for inherent shutdown following large LOCA. Protected accidents need to be given special attention in the LSFR and LFR due to the small margin to freezing of their coolants, and to a lesser extent in the SFR. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Liquid salt cooled flexible conversion ratio fast reactor: Neutronic design

This paper presents the neutronic design of a liquid salt cooled fast reactor with flexible conversion ratio. The main objective of the design is to accommodate interchangeably within the same reactor core alternative transuranic actinides management strategies ranging from pure burning to self-sustainable breeding. Two, the most limiting, core design options with unity and zero conversion ratios are described. Ternary, NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 salt was chosen as a coolant after a rigorous screening process, due to a combination of favourable neutronic and heat transport properties. Large positive coolant temperature reactivity coefficient was identified as the most significant design challenge. A wide range of strategies aiming at the reduction of the coolant temperature coefficient to assure self-controllability of the core in the most limiting unprotected accidents were explored. However, none of the strategies resulted in sufficient reduction of the coolant temperature coefficient without significantly compromising the core performance characteristics such as power density or cycle length. Therefore, reactivity control devices known as lithium thermal expansion modules were employed instead. This allowed achieving all the design goals for both zero and unity conversion ratio cores. The neutronic feasibility of both designs was demonstrated through calculation of reactivity control and fuel loading requirements, fluence limits, power peaking factors, and reactivity feedback coefficients. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

活性炭纤维(ACF)吸附法处理河流突发污染事故模拟研究

环境突发污染事故给人民生活、经济发展和生态环境造成重大影响，研究污染物泄漏造成河流突发污染事故的应急处理方法十分必要。本论文选取苯酚、苯胺和亚甲基蓝等典型污染物为实验对象，采用吸附容量大、密度与水接近的活性炭纤维(ACF)为吸附剂。在自制的河流模型中，研究了ACF以苯酚、苯胺和亚甲基蓝为典型污染物的吸附过程，考察了吸附剂投加量、污染物浓度、吸附剂比表面积、吸附剂投加方式、水流速度与水质等对吸附速率与吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明，ACF能以较快的速率吸附苯酚、苯胺和亚甲基蓝，吸附率都在95％以上； ACF投加量是影响吸附速率最重要的因素，当一次性投加ACF质量之比为 1:2:4时，吸附速率常数之比近似为1:2:4；污染物浓度对吸附速率的影响显著，浓度较低时吸附速率较高。苯酚初始浓度为7mg·L-1时，经过86分钟的吸附，处理后的浓度可以达到地表水Ⅴ类水中挥发酚的限值要求(0.1mg·L-1)；在吸附11分钟左右追加适量的ACF，能够明显提高吸附速率；河水流速和河流中的天然有机物、浊度、河水硬度对ACF吸附都不产生显著影响，这说明ACF作为河流突发污染事故应急处理的吸附剂，有广泛的适应性。在实际河水中，ACF对苯酚的吸附过程与在模拟河水中相似，吸附效果显著。实验结果还表明，ACF对苯酚的吸附是放热反应，符合Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型。事故应急处理后，应该及时将吸附了污染物的ACF打捞上来，有利于进行后续处理。 Emergency environmental pollution accidents pose significant impacts on our living, economic development and ecological environment. The study on the approach of emergency control for the contingency caused by leakage of pollutants in rivers is very necessary. In the experiment, phenol, aniline and methylene blue were selected as representative pollutant and activated carbon fiber (ACF) was selected as adsorbent, which has strong adsorption capacity and similar density to water. In the self-made river model, the effects of ACF dosage, pollutant concentration, ACF surface area, ACF adding ways, water flow rate and water quality on adsorption courses were investigated. The experimental results showed that ACF could adsorb pollutant quickly and effectively. The ACF dosage was the most important factor that affected adsorption rate .When the ACF dosage rate was 1:2:4, the constants of adsorption rate was approximately 1:2:4. The effect of pollutant concentrations on the adsorption rate was notable. Faster adsorption rates were achieved at low pollutant concentrations. Phenol concentration reached the limits of volatile phenol in Category Ⅴ surface water (0.1 mg·L-1) after 86 minutes of adsorption with initial phenol concentration of 7 mg·L-1. After 11 minutes of adsorption, certain amount of ACF was added and the adsorption rate was improved significantly. River flow rate and water quality have little effect on the adsorption rate. The adsorption results obtained in actual river water were comparable with that in simulating river water. The results also showed that, ACF on the absorption of phenol is exothermic reaction, witch matched with the Freundlich model and the Langmuir model. After emergency treatment, the ACF absorbed pollutants should be promptly salvaged for follow-up treatment.

功能菌强化应急处理苯胺突发污染事故研究

近年来各种环境污染事故频发，据统计仅2001~2003年间，发生的各类环境污染事故就高达5606次，其中水污染事故3235次，占全部的57.7%。这些事故不仅给人民生命财产造成巨大损失，也给生态环境造成严重的破坏。因此开发安全高效的应急处理技术迫在眉睫。本研究以筛选高效苯胺降解菌为基础，通过对高效菌降解性能的研究指导将高效菌作为功能郡主投加到已有生物处理系统强化应急处理苯胺突发污染事故废液，取得了良好的效果。 苯胺高效降解菌AN-P1为红球菌（Rhodococcus sp.），其通过间位途径降解苯胺，AN-P1利用苯胺生长和降解的最佳pH为6，最适浓度为2000 mg/L，最适温度为30 ℃，最佳接种量为0.3‰。AN-P1降解含500 mg/L、1000 mg/L、2000 mg/L苯胺的培养物分别经过28 h、24 h、32 h降解，出水苯胺含量能达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）一级标准。但由于苯胺降解过程中释放了大量氨氮，出水氨氮仍较高未能达标排放。而常规SBR系统应急处理效果较差，苯胺和COD去除率均低于10%，出水未能达标排放。活性碳吸附后的回收和后续处理也会带来操作不变和二次污染问题，且处理后出水往往难于达标排放，尚需进行进一步处理。 生物处理系统应急处理后恢复运行处理效果监测和PCR-DGGE图谱分析显示，用AN-P1菌强化应急处理系统后不仅能快速高效的去除苯胺，而且可以有效保障处理系统对污染物的净化性能，有效的保护系统中的功能微生物免受苯胺毒害。 研究结果表明，从实际处理效果、对原有生物系统性能保护及实际应用操作等多方面考虑，用AN-P1菌强化应急处理苯胺突发污染事故在技术上都是可行的。本研究为应急处理苯胺突然污染事故废液提供了新的方法。 Recent years, environment pollution accidents happened frequently, the data showed that there are 5606 accidents between 2001 and 2003, including 3235 water environment accidents, which is 57.7% of all. These accedents not only caused money lost and life lost but also caused serious damage to the ecologicl environment. So exploring highly-effective and secure methods to solve these accidents is an urgent mission. We screened a highly-effective aniline-degrading bacterium and did some researches on its ability to degrade aniline, in order to guide the emergency treatment of aniline containing wastewater that caused by sudden accident pollution with bioaugmentation. A highly-effective aniline-degrading bacterium AN-P1 was isolate and characterized as Rhodococcus sp. It degrades aniline through meta-cleavage pathway. The optimal pH and temperature for cell growth and aniline degradation were 6 and 30 ℃, respectively, and the opitimal concentration of aniline was 2000 mg/L, the optimal inoculation amount was 0.3‰.It took bacterium AN-P1 only 18 h, 24 h and 32 h, respectively, for the treatment of MSB containing 500 mg/L, 1000 mg/L, 2000 mg/L aniline to meet the first grade of national some of the NH4+-N which caused by aniline degradation. It took bacterium AN-P1 only 10 h, 20 h and 32 h, respectively, for the treatment of wastewater containing 500 mg/L, 1000 mg/L, 2000 mg/L aniline to meet the first grade of national integrated wastewater discharge standard. The bacterium AN-P1 can also remove some of the NH4+-N which caused by aniline degradation. It took bacterium AN-P1 only 10 h, 20 h and 32 h, respectively, for the treatment of wastewater containing 500 mg/L, 1000 mg/L, 2000 mg/L aniline to meet the first grade of national integrated wastewater discharge standard. By combing AN-P1 with regular SBR system, it took only 36 h for the emergency treatment of wastewater containing 2000 mg/L aniline under simulating engineering conditions to meet the discharge standard. While the NH4+-N of effluent can not meet the standard because of the high amount NH4+-N caused by aniline degradation. The regular SBR system was not good at aniline and COD removal. The removal efficiency of which are less than 10%. It cost 67.8 g activated carbon to absorbed 1000 mg aniline. It is inconvenient to transport and use it for the emergency treatment of aniline when the sudden pollution accident happened. Meanwhile, it was complex ad hard to recycle the activated carbon and treat the aniline wastewater get from activated carbon recycling too. Hard to meet the effluent standard was also a problem of activated carbon absorption method. According to the PCR-DGGE profile and removal efficiency of pollutants and COD when the systerm recover from emergency treatment, AN-P1 can efficiently protect the microbial community of regular activated sludge system against the aniline. It proved that combing AN-P1 with regular biological system is a feasible strategy for emergency treatment of aniline sudden pollution accident. The research offered a new way for emergency treatment of aniline sudden pollution accident.